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PubMed1997

A hypercaloric load induces thermogenesis but inhibits stress responses in the SNS and HPA system.

Caloric overingestion generates a sympathetic nervous system (SNS)-mediated increase in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis; its effect on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is unknown. To determine whether metabolic activation affects the HPA axis, male rats were provided palatable sucrose ad libitum. After 5 or 10 days of sucrose ingestion, BAT and basal and restraint-induced HPA variables were measured. Some rats were instrumented with temperature probes. BAT temperature and HPA axis responses to restraint were measured. Although caloric intake increased > or = 18%, body weight gain did not change after sucrose ingestion; DNA, protein, and uncoupling protein increased in BAT depots, and white adipose tissues were heavier after both 5 and 10 days. During days 5-10, the BAT-core temperature difference was +0.30 degrees C in sucrose rats and -0.46 degrees C in controls (P < 0.05); this, together with the biochemical changes, shows persistent activation of BAT by excess calories. Basal HPA measures were not altered. The sucrose group exhibited smaller BAT temperature and HPA responses to restraint on day 10; there was no HPA difference on day 5. We conclude that calorically mediated increases in BAT thermogenesis are independent of basal HPA activity; however, both systems respond concordantly to restraint stress. The diminished response to restraint in both systems in sucrose-fed rats may result from signals indicating increased energy stores.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Moderate changes in linoleate intake do not influence the systemic production of E prostaglandins.

A pilot study was undertaken to determine if moderate changes in linoleate (18:2 omega 6) intake would modulate the prostaglandin E turnover concurrently with, or independently of, changes in the plasma prostaglandin (PG) precursor levels. Four adult male volunteers in good health were fed two controlled diets containing 35% of energy from fat, with either 10 (diet L) or 30 g (diet H) linoleate/day, 30 to 50 g saturated fatty acids/day, and the balance mainly monounsaturated fatty acids. All four subjects were consuming sufficient amounts of polyunsaturates before the study. Protein (13-14%) and carbohydrate (51-53%) contribution to total caloric intake was kept constant. The menu cycle was 7 days, and all diets were calculated to provide adequate amounts of nutrients known to be required by man when data were available. Plasma fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography, and the turnover of E prostaglandins was assessed by measuring the urinary output of the major metabolite of PGE1 + PGE2 (PGE-M). Whereas we found a clear correlation between 18:2 omega 6 intake and 18:2 omega 6 concentrations in the neutral lipid (P = 0.007) and phosphoglyceride (P = 0.012) fractions of plasma, arachidonate (20:4 omega 6) concentrations in those same plasma fractions did not respond significantly to changes in linoleate intake. Moreover, we could not detect an influence of moderate changes in dietary levels of 18:2 omega 6 on the systemic production of PGE as measured by the daily urinary output of PGE-M.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Nutritional evaluation of hemodialysis patients using an impedance index.

Malnutrition is frequent in chronic hemodialysis patients. Standard nutritional evaluation is based on anthropometric, laboratory and clinical parameters from which a malnutrition index can be derived. Bioelectrical impedance, more rapid and practical, can be used to evaluate body composition. The goals of our study were to: 1) evaluate the incidence of and some of the factors associated with malnutrition in hemodialysis patients; 2) assess the accuracy of a scoring system based on impedance results to identify malnourished patients as defined by the malnutrition index (based on anthropometric, laboratory and clinical parameters). Standard nutritional evaluation and impedance measurements were performed on 33 chronic hemodialysis patients. Using malnutrition index, 18 patients (54%) were severely or moderately malnourished. Dietary assessment revealed a high proportion of patients with insufficient protein or calorie intake. By multiple regression analysis, the only factor significantly correlated with the malnutrition index was calorie intake (r = 0.44); age, sex, years on hemodialysis, protein intake were not. Results obtained with impedance were strongly correlated to those obtained with anthropometry for the proportion of fat mass (r = 0.72) and lean body mass (r = 0.71) and for the malnutrition index (r = 0.78). The sensitivity of the scoring system based on impedance to identify moderately or severely malnourished patients as determined by standard nutritional evaluation was 100% and its specificity was 80%. The positive and negative predictive values were respectively 85% and 100%. In summary, malnutrition is frequent and associated with low caloric intake. Bioelectrical impedance, with the use of the scoring system we describe, can be used to correctly evaluate the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients.

Body Composition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of nitrogen utilization in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.

This two phase study evaluates nitrogen utilization by the body as a function of fixed caloric intake but different nitrogen loads. Nitrogen use by the body was estimated from measures of nitrogen balance, net protein utilization, and urea accumulation rate. Phase 1 of this study included 411 measurements of nitrogen use in 120 patients assigned, according to clinical condition, to receive one of the four following therapies: dextrose (D) 25%, amino acids (CAA) 4.25% (Group 1); D 35%, CAA 4.25% (Group 2); D 25%, CAA 21.3% (Group 3); or D 35%, CAA 21.3% (Group 4). Forty patients in Phase 2 were assigned in a randomized, prospective, double blind manner, to receive one of the following regimens; D 35%, CAA 2.75% (Group 5); D 25%, CAA 2.75% (Group 6); D 35%, CAA 4.25% (Group 7); or D 25%, CAA 4.25% (Group 8). In Phase 1, positive nitrogen balance was achieved with the exception of Group 3 where neither the estimated caloric nor nitrogen needs of the patients were met. It appeared that protein utilization was maximal in patients receiving the therapy of highest calorie:nitrogen ratio (Group 4). Phase 2 patients achieved positive nitrogen balance to the same extent (p greater than 0.05) and although net protein utilization improved from 53 to 71%/d as the calorie:nitrogen ratio was increased, the differences were not significant (p greater than 0.05). There was a significant improvement in total iron binding capacity in Phase 2 patients (p less than 0.01) that was most prominent at the lower concentrations of amino acids (high cal:n ratio) (Groups 5 and 6). Smaller amounts of nitrogen appear adequate in producing a positive nitrogen balance and may be better utilized in hospitalized patients if the patients' caloric requirements are achieved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

On the road to obesity: Television viewing increases intake of high-density foods.

Television viewing (TVV) has been linked with obesity, possibly through increased sedentary behavior and/or through increased ingestion during TVV. The proposition that TVV causes increased feeding, however, has not been subjected to experimental verification until recently. Our objective was to determine if the amount eaten of two familiar, palatable, high-density foods (pizza and macaroni and cheese) was increased during a 30-min meal when watching TV. In a within-subjects design, one group of undergraduates (n = 10) ate pizza while watching a TV show of their choice for one session and when listening to a symphony during the other session. A second group of undergraduates (n = 10) ate macaroni and cheese (M&C). TVV increased caloric intake by 36% (one slice on average) for pizza and by 71% for M&C. Eating patterns also differed between conditions. Although the length of time to eat a slice of pizza remained stable between viewing conditions, the amount of time before starting another slice was shorter during TVV. In contrast, M&C was eaten at a faster rate and for a longer period of time during TVV. Thus, watching television increases the amount eaten of high-density, palatable, familiar foods and may constitute one vector contributing to the current obesity crisis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of age and caloric restriction on coenzyme Q and alpha-tocopherol levels in the rat.

Alterations in the amount of coenzyme Q and alpha-tocopherol during aging and in response to 40% reduction in caloric intake were determined in homogenates and mitochondria of liver, heart and kidney of the rat. A comparison among 4-, 19- and 28-month-old ad libitum fed (AL) rats indicated an age-related loss in the amount of CoQ9 and alpha-tocopherol in mitochondria of all the three tissues. Depletion of alpha-tocopherol, but not of CoQ, was also detectable in tissue homogenates, apparently due to the preferential sequestration of CoQ in the mitochondrial fraction. Comparison of 19-month-old AL and calorically restricted (CR) rats indicated that CR elevates the level of mitochondrial CoQ, but greatly diminishes the alpha-tocopherol content. Activity of DT-diaphorase, a quinone reductase, increased with age as well as in response to CR. Altogether, results are interpreted to suggest that the widely observed age-related increase in mitochondrial oxidative damage may be associated with depletion of CoQ and alpha-tocopherol, which are known to act in tandem to prevent oxidative damage to membranes.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Ascaris-Trichuris association and malnutrition in Brazilian children.

This work was designed to evaluate the role of intestinal parasites on nutritional status in three rural areas of Brazil. A total of 520 children aged 1-12 years were studied through a questionnaire concerning housing, socio-economic conditions and a 24-h food intake recall. Measurements of weight and height were also performed, and three stool samples were collected on consecutive days for parasitological analysis. Scores of the standard deviation (z-scores) for the weight-for-height and height-for-age were used to characterise the growth profile. A high prevalence of intestinal parasites was detected, with Giardia lamblia (44%), Endolimax nana (43%), Ascaris lumbricoides (41%) and Trichuris trichiura (40%) being the most prevalent. Eleven per cent of the children were classified as showing stunting. Inadequate daily caloric intake was observed in 78% of the population and the proportion of those with inadequate protein intake was 34%. Logistic regression analysis was employed for the multivariate study. Stunting was significantly associated with estimators of low economic income, inadequate protein intake and polyparasitism, especially the association between Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

"Healthy-start": outcome of an intervention to promote a heart healthy diet in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of a preschool nutrition education and food service intervention "Healthy Start," on two-to-five-year-old children in nine Head Start Centers in upstate NY. The primary objective was to reduce the saturated fat (sat-fat) content of preschool meals to <10% daily energy (E) and to reduce consumption of sat-fat by preschoolers to <10% E. METHODS: Six centers were assigned to the food service intervention and three to control condition. Food service intervention included training workshops for cooks and monthly site visits to review progress towards goals. Child dietary intake at preschool was assessed by direct observation and plate waste measurement. Dietary intake at home was assessed by parental food record and telephone interviews. Dietary data were collected each Fall/Spring over two years, including five days of menus and recipes from each center. Dietary data were analyzed with the Minnesota NDS software. RESULTS: Consumption of saturated fat from school meals decreased significantly from 1.0%E to 10.4%E after one year of intervention and to 8.0%E after the second year, compared with an increase of 10.2% to 13.0% to 11.4%E, respectively, for control schools (p < 0.001). Total caloric intake was adequately maintained for both groups. Analysis of preschool menus and recipes over the two-year period of intervention showed a significant decrease in sat-fat content in intervention preschools (from 12.5 at baseline to 8.0%E compared with a change of 12.1%E to >11.6%E in control preschools (p < 0.001)). Total fat content of menus also decreased significantly in intervention schools (31.0% to >25.0%E) compared with controls (29.9% to >28.4%E). CONCLUSIONS: The Healthy Start food service intervention was effective in reducing the fat and saturated fat content of preschool meals and reducing children's consumption of saturated fat at preschool without compromising energy intake or intake of essential nutrients. These goals are consistent with current U.S Dietary Guidelines for children older than two years of age.

Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1982

A community study of calorie and nutrient intake in drinkers and nondrinkers of alcohol.

Nutrient intake and alcohol consumption were studied in a 15% random sample of a predominantly white upper-middle class suburban community in Southern California. Based on 24-h dietary recall, 51% of the 691 men and women aged 30 to 90 yr in the study population had consumed an average of 30 g alcohol during the preceding 24 h. In general, alcohol-derived calories were added to the diet, and did not replace calories derived from other nutrients. Consequently, alcohol consumers had a significantly higher total caloric intake than did nondrinkers. Dietary differences were greatest in moderate drinkers, who tended to consume fewer nonalcohol-derived calories, and less of most specific nutrients. Although dietary differences in moderate drinkers were similar in men and women, statistically significant differences in women were limited to carbohydrate consumption. Moderate drinking men consumed significantly less protein, fat, carbohydrate, and cholesterol. These dietary differences suggest one mechanism whereby moderate alcohol consumption might reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Although alcohol intake resulted in an increase in total calories consumed, alcohol drinkers were not more obese than nondrinkers. Since similar proportions of drinkers and nondrinkers exercised regularly, these data may suggest that alcohol calories are not fully utilized.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Diet and stomach cancer risk in Warsaw, Poland.

Some of the world's highest rates of stomach cancer are found in Poland. Reasons for the increased incidence are not known, but high intake of sausages and other preserved foods and low intake of fresh fruits and vegetables may be involved. A case-control study comprising residents newly diagnosed with stomach cancer during 1994-96 and controls randomly selected from the general population was conducted in Warsaw, Poland. Standardized interviews were conducted to ascertain usual consumption of 118 common foods and beverages and other exposures. Using data from direct interviews with 274 cases and 463 controls, odds ratios of stomach cancer were calculated as estimates of risks associated with dietary factors, adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking, and caloric intake. Risk of stomach cancer was inversely related to intake of total fruits and dark green-yellow vegetables and to indices of vitamins C and E and alpha- and beta-carotenes. However, risk was not significantly increased among those with high intake of pickled/salted vegetables and sausages. Risks were positively associated with increased intake of breads/cereals/rice/pasta and other refined grains, as well as a high carbohydrate index. Our findings add to the evidence of a protective effect of fruits and certain vegetables on stomach cancer risk, but do not indicate that high intake of sausage and other preserved foods typical in the Polish diet has contributed to the country's elevated stomach cancer incidence. Our data also suggest that high carbohydrate consumption may influence risk, but further confirmation is needed.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diarrhea in tube-fed burn patients: incidence, etiology, nutritional impact, and prevention.

The hypermetabolic state observed in thermally injured patients warrants aggressive nutritional management. Enteral support is the preferred route of nutrient delivery, however diarrhea is reported to be a persistent complication of continuous nasogastric or nasoduodenal hyperalimentation. Diarrhea adds to problems in patient care, disturbs fluid and electrolyte balance, and worsens nutritional status. There has been the impression that tube feeding hyperosmolality, antibiotics, and low serum albumin induce diarrhea. However, in view of the sparsity of published work, a prospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence of diarrhea and to define factors associated with its cause. Of the 50 patients studied, 16 (32%) developed diarrhea. Stool cultures were negative for pathogenic organisms. Although the risk of diarrhea was associated with antibiotics (p less than 0.005), several nutrients also had an impact. Results demonstrated a significant relationship between dietary lipid content (p less than 0.05) or vitamin A intake (p less than 0.001) and diarrhea. Implementation of tube feeding within 48 hrs postburn was also associated with a decreased incidence of diarrhea (p less than 0.001). This paper describes a modular tube feeding program in which diarrheal frequency is lessened (p less than 0.0001). Surprisingly, tube feeding osmolality, drugs used to prevent stress ulcers, or hypoalbuminemia did not have an adverse effect on intestinal absorption. The cause of diarrhea in burn patients is obviously multifactorial. It is concluded that a low fat (less than 20% of caloric intake), vitamin A enriched (greater than 10,000 IU/day), early enteral support program maximizes conditions which promote tube feeding tolerance while minimizing nutrient malabsorption during the nutritional rehabilitation of thermal injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Television's influence on children's diet and physical activity.

Understanding the impact of TV on children's diet and physical activity is important for developing strategies to prevent obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Determining parents' perceptions of television's influence on children's dietary intake and physical activity may provide useful information on this important topic. A questionnaire was developed to assess viewing habits and child requests for food and sport items advertised on TV. It was administered to 66 mothers of children, ages 3-8. Foods that children requested because they had seen them on TV paralleled the frequencies with which these foods were advertised on TV. Weekly viewing hours correlated significantly with (a) reported requests by children and purchases by parents of foods influenced by TV, and (b) children's caloric intake. Children's requests for sport items and physical activities were not significantly correlated with the number of hours of TV viewing. It appears from these data that parents perceive that television influences family purchasing patterns through the mechanism of their children's requests.

Advertising↗
PubMed1996

Nutrition and bladder cancer.

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between nutrition and bladder cancer is reviewed. A role of diet and nutrition in bladder carcinogenisis is plausible since most substances or metabolites, including carcinogens, are excreted through the urinary tract. Ecologic studies on populations have found positive correlations between fats and oils and bladder cancer, but these are reflected only partly in the international differences in bladder cancer rates, which are systematically higher in Europe than in the United States. Ten case-control and three cohort studies of bladder cancer published in English between 1979 and 1994, and including some information on dietary factors, were reviewed. Of seven studies which considered various types and measures of fruit and vegetable consumption, six found a reduced risk with increasing consumption, which was more consistent for vegetables, with relative risk (RR) estimates between 0.5 and 0.7 for the highest cf the lowest consumption level. There is, therefore, suggestive evidence that a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables is a correlate--or an indicator--of reduced bladder cancer risk. No clear association emerged for other foods investigated, including meat and milk. With reference to nutrients, total fat intake was related to bladder cancer risk in three case-control studies, with relative risks between 1.4 and 1.7 for the highest cf the lowest consumption level. However, no relationship between fats and bladder cancer emerged in a cohort study on Japanese-Americans in Hawaii. No consistent association emerged between protein or carbohydrate consumption and bladder cancer risk. Among micronutrients, vitamin A, and particularly carotenoids, showed an inverse association with bladder cancer risk in four case-control studies, including one allowing for a measure of total caloric intake, but were not related consistently in two other studies. There were only scattered and inconclusive data on vitamin C and E. Finally, two studies suggested that calcium and sodium may be related to bladder cancer risk. Thus, available data on diet and bladder cancer are still inconclusive. This is at least partly attributable to the limited number of cohort studies and the paucity of case-control studies, including satisfactorily detailed and validated dietary questionnaires. Despite these limitations, available data suggest that a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, and, hence, possibly in carotenoids, is a correlate of reduced bladder cancer risk.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Calorie-nitrogen interactions in the parenterally fed primate.

To test the hypothesis that nonprotein calorie intake and nitrogen intake are equally important in establishing positive nitrogen balance, weight gain, and serum protein response in the depleted primate treated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 10 adult male chair-adapted primates (Macaque fascicularis) were studied. After 10 days of nutritional depletion (nothing by mouth; 5% dextrose with electrolytes administered intravenously) animals were randomized to receive one of four TPN diets for 10 days. The depletion/repletion cycle was repeated, after 1 month of caged free feeding, until all animals had received the four TPN diets. Two levels of nonprotein caloric intake (155% and 100% of primate resting energy expenditure) and two levels of nitrogen intake (200% and 100% of primate nitrogen requirement) were used to make the four different diets. Nitrogen balance (p = 0.01) and serum total iron-binding capacity response (p = 0.02) were significantly influenced by the level of nitrogen intake but not by nonprotein calorie intake, which significantly influenced only weight gain (p = 0.03). Fluid balance was not significantly different for any diet. Fat and protein stores may be selectively repleted in this model by adjusting the nonprotein calorie and nitrogen content of TPN.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Plasma amino acid ratios related to brain serotonin synthesis in response to food intake in bulimia nervosa.

Fifteen bulimic women (BN) and 19 healthy female controls (CO) were studied. The subjects were cross-over treated with either fluoxetine (FXT) or placebo during 4 days. They received, in randomized order, a breakfast containing pure carbohydrate (CHO) or a protein-rich (PROT) breakfast following day 3 and 4 of each treatment period. Twenty-nine different food items were offered for lunch. The fasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations and the fasting plasma tryptophan (Trp)/large neutral amino acid (LNAA) ratio were slightly higher in BN. The changes of these metabolic parameters in response to a CHO or PROT breakfast were similar in both groups. Across breakfast type, the plasma (Trp)/(LNAA) ratio at 120 min after breakfast was higher in BN. Total caloric intake at lunchtime was less in BN. In CO, less carbohydrate was selected at lunchtime following the CHO breakfast, an effect that was abolished by FXT. Breakfast type or FXT did not have any apparent effect on food intake at lunchtime in BN. This might indicate that bulimic subjects are less sensitive to serotoninergic stimuli than control subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Feeding and macronutrient selection patterns in rats: adrenalectomy and chronic corticosterone replacement.

To analyze further the role of corticosterone (CORT) in the control of feeding behavior, we examined the impact of adrenalectomy (ADX) and chronic CORT implants on the food intake and macronutrient self-selection patterns of adult male rats at different periods of the diurnal cycle. Consistent with a separate study of acute CORT injection in ADX rats (Kumar and Leibowitz, 1988), the present findings indicate that ADX significantly attenuated the rats' daily (24 hr) ingestion of all three macronutrients, namely, protein, carbohydrate and fat. However, food intake in the dark cycle, specifically during the first few hours after dark onset, was significantly more affected (-70%) than feeding in the later dark and light periods (-25%). Moreover, during this early dark time when circulating CORT level normally peaks, ADX appeared to have its strongest suppressive effect on carbohydrate ingestion. Chronic subcutaneous CORT implants in the ADX animals reversed these effects of surgery and generally restored the rats' eating patterns to that of the cholesterol-implanted SHAM animals. These findings suggest that CORT exerts a decisive influence on caloric intake, on the diurnal pattern of feeding, and on appetite for specific macronutrients. The impact of CORT on carbohydrate intake is apparent specifically during the active eating period, particularly at dark onset when endogenous CORT levels normally peak and carbohydrate is exhibited as the preferred macronutrient.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1992

An examination of dietary intakes and nutritional status of chronic healthy spinal cord injured individuals.

To examine the nutritional composition of the dietary intake of chronic healthy spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals, 33 subjects affiliated with 3 SCI rehabilitation centers logged their food consumption for 7 days. Prior to record keeping, subjects were trained by a registered dietitian on the accurate recording of their standard food choices and portion size, and were provided with scales to weigh food accurately. Dietary macro and micronutrients were analyzed with a computer software package, with nutritional analysis compared to the recommended daily allowances (RDA) of the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. Analysis showed caloric intake to be 75% of that recommended for able bodies persons, with a high reliance on fat for calories. Fat intake accounted for 37.9% of calories, well above the recommended level of 30%, but typical of the American diet. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat was approximately one half the recommended level, with carbohydrate calories averaging 16.5% below optimal RDA. Protein consumption was within normal range, but average dietary fiber was only 25% of recommended levels. Micronutrient analysis showed deficiencies in both water and fat-soluble vitamins, with suboptimal intake of multiple minerals. Given the apparent reliance on a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet, this research shows that nutritional intervention and education of SCI persons are needed, and that a registered dietitian should be included in the SCI health care team.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Metabolic aspects of exercise and weight reduction.

Current knowledge about the thermic effects of exercise in lean and obese subjects and the relationships between exercise and food intake, resting metabolic rate, and dietary-induced thermogenesis were reviewed. Studies of the effects of carbohydrate restriction during low calorie diets on the capacity to perform physical exercise and of the effects of weight reduction with or without the addition of physical training on the metabolic abnormalities of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are also described. The metabolic efficiency of physical work is normal in obesity, total energy expenditure is increased because of increased body mass, and increased energy expenditure is not necessarily matched by a compensatory increase in caloric intake. Thus, increased physical activity can be expected to result in negative energy balance in obese subjects. It is not clear whether exercise increases resting metabolic rate, but there is considerable evidence that exercise may potentiate the thermic effect of food in lean subjects and that this response may be blunted in the obese. The capacity to perform moderate-intensity exercise during carbohydrate-restricted, low calorie diets is maintained after a period of adaptation, but the capacity for high-intensity exercise (greater than 70% VO2max) is decreased unless adequate carbohydrate is provided to maintain muscle glycogen stores. The major effect of the addition of a program of physical training to dietary restriction and weight reduction in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an increase in peripheral sensitivity to insulin, primarily due to increased non-oxidative glucose disposal in muscle tissue.

Animals↗