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PubMed1995

Psychosocial factors influencing teenage sexual activity, use of contraception and unplanned pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: to compare teenagers who become unintentionally pregnant and teenagers who have never been pregnant but are using contraception on matters related to family/partner stability, and communication with a parent or stable sexual partner about sexual matters. DESIGN: survey utilising self-completed questionnaire. SETTING: a hospital antenatal clinic and community-based family planning clinic. PARTICIPANTS: 30 teenagers with an unplanned pregnancy and 31 'never-pregnant' teenagers using contraception. FINDINGS: the two groups were similar on demographic factors, mean age at which sexual intercourse was first experienced, total number of sexual partnerships, the number of teenagers having a current, regular boyfriend and mean length of the interval between when the teenagers first started going out with their boyfriend and when first sexual intercourse took place. Teenagers in the family planning clinic group were more likely to be living with both natural parents and to be still at school or in higher education. The mean length of time pregnant teenagers had been going out with their boyfriend was longer, they were more likely to be cohabiting with him and to be unemployed. Participants from the antenatal clinic group communicated more with their mothers about sexual matters than those in the family planning clinic group, who were more likely to seek this information from books. The family planning clinic participants were more likely to discuss personal rules and values with friends than those in the antenatal clinic group. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: to develop understanding of factors predisposing to unplanned pregnancy during adolescence and to implement measures to counter them, further studies to examine the influence of teenagers' perceptions of family relationships and future life prospects on contraception use and unplanned pregnancy were identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Attenders at young people's clinics in Southampton: variations in contraceptive use.

This paper presents findings from a survey of 424 people attending nine young people's clinics within the Southampton Community Health NHS Trust. In addition to recording some descriptive background data on the people attending the clinics, one major aim of the study was to investigate whether talking to the sexual partner about contraception before their first intercourse together and delaying this first intercourse influenced contraceptive use. Overall, 40 per cent of people attending the clinics were aged 16 or under, although there was some variation between clinics in the age groups attracted. Most clients were female (88 per cent), had ever had sexual intercourse (92 per cent), reported four or more lifetime partners (42 per cent) but only one partner within the last six months (73 per cent) and were currently in a relationship (75 per cent). Potential for contraception and sexually transmitted infection was widespread; 46 per cent (of non-virgins) had had intercourse without contraception at least 'a few times' and 18 per cent used condoms 'rarely' or 'never'. In terms of first intercourse with current/most recent partner, 17 per cent had not used any contraception and 32 per cent had failed to use condoms. The most important findings from this study were that use of contraception (and condoms in particular) on the occasion of first intercourse with the current or most recent partner was significantly associated with the following; if partners had talked to each other about contraception before having intercourse together for the first time (p<0.001), and also if this first intercourse was delayed beyond four weeks as opposed to over a few days of first 'going-out' together (p<0.001). Suggestions for further in-depth research are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Motivations for condom use: do pregnancy prevention goals undermine disease prevention among heterosexual young adults?

Differences in motives for condom use and their implications for understanding frequency of use were investigated in a random, biracial (Black, White) sample of heterosexuals, aged 17 to 25 years (n = 902). Results indicated that sexually active young adults-regardless of race, age, gender, or relationship status-were more likely to use condoms to prevent pregnancy than to prevent disease. Reasons for use mediated the effects of relationship status on condom use per se and moderated the effects of attitudinal and perceptual variables on condom use. Finally, comparisons among condom users motivated by different prevention goals and nonusers (n = 388) revealed that differences among user subgroups were nearly as numerous and, in some cases, more robust than differences between users and nonusers. These findings indicate that condom users comprise distinct subgroups, defined in part by their underlying motives for use, and highlight important conceptual and empirical reasons to distinguish among them.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Alcohol use, perceptions of the effects of alcohol use, and condom use in urban minority youth.

This study examined the relations between alcohol use, perceived effects of alcohol use, and condom use in three different types of sexual partners in African American and Hispanic youth. Data were drawn from a household probability sample of minority youth (N = 1435) living in Detroit. Relationships were examined among three types of sexual partners: "married/lived with" partners, "knew well" partners, and "casual" partners. The effects of alcohol on condom use and perceived effects of alcohol on condom use were investigated using multiple regression with controls for demographic variables and sexual history. The quantity of alcohol consumed with partners was negatively related to condom use in all types of partners. The quantity of alcohol use was also negatively related to the perceived effect of alcohol use on condom use only with "knew well" partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyurethane condom: results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial.

CONTEXT: Condoms made of latex are not comfortable or appropriate for all consumers. Polyurethane condoms may provide a needed alternative. METHODS: In a double-masked study, 805 monogamous couples were randomized to use either the polyurethane condom or the latex condom for six months. Couples recorded the frequency of intercourse, of condom use and of breakage and slippage throughout the trial in coital diaries and in detailed reports on the first five uses. Breakage and slippage rates were determined, and typical-use and consistent-use pregnancy rates were calculated using life-table analysis, adjusted for use of emergency contraception. RESULTS: The six-month pregnancy rate during typical use (adjusted for use of emergency contraception) was 4.8% for the polyurethane condom and 6.3% for the latex condom. Similarly adjusted pregnancy rates during consistent use over six completed menstrual cycles--2.4% for the polyurethane condom and 1.1% for the latex condom--did not differ significantly. Clinical failure rates (including breakage and slippage occurring during either intercourse or withdrawal) were 8.5% for the polyurethane condom and 1.6% for the latex condom. In general, male participants were more satisfied with the latex condom, and users of latex were significantly less likely to drop out of the study for condom-related reasons than were users of polyurethane. CONCLUSIONS: Although polyurethane and latex condoms provide equivalent levels of contraceptive protection, the polyurethane condom's higher frequency of breakage and slippage suggests that this condom may confer less protection from sexually transmitted infections than does the latex condom.

Condoms↗
PubMed1985

Morocco WFS.

Although richer in natural resources than many developing countries, Morocco's economic development has been plagued by repid population growth, along with declines in the world price of its main export, phosphate, and a costly war in Western Sahara. Situated on the northwest corner of Africa, the Kingdom of Morocco is dominated geographically by its long coastline and the rugged Atlas mountain range to the east ans south. Abour 1/3 of the population live in remote mountain villages and speak Berber rather than the official language, Arabic. Despite large expanses of desert, agriculture has always been an economic mainstay. Morocco has hab near self-sufficiency in foodstuffs, but is now threatened by the burgeoning population, growing at 2.9% annually. The Moroccan governemnt officially recognized the role of population in development as early as 1966 and initiated a family planning program the following year. In 1979-80, a nationwide survey was conducted in conjunction with the World Fertility Survey program in part to assess the progrss of the family planning and health delivery systems. The newly published results show that contraceptive use is higher than expected. About 23% of the married women use birth control, and almost 20% use one of the more reliable methods. The pill is the most popular method, accounting for 71% of all users, followed by withdrawal, the IUD, and rhythm. Large families are valued, women want about 5 children each, but actual fertility exceeds even these levels. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for the 1974-79 period was 5.9 children per woman. This indicated a significant decline in childbearing among younger women, since women aged 40 and over reported an average total of 7 children. The WFS results support evidence of decline in birth rates indicated by the 1982 Moroccan census. Declines in infant mortality also measured by the WFS have not been as dramatic, but do show constant improvement, falling from 130 in the 1950s to about 93 in 1975-80. In general, the WFS results show real movement towards the government's goal of lowering fertility rates.

Africa↗