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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Anomalous uterine hemorrhages in the climacteric. Their etiopathogenesis].

Anomalous uterine bleeding accounts for approximately two-thirds of the causes of outpatient gynecological check-ups for women in menopause. The high incidence of this pathology raises considerable problems from a clinical and social point of view. In this paper the authors outline the main causes of both organic and functional bleeding.

Climacteric↗
PubMed1998

[Abnormal uterine hemorrhage in the climacteric. Diagnostic approach].

Having made a detailed list of the invasive and non-invasive diagnostic techniques used to evaluate anomalous uterine bleeding in menopause, the authors conclude by affirming that hysteroscopy undoubtedly represents the most reliable diagnostic technique and that echography should be the preferred first diagnostic step since it allows the adnexa to be examined and is less invasive and cheaper.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Abnormal uterine hemorrhage in climacteric. Medical management].

Following a review of the literature, the authors examine the drugs which are currently used to treat anomalous uterine bleeding during menopause, illustrating their aims and justifying the rationale underlying their use. They conclude by stating that a satisfactory treatment often does not exist, but it is the task of the specialist to gauge the level and sequence of treatments in order to achieve the hoped-for result.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Social functioning as a significant factor in women's help-seeking behaviour during the climacteric period.

In order to identify the psychosocial factors that lead to the demand for medical care related to the menopause, we carried out a case/control study. A case was defined as a woman who sought gynaecological care due to "menopausal complaints" (n = 85) and a control referred to a woman drawn at random from the general population. The cases showed greater psychiatric morbidity and social dissatisfaction, a lower level of diffused social support and a higher frequency of severe life events and the controls showed greater social maladjustment in objective conditions. The multivariate analysis (logistic regression) carried out after adjusting all the relevant variables, indicated that the demand for medical care due to menopausal complaints was not only determined by the menopausal status itself but also by a set of social and demographic variables, especially dissatisfaction and a lack of social support.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1988

[Cervix smear: study prevalence in city dwellers in the climacteric].

Prevalence of pap smear test has been investigated among a sample of urban women 45 to 54 years of age without hysterectomy (n = 3096). Prevalence of pap smear test for the last three years was 19% among women without gynaecological operation and 10% among women with a gynaecological operation (excepted hysterectomy). A multivariate analysis has shown that: 1. The lack of pap smear test was relatively high among nulliparous women as well as in multiparous women (greater than = 3 children). 2. This prevalence was high, on the one hand among overweight women and women with particular lifestyle (high alcohol and caffeine consumption, low calcium intake), on the other hand among women having adopted a good lifestyle (no use of birth control pills or hormonal therapy, no alcohol or caffeine consumption, diet without meat).

Female↗
PubMed1987

Effects of long-term Org OD 14 administration on blood coagulation in climacteric women.

98 post-menopausal women were randomly allocated to either Org OD 14 [(7 alpha, 17 alpha)-17-hydroxy-7-methyl-19-norpregn-5(10)-en-20-yn-3-one] 2.5 mg/day or placebo. Treatment was continued for up to 6 yr. Any thromboembolic episode that occurred was recorded. Prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), factor VII level and factor X level were measured prior to treatment and at yearly intervals. Antithrombin III level was measured in the last two yr of the study. There was one cerebrovascular accident after 3 months of placebo therapy but no other thromboembolic episodes. No significant difference was found between the effects of Org OD 14 and placebo with regard to any clotting factors at any time interval, although factor VII and factor X levels were consistently lower in the OD 14 group than in the placebo group. Antithrombin III levels measured after 5 and 6 yr were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in the OD 14 group, suggesting a reduced risk of thrombosis in the treatment group.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1988

Sonographic changes in the endometrium of climacteric women during hormonal treatment.

Vaginal sonography of the endometrium is a new method of monitoring the effects of progestogen replacement therapy during the post-menopausal period. The advantages of transvaginal ultrasonic diagnosis are that the uterus can be seen from the fornix vaginae (that is from close range) and that the examination can be carried out whether the bladder is full or not. The differences in the thickness and structure of the endometrium, and the boundary with the surrounding myometrium, enable most of the endometrial changes that occur during the post-menopausal period to be detected sonographically. In the first group of patients we investigated, endometrial carcinoma was detected in 2 out of 60 women suffering from post-menopausal metrorrhagia, the findings subsequently being confirmed histologically. It was observed that post-menopausal women who have regular bleeding during post-menopausal hormone therapy show signs of endometrial proliferation during oestrogen therapy and of secretion during progestogen therapy.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2006

Sexual and psychological symptoms in the climacteric years.

OBJECTIVES: To provide epidemiological data about psychological and sexual functioning during menopausal transition in a large Italian non-clinical sample, and to investigate their correlation with life events. METHODS: The study design was a cross-sectional postal survey of a menopausal sample of women recruited from the General Registry Office in Ferrara's province. The sample was composed of four thousand and seventy-three women; they were sent a questionnaire designed on the basis of the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ). Together with the WHQ, the subjects filled out a personal file to define social status, cultural level, family's characteristics, recent menstrual cycles, gynaecological history and operations, drug assumption, life events in the last year, and lifetime depression. RESULTS: One thousand three hundred and forty-five women provided usable questionnaires. Factor analysis resulted in eight clusters: somatic symptoms, depressive symptoms, depressed mood with anxiety symptoms, cognitive difficulties, anxiety, sexual functioning, vasomotor symptoms and sleep problems. Mood and sexual function were impaired through the menopausal transition, with depressive and sexual symptoms being higher in the post-menopausal group compared to the pre-menopausal one. Therefore, the correlation between the two was greater in the pre- and peri-menopausal period. CONCLUSION: Depressive and sexual symptoms presented greater severity in the post-menopausal group. Both clusters of symptoms were strongly associated with life events. The parallel course of the two clusters could be related with a common pathoplastic action of life events, both on sexual symptoms and on depressive symptoms, occurring right at the time that a woman has to face the transition into menopause.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2002

Postmenopausal hyperthecosis: functional dysregulation of androgenesis in climacteric ovary.

BACKGROUND: Hyperandrogenism of ovarian origin is rare in postmenopausal women. However, there is evidence that the ovaries of postmenopausal women are active endocrine glands, secreting mainly androgens. CASE: A postmenopausal woman sought treatment for progressive hirsutism. Endocrine evaluation revealed androgen excess. Transvaginal ultrasound revealed enlarged ovaries. Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy were recommended. However, surgery had to be withheld for 6 months while the patient recovered from an acute myocardial infarction. In the interim, the patient's hyperandrogenemia was successfully treated with monthly injections of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH), leuprolide acetate. CONCLUSION: This report illustrates the potential for postmenopausal ovaries to become active androgen-secreting endocrine organs. It also demonstrates the efficacy of pharmacologic intervention for postmenopausal ovarian hyperthecosis when the patient is a poor surgical candidate.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

The prevalence of symptoms possibly related to the climacteric in pre- and postmenopausal women in Linköping, Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Some extragenital symptoms have been suggested to be associated with the menopause and thus to be affected by estrogen status. In such case extragenital symptoms may be more frequent in postmenopausal women without hormone replacement therapy (HRT) than in premenopausal women or women using HRT. OBJECTIVE: To assess if the prevalence of a number of extragenital symptoms is higher in postmenopausal women without than with HRT, or in premenopausal women of the same age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All women aged 53 and 54 years in the community of Linköping (n=1760) were sent a validated questionnaire about use of HRT, time since last menstruation and about different extragenital symptoms. RESULTS: 1298 (73.8%) women answered the questionnaire and answers from 1180 (67%) women were possible to analyze. Postmenopausal women woke up significantly more often during night than premenopausal, and those without HRT often due to hot flushes and sweating. Women with HRT reported more muscular pain than the others. We found no other significant difference in prevalence of extragenital symptoms between the three groups of women. CONCLUSIONS: Sleeping disorders, arthralgia, xerophthalmia, xerostomia and dry skin are not more prevalent in 53 and 54 years old postmenopausal women without HRT than in women with HRT or in premenopausal women of the same age. It may still be that some of these symptoms are related to estrogen deficiency, but do not develop until some years after menopause. It may also be that women with the most severe symptoms decided to use HRT and thereby decreased symptoms to the same level as in non-users.

Estrogen Replacement Therapy↗
PubMed1999

Recommendations for estrogen and progestin replacement in the climacteric and postmenopause. European Progestin Club.

The diversity of function that sex steroids have proven to have in the female body, gives them a position of central importance in gynaecology. Scientific research demonstrates not only the well known genital functions of sexual steroids, furthermore, various extragenital organs are influenced and modulated by ovarian hormones. Therefore, the general benefit of HRT for the female organism becomes clearer and the clinical management of menopause is developing to a broad new discipline, the gender specific medicine. In clinical practise, phytosteroids are claimed by the patient and therefore, also of high interest for the scientific research. Also, tissue specificity of the endocrine treatment and the biological relevance of different steroid receptors of HRT are discussed, leading to the development of new HrT preparations. Individualisation, the tailoring of HRT, according to the patients needs, and low dose steroids management, will also become an important aspect in the recommendations for estrogen and progestin replacement therapy.

Estrogen Replacement Therapy↗