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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Assessment of the levels of chlorinated pesticides in breast milk in Kuwait.

Breast milk samples, randomly collected from 32 Kuwaiti donors were analysed for chlorinated pesticides. DDE residues ranged from 127 to 3333 micrograms/kg, averaging, 833 micrograms/kg, expressed on a fat weight basis. DDT levels ranged from 0.6 to 67 micrograms/kg fat and averaged 12.4 micrograms/kg, fat. High DDE/DDT ratios were found, which indicated that the exposure to DDT, in most cases, happened quite some time ago. In addition many of the samples also contained isomers of HCH, heptachlor-epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and endrin. Residue levels of non-DDT pesticides were generally low. Overall levels of DDT-pesticides in Kuwaiti milk samples were lower than levels reported from other Middle Eastern countries, although methodologies may not be directly comparable.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2002

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in 12 edible marine organisms from the Adriatic Sea, Italy, Spring 1997.

Edible portions of 12 marine organisms from several areas of the Adriatic Sea, Italy, were collected during Spring 1997 and analysed for 32 organochlorine pesticides residues and 27 polychlorobiphenyl congeners. Only eight organochlorine pesticides - hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, diphenyl-dichloro-trichloroethane (DDT) group, dieldrin - were determined at levels in the range <0.01-19.88 ng g(-1) wet weight, with 1,1'-dichloro-2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) being the more relevant single organochlorine. The contamination by organochlorine pesticides was comparable in organisms from the North, Centre and South Adriatic. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined at levels in the range <0.05-14.46 ng g(-1), with CB 101, 118, 138, 153, 180 and 187 being more relevant (penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners). The sum of PCBs congeners determined were in the range 1.18-69.05 ng g(-1). The contamination by PCBs is more relevant in organisms from the North Adriatic Sea owing to the antropic discharge from major rivers such as Po and Adige that flow through highly industrialized and densely populated areas.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Organochlorine and organophosphorus residues in the fat of domestic farm animal species, Ontario, Canada 1986-1988.

During the period 1986-1988 a total of 602 samples of animal products were analysed for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and industrial organic pollutants. Samples of abdominal fat were collected from avian, bovine, caprine, lupine, ovine and porcine species together with hen eggs. The following six compounds were identified in animal tissues: DDE, dieldrin, lindane, PCB, pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorophenol. Pentachlorophenol was the most frequently found contaminant, being identified in 35% of samples, and DDE was the second in 21%. All other contaminants were present in less than 10% of samples. The residues of all six compounds detected were added to give a combined residue. Forty-three per cent of samples had non-detectable residues. A further 31% had combined residues adding to less than 0.01 mg/kg. The highest combined residues ranged between 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg and were present in 2.8% of samples. One egg sample had a residue of 0.16 mg/kg that exceeded the 0.1 mg/kg maximum residue limit for pentachlorophenol. Residues of chlordane and its metabolites, heptachlor and its epoxide, endosulphan and its sulphate metabolite, dicofol, HCB and mirex were below their detection limits in all samples and no residues of the organophosphorus insecticide listed as applied to livestock were found in meat, fat or egg tissues.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food surveillance in the Basque country (Spain) I. The design of a total diet study.

A total diet study has been initiated in the Basque country (Spain), the purpose of which is to provide estimates of the average intake of both food contaminants and certain nutrients. The types and quantities of foods that make up the average Basque 'Total Diet' are based on the results of surveys carried out between 1988 and 1990. These surveys have identified the major items in the national diet (91 categories of foods) which are combined for the total diet study, for analysis, into 16 groups of similar foods. Each group is being analysed for selected contaminants of concern which initially are: heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic), organochlorine pesticides (HCB, HCH (alpha, beta, gamma, delta), DDT (DDE, TDE), dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan and methoxychlor) and selected trace element nutrients (zinc, selenium and iron). In the milk and dairy products groups an assessment of aflatoxin M1 contamination is also being carried out.

Aflatoxin M1↗
PubMed1996

Food surveillance in the Basque Country (Spain). II. Estimation of the dietary intake of organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals, arsenic, aflatoxin M1, iron and zinc through the Total Diet Study, 1990/91.

Total diet samples purchased at monthly intervals between March 1990 and December 1991 were analysed for different contaminants and nutrients. Each total diet sample included 91 food items which were combined after preparation and/or cooking into 16 groups of similar foods. The 'market basket' was based on a food survey which referred to the adult population (25-60 years) carried out in the Basque Country between 1988 and 1990. The dietary intakes (micrograms/day) of lead (43), cadmium (11), mercury (18), arsenic (291), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (0.2), alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) ( < 0.1), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) (0.1), gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) (2.9), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (0.3), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) (0.9), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)(0.2), dieldrin (0.5), heptachlor epoxide ( < 0.1), alpha-endosulphan (0.1) and beta-endosulphan (0.1) were all well below the respective Acceptable Daily Intakes or Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes. However, arsenic intake was much higher than that estimated in other countries and gamma-HCH was detected in anomalously high levels in the bread group. Dietary intakes of delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (delta-HCH), aldrin, endrin, heptachlor and methoxychlor were not calculated because no residues were detected in any of the samples. Aflatoxin M1 intake was not estimated owing to the low levels detected. Finally, zinc intakes (11.6 mg/day) were below the recommended dietary allowances for Spain and the same was true for iron (11.3 mg/day), but only for females.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Agricultural pesticide residues in farm ditches of the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada.

Transient and permanent farm ditches flowing to the Lower Fraser River tributary fish streams of British Columbia, Canada, were sampled at several locations in 2003-2004 to determine the occurrence and concentration of residues of selected pesticides, their transformation products, and soluble/extractable Cu++ ions. Of the 43 compounds analyzed, 28 and 22 pesticides were detected in transient farm ditch water and sediments, respectively. About 34% fewer pesticides, however, were found in both matrices of permanent farm ditches. Average concentrations (microg L(-1)) of those most frequently detected in permanent farm ditch water were atrazine (0.20), alpha -chlordane (0.06), desethylatrazine (0.13), diazinon (0.55), dieldrin (0.28), endosulfan sulfate (0.16), glyphosate (6), metalaxyl (0.27); and soluble Cu++ ions (25). Those most often found in ditch sediments (microg kg(-1)) were aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) (2,300), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) (250), endosulfan sulfate (500), glyphosate (1,225); and extractable Cu++ ions (58,000). The risk potential of these pesticide residues to non-target aquatic organisms inhabiting Fraser River tributary fish streams contiguous to permanent farm ditches is evaluated and discussed.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2007

Selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution by triolein-embedded composite adsorbent.

A novel composite adsorbent (CA-T) was used for the selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was composed of the supporting activated carbon and the surrounding triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption isotherms and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of CA-T. Triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate membrane and deposited on the surface of activated carbon. The adsorbent was stable in water and no triolein leakage was detected during the test periods. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide, were used as model contaminants and removed by CA-T in laboratory batch experiments. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich equation and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order reaction model. Results also indicated that CA-T appeared to be a promising adsorbent with good selectivity and satisfactory removal rate for lipophilic OCPs from aqueous solutions when present in trace amounts. The adsorption rate and removal efficiency for lipophilic OCPs were positively related to their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K(ow)). Lower residual concentrations of OCPs were achieved when compared to granular activated carbon (GAC).

Adsorption↗
PubMed1998

Determination of pesticide residues in some major food crops of northern Tanzania.

The residue levels of DDE, DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan and Lindane were determined in beans, maize and wheat samples collected from local markets in northern Tanzania. All residue levels were far below the FAO/WHO standards. No significant correlations were detected among the pesticides studied or between pesticides and the fat content of the commodities.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1999

Occurrence of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in water of the Nile river at the estuaries of Rosetta and Damiatta branches, north of Delta, Egypt.

A study was conducted from summer 1995 to summer 1997 to assess the seasonal occurrence of pesticide residues and other organic contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in water at the estuaries of Rosetta and Damiatta branches of the Nile river. The results indicated that organochlorine compounds (OCs) including HCB, lindane, p,p'-DDE, p,p'DDD, p,p'-DDT, aroclor 1254 and aroclor 1260 were present in all the water samples at concentration levels ranging between 0.195-0.240, 0.286-0.352, 0.035-0.067, 0.019-0.033, 0.024-0.031, 0.390-0.70 and 0.166-0.330 microgram/l, respectively. The levels of these compounds were higher in water of Damiatta branch than those found in water of Rosetta branch. Aldrin, dieldrin and endrin were not detected in all water samples. Only 4 compounds from 36 organophosphorus insecticides, fungicides and s-triazine herbicides tested were detected in water samples collected during summer and autumn seasons from Rosetta branch. The concentration levels of these detected compounds, dimethoate, malathion, captan, and ametryne, ranged from 0.011 to 0.340 microgram/l, respectively. Similar compounds during the same seasons as found in water of Rosetta branch were also detected in water of Damiatta branch except ametryne. The levels of the detected compounds (dimethoate, malathion and captan) ranged between 0.030 and 0.330 microgram/l. The levels of detected organophosphorus insecticides, fungicides and s-triazine herbicides were in the order: dimethoate > malathion > captan > ametryne.

Egypt↗
PubMed2002

Pesticides distribution in sediments of a tropical coastal lagoon adjacent to an irrigation district in northwest Mexico.

This work presents the content of organochlorine (OCs) pesticides in sediments of both, agricultural drains from the Irrigation District 076, El Carrizo, Sinaloa, and of the adjacent coastal lagoon ecosystem of Agiabampo-Bacorehuis-Jitzamuri, located in northwest Mexico. A questionnaire was applied to the farmers of this irrigation district, to evaluate the usage of pesticides and to determine if banned OCs are still used. Around 31 tons of active ingredients were applied in the autumn-winter cycle (1997-1998). There were eighteen different pesticides; of them 61% are insecticides, 28% herbicides, 6% fungicides and 6% other compounds. Around 73% of the pesticides applied are organophosphorus, carbamates and sulfur, OCs are still applied and represent 4% of the total. All the pesticides applied in the irrigation district are authorized in the Official Pesticide Catalog, nevertheless forbidden and restricted compounds were detected in the sediment samples. The presence of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, lindane, delta-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD was recorded in the sediment sample. The analysis of the sediments suggest that the principal pesticides input to the coastal ecosystem is mainly through three of the seven agricultural drains, that collect the excess irrigation water and runoff from the district surface. A gradient of pesticide residues in sediments exists from the agricultural drains (52 ng OCs g(-1) dry weight) to the Jitzamuri bay (32 ng OCs g(-1) dry weight).

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2003

Role of environmental pollutants on immune functions, parasitic infections and limb malformations in marine toads and whistling frogs from Bermuda.

Soil, water, and amphibian tissues collected between 1995 and 1999 from 15 study sites in Bermuda were analysed for pesticides and heavy metals. The most abundant pesticide residue in soil was p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) which was found at all sites in concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 4.023 p.p.m. No pesticide residues were found in water. DDE was also recovered from the livers and fat bodies of marine toads (Bufo marinus) and whistling frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei). Analyses of food sources consumed by these anuran species revealed residue levels of p, p'-DDE ranging from 0.05 to 0.217 p.p.m. Other soil residues included dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) at eight study sites, Dicofol(kelthane) at eight sites, dieldrin at five sites, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as Arochlor 1254 and Arochlor 1260 at seven sites. Analyses of toad livers revealed significant concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc. Livers of Bermuda toads exhibited altered hepatocytic morphology and an increased number of melanomacrophages and possible granulomas, while spleens showed a marked decrease in white pulp. Spleen cells from Bufo marinus collected at one site having high levels of cadmium exhibited a decreased B cell response to lipopolysaccharide. The incidence of trematode infection in Bufo marinus increased from 53.8% in 1995 to 90% in 1999. Deformity rates in the limbs of subadult and adult toads ranged between 15 and 25%. Examination of 1,995 newly-metamorphosed toads revealed deformity rates as high as 47%. The current comprehensive study suggests that environmental pollutants may account for immunosuppression, increased susceptibility to infections, limb malformations and possible decline in amphibian populations from Bermuda.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of vitellogenin synthesis in an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) hepatocyte culture: a sensitive in vitro bioassay for the oestrogenic and anti-oestrogenic activity of chemicals.

A variety of organic compounds have been documented to bind to the oestrogen receptor and induce oestrogenic effects in different vertebrates. The presence of these environmental oestrogens or oestrogen mimics in the aquatic environment has been suspected of disrupting the normal endocrinology of wild populations of fish. In this study, induction of vitellogenin synthesis in primary hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was optimized and validated as an oestrogenic in vitro bioassay using a sensitive capture vitellogenin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After proper optimization (cell media supplements, cell density, temperature and exposure time), this assay gave a sensitive and reproducible response to both endogenous steroids (relative potency: 17beta-oestradiol>>oestriol>oestrone>17alpha-oestradiol) and a range of common oestrogen mimics (relative potency: ethynyloestradiol and diethylstilboestrol>>genistein and zearalenone>>bisphenol A and 4-t-octylphenol>4-n-nonylphenol and 2'-chloro,4-chloro-diphenyltrichloroethane (o,p'-DDT). However, the androgen testosterone and the putative oestrogen mimics dieldrin and toxaphene were not shown to be oestrogenic using this hepatocyte bioassay. Oestrogen-induced vitellogenin synthesis was efficiently inhibited by the anti-oestrogen ZM 189.154, suggesting that this bioassay may be used for testing both the oestrogenic and the anti-oestrogenic properties of chemicals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Mercury but not organochlorines inhibits muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in the cerebrum of ringed seals (Phoca hispida).

Elevated concentrations of organochlorines and mercury (Hg) have been reported in marine mammals on a global scale. While risk assessments are generally based on quantifying body burdens of toxicants, much less is known about associated adverse health effects and their underlying mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to characterize the inhibitory effects of methylmercury (MeHg+), mercuric chloride (Hg2+), p,p'-DDT, Arochlor 1254, chlordane,dieldrin, lindane, and toxaphene on [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-QNB) binding to the muscarinic cholinergic (mACh) receptor in cellular membranes isolated from the cerebrum of ringed seals (Phoca hispida). [3H]-QNB binding to the mACh receptor was saturable with a mean receptor density (B(max)) of 826.9 +/- 68.4 fmol/mg and ligand affinity (K(d)) of 0.31 +/- 0.04 nM. MeHg+ and Hg2+ were the only neurotoxicants that inhibited radioligand binding by greater than 50%. Hg2+ was significantly more potent at inhibiting mACh receptor binding than MeHg+ when the IC50 data were compared (IC50 = 1.92 +/- 0.06 microM versus 2.75 +/- 0.22 microM), but when the data were normalized to derive inhibition constants (K(i)) there was no statistical difference in inhibition (Hg2+ = 1.38 +/- 0.07 mM; MeHg+ = 1.26 +/- 0.12 microM). Toxaphene also inhibited mACh receptor binding by 22.4%, but this was only significant at the highest concentration tested (320 microM). Overall, these data suggest that Hg, and not organochlorines,inhibits ligand binding to the mACh receptor. These mechanistic findings may be used to support and develop specific biomarkers of Hg exposure and neurotoxicity in sensitive ecological species.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Commercial laboratory animal diets: toxicant and nutrient variability.

A commercial rodent feed was analyzed for a series of nutrients and potential contaminants during a 5-yr period. Annual average Cu and vitamin A concentrations were generally at least 12% lower than the approximate concentrations listed by the manufacturer, whereas Ca, protein, and vitamin B1 were within +/- 5% and fat and Zn within +/- 8% of the manufacturer's specifications. Frequently, Se was found at concentrations at which it has been shown to interact with the process of chemical carcinogenesis. DDT, dieldrin, Cd, and Pb were occasionally close to concentrations known to have biological effects.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

Preferential binding of chlordecone to the protein and high density lipoprotein fractions of plasma from humans and other species.

The preferential distribution of the relatively nonpolar pesticide chlordecone (CD) to liver rather than to fat tissues in humans suggests that it may be transported in plasma differently from other organochlorine pesticides. The plasma binding of [14C] CD was investigated in vitro in human, rat, and pig plasma and in vivo in rat plasma. Protein and lipoprotein fractions were separated by serial ultracentrifugation. Heparin-manganese precipitation and agarose gel electrophoresis were also carried out to determine whether separation techniques altered CD binding to plasma components. In human plasma, the distribution of [14C] CD among proteins and high density, low density, and very low density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, and VLDL) was 46, 30, 20, and 6%, respectively. The distribution of cholesterol in the same plasma fractions was 4, 20, 63, and 7%, respectively. In the pig and rat the order of binding was similar to that in humans, with protein greater than or equal to HDL greater than LDL greater than or equal to VLDL. Separation by heparin-Mn precipitation confirmed the results obtained by ultracentrifugation. The distribution of [14C] CD in rat lipoprotein was similar whether the CD was administered in vivo or incubated with plasma in vitro, with approximately 80% bound to HDL, 11% to LDL, and 9% to VLDL in either case. Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasma-bound [14C] CD indicated that albumin was the major component of the protein fraction responsible for CD binding. Preferential binding of CD by albumin and HDL may explain its unusual tissue distribution compared to other organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin and dieldrin, which bind preferentially to VLDL and LDL and distribute preferentially to fat tissues.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disposition and excretion of chlorendic acid in Fischer 344 rats.

The absorption, distribution, and excretion of a highly chlorinated dicarboxylic acid, chlorendic acid, was studied in the male Fischer 344 rat. [14C]Chlorendic acid was absorbed after an oral dose of 7.7 mumol per kilogram of body weight. The distribution in various tissues was similar whether the treatment was by the oral or the intravenous route. The major site of [14C]chlorendic acid deposition was the liver, with smaller amounts found in the blood, muscle, skin, and kidneys. Chlorendic acid-derived radioactivity was excreted primarily through the bile and into the feces. The urine contained less than 6% of the total dose. Within 1 d, more than 75% of the total dose was excreted in the feces, primarily as metabolites. Radioactivity in the liver was also primarily metabolites of chlorendic acid. Thus, chlorendic acid was absorbed, metabolized, and excreted primarily in the feces as metabolites. The rapid metabolism and biliary excretion of chlorendic acid contrast with observations for the closely related lipophilic compounds aldrin and dieldrin.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Organochlorine residues in two Norwegian puffin (Fratercula arctica) colonies.

Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, aldrin, and dieldrin in adult puffins (Fratercula arctica) from two colonies in Norway (Røst 67 degrees 30'N and Hornøy 70 degrees 20'N) showing differences in breeding performance were compared in 1982. Furthermore, residue levels in puffin chicks from Røst in 1982, when breeding failed totally, were compared with the corresponding levels in 1983, when breeding was successful. Residue levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons were also measured in eggs from Røst 1982. An autoradiographic study of the distribution of [14C]HCB in adult puffins and chicks from Røst 1982 was included. In general, organochlorine contamination was low, and the results are interpreted to eliminate the organochlorines as a serious factor for impaired reproduction in the Røst colony. Significant differences between the two colonies are discussed in relation to geographical and nutritional aspects. The finding of significantly higher levels of organochlorines in organ tissue from puffin chicks from Røst in 1982 compared to the corresponding levels in 1983 may reflect the dramatic difference in nutritional status between the two years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Effects of insecticides on GABA-induced chloride influx into rat brain microsacs.

The actions of different insecticides known to affect binding of ligands to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors were studied on the function of GABAA receptors in rat brain as assayed by GABA-induced 36Cl- influx into membrane microsacs. This flux was inhibited by the competitive antagonist bicuculline and the noncompetitive antagonist t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate, and the GABA effect was potentiated by the tranquilizer flunitrazepam and the depressant pentobarbital, as expected for effects on a GABAA receptor. The GABA-induced 36Cl- flux was inhibited by several cyclodienes and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-BHC) with the following order of decreasing potency: endosulfan I greater than endrin greater than endosulfan II greater than dieldrin greater than heptachlor epoxide greater than gamma-BHC greater than heptachlor. The noninsecticidal beta-BHC had no effect, while the IC 50 values for gamma-BHC and endrin were 1 and 0.2 microM, respectively. The four pyrethroids tested also inhibited the GABA-induced 36Cl- flux with the following decreasing potencies: 1R,cis,alpha S-cypermethrin greater than 1R,trans, alpha S-cypermethrin greater than fluvalinate greater than allethrin. Avermectin B1a was the only insecticide tested that, in the absence of GABA, stimulated 36Cl- flux in a dose-dependent manner, and this flux was inhibited by bicuculline. The stereospecific inhibition of the GABA-induced 36Cl- influx by the cyclodienes and gamma-BHC supports previously published data on their binding to mammalian brain GABAA receptor and suggests that these insecticides inhibit this receptor's function. It is also suggested that type II pyrethroids are potent inhibitors of the same receptor. However, avermectin B1a appears to act as a partial agonist of GABAA receptors.

Animals↗