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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Psychosocial adjustment of adult children of alcoholics: a review of the recent empirical literature.

This review examines controlled studies of the psychosocial adjustment of adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) published since 1988. ACOAs appear at increased risk for a variety of negative outcomes, including substance abuse, antisocial or under-controlled behaviors, depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders, low self-esteem, difficulties in family relationships, and generalized distress and maladjustment. However, none of these outcomes are uniformly observed in ACOAs and none are specific to ACOAs. Comorbid parental pathology, childhood abuse, family dysfunction, and other childhood stressors may contribute to or produce similar outcomes. There is little empirical support for "ACOA syndromes" described in the clinical literature.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Pharmacotherapy of mental illness--a historical analysis.

The history of pharmacotherapy of mental illness can be divided into three periods. Introduction of morphine, potassium bromide, chloral hydrate, hyoscine, paraldehyde, etc., during the second half of the 19th century (first period), led to the replacement of physical restraint by pharmacological means in behavior control. Introduction of nicotinic acid, penicillin, thiamine, etc., during the first half of the 20th century (second period), led to significant changes in the diagnostic distribution of psychiatric patients; psychoses due to cerebral pellagra, and dementia due to syphilitic general paralysis virtually disappeared from psychiatric hospitals, and the prevalence of dysmnesias markedly decreased. Treatment with therapeutically effective drugs of mania, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, etc., during the second half of the 20th century (third period), brought to attention the heterogeneity of the populations within the diagnostic categories of schizophrenia and depression. Introduction of the first set of psychotropics and the spectrophotofluorimeter during the 1950s triggered the development of neuropsychopharmacology. Introduction of genetic technology for the separation of receptor subtypes in the 1980s opened the path for the "tailoring" of psychotropic drugs by the dawn of the 21st century, to receptor affinities.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Chronic neonatal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade induces learning deficits and transient hypoactivity in young rats.

A blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type of glutamate receptor in rodents is believed to provide a pharmacological model of schizophrenia-related psychosis. Since neurodevelopmental abnormality, at least partly, could contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, the aim of this study was to recapitulate cognitive impairments accompanying this disorder in rats by a chronic neonatal treatment with a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist MK-801. Rat pups were treated with a low dose of MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg s.c.) chronically from early postnatal period (PD 7-49) known to be critical for glutamatergic system maturation. Locomotor activity in the "open-field" test, anxiety level in the elevated plus-maze test, and learning capacity in food rewarded spatial task were examined in young animals. Chronic MK-801 treatment produced a decrease of spontaneous motor and exploratory activity in 16- to 28-day-old rats. At the same time, a hyperlocomotion in response to acute administration of MK-801 was observed as well. Spatial learning of MK-801-treated rats was found to be negatively affected. Treated rats were able to respond to stress stimuli in the adequate manner but their anxiety level was found to be lower than in controls. Behavioral disturbances appeared to be temporary, and no such abnormalities could be detected at the age of 16 weeks. Thus, even mild chronic neonatal blockade of NMDA receptors may lead to a specific pattern of cognitive abnormalities presumably resulting from impairments of sensory information processing at the cortical-basal ganglia level.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Hormones, lymphohemopoietic cytokines and the neuroimmune axis.

The classical distinction between hormones and cytokines has become increasingly obscure with the realization that homeostatic responses to infection involve coordinated changes in both the neuroendocrine and immune systems. The hypothesis that these systems communicate with one another is supported by the ever-accruing demonstrations of a shared molecular network of ligands and receptors. For instance, leukocytes express receptors for hormones and these receptors modulate diverse biological activities such as the growth, differentiation and effector functions. Leukocyte lineages also synthesize and secrete hormones, such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), in response to both growth hormone (GH) and also to cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Since hormones share intracellular signaling substrates and biological activities with classical lymphohemopoietic cytokines, neuroendocrine and immune tissues share a common molecular language. The physiological significance of this shared molecular framework is that these homeostatic systems can intercommunicate. One important example of this interaction is the mechanism by which bacterial lipopolysaccharide, by eliciting a pro-inflammatory cytokine cascade from activated leukocytes, modulate pituitary GH secretion as well as other CNS-controlled behavioral and metabolic events. This article reviews the cellular and molecular basis for this communication system and proposes novel mechanisms by which neuroendocrine-immune interactions converge to modulate disease resistance, metabolism and growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Noradrenaline excites non-cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental neurons via two distinct mechanisms.

Cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus have been hypothesized to play a critical role in the-generation and maintenance of rapid eye movement sleep. Less is known about the function of non-cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental nucleus neurons. As part of our ongoing studies of the brainstem circuitry controlling behavioral state, we have begun to investigate the functional properties of these neurons. In the course of these experiments, we have observed a novel response to the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of laterodorsal tegmental nucleus neurons were carried out in 21- to 35-day-old rat brain slices. A subpopulation of laterodorsal tegmental nucleus cells responded to a 30-s application of 50 microM noradrenaline with depolarization and a decrease in input resistance which lasted several minutes. Following return to resting membrane potential, these cells invariably exhibited barrages of excitatory postsynaptic potentials which lasted at least 12 min. These excitatory postsynaptic potentials were reversibly abolished by bath application of tetrodotoxin, as well as by the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, but were insensitive to application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid. To examine whether these neurons were cholinergic, the recorded cells were labeled with biocytin and tested for co-localization with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase, a marker for laterodorsal tegmental nucleus cholinergic neurons. In every instance, neurons with these properties were non-cholinergic. However, they were always located in close proximity to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-positive laterodorsal tegmental nucleus cells. The present data indicate that noradrenaline, in addition to directly inhibiting cholinergic cells of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, also results in the direct and indirect excitation of non-cholinergic cells of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. The indirect excitation is long lasting and mediated by glutamatergic mechanisms. Our working hypothesis is that these non-cholinergic cells are local circuit inhibitory interneurons and that prolonged excitation of these neurons by noradrenaline may serve as a mechanism for inhibition of cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental nucleus cells during wakefulness, when noradrenaline tone is high.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is the intention to quit smoking influenced by other heart-healthy lifestyle habits in 30- to 60-year-old men?

The aim of this study was to analyze whether the intention to quit smoking was associated with other lifestyle habits healthy for the heart, namely a low-fat diet and regular exercise, using variables suggested by the theory of planned behavior. Self-administered postal questionnaires were sent to 3,200 men 30 to 60 years of age residing in Laval, Quebec. With a response rate of 70.9%, 671 respondents (29.6%) were smokers. A significant proportion (43%) had all three risk behaviors--smoking, a high-fat diet, and sedentariness, and 42% had two--smoking and one of the other behaviors. The remaining had a single risk behavior, namely smoking. Regression analysis suggested that a healthy diet and exercise had no significant influence on the intention to quit smoking. However, men who had a stronger intention to quit smoking than others had a more favorable attitude toward the behavior, a stronger perception of approval in achieving it on the part of important referents, stronger perceived behavioral control, and were among those who smoked fewer cigarettes per day, but had made more attempts to quit. These results can assist in designing better heart-health intervention programs for this high-risk population.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Forced normalization induced by ethosuximide therapy in a patient with intractable myoclonic epilepsy.

Forced normalization (FN) is a well known phenomenon of acute psychosis accompanying seizure control. An 11-year-old boy with intractable myoclonic epilepsy and severe psychomotor delay experienced FN during medication of ethosuximide. Although his myoclonic seizures were completely controlled, behavioral changes, more of the manic type, became evident. EEG during this phenomenon showed almost normal findings. Generally, withdrawal of anti-epileptic drugs in patients with FN is still controversial and much debated. We could conclude that the physician should judge comprehensively the treatment considering the more favorable situation for the patient and the family.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2004

The effects of AIDS prevention programs by lay health advisors for migrants in The Netherlands.

Two studies describe the effectiveness of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention programs by lay health advisors (LHAs) for migrants in The Netherlands. The effects of such AIDS programs were evaluated (Study 1) and compared with the effects of professional health advisors (PHAs, i.e. medical doctors or nurses) (Study 2). The first study concerned Turkish and Moroccan migrants and showed positive effects on knowledge, behavioral control, and social norm towards condom use. Iraqi refugees participated in the second study that concerned a direct comparison of LHA- and PHA-based programs. Both programs result in positive effects in terms of attitude change and knowledge, but the LHA program resulted in a stronger intention to discuss AIDS with children. Analyses predicting intention to use condoms provide evidence that LHA programs lead to a stronger relation between attitudes and intention. This suggests that LHA-based AIDS programs are more successful in inducing internally motivated intentions to safe sex practices, such as condom use.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Somatosensation: Touching the mind's fingers.

Whether mental operations can be reduced to the biological properties of the brain has intrigued scientists and philosophers alike for millennia. New microstimulation experiments on awake, behaving monkeys establish causality between activity of specialized cortical neurons and a controlled behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Family functioning in anorexia nervosa: British and Italian mothers' perceptions.

This study tested the hypothesis that cultural differences would influence individuals' perceptions of family functioning. Mothers of British and Italian children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa completed the Family Assessment Device (FAD). British mothers perceived their families' communication and role definition as less healthy than did the Italian mothers. In contrast, the Italians perceived their families' behavior control methods as less healthy than did the British mothers. The findings might be explained by differences between British and Italian interpretations of the role of "family," particularly giving the British emphasis on independence and the Italian emphasis on family life. It is suggested that these culturally divergent attitudes towards family life might have different influences on anorexia nervosa. Finally, implications for family therapy are discussed, taking into account those characteristics that are more relevant for each cultural group.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with developmental disorders and epilepsy: a practical approach to its diagnosis and treatment.

Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with developmental disorders and epilepsy (PDDEs) is relatively frequent. The majority of its pharmacological treatment has consisted of the use of neuroleptic drugs in an attempt to control behavioral disturbances, despite the fact that these symptoms may often mask underlying psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, which require other types of psychotropic drugs. In this article, we review the pathogenic mechanisms that mediate the clinical manifestations of psychiatric disorders in PDDEs, highlight diagnostic strategies that may help in elucidating the correct psychiatric diagnosis, and review the psychopharmacological treatments available.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Spectroscopic and electrochemical evaluation of a perfluorosulfonated ionomer and its gel as preconcentrating media for [ReI(DMPE)3]+, where DMPE = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane.

The interaction of [ReI(DMPE)3]+, where DMPE = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, a nonradioactive analogue of a heart imaging agent, with Nafion gel, which is Nafion plasticized with tri-n-butyl phosphate, has been evaluated spectroscopically and electrochemically. Thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry on the rhenium compound yields a linear Nernst plot with an n value of 0.99 and E degree' of 0.049 V vs Ag/AgCl. The electrochemistry is consistent with a reversible one-electron transfer between the mono- and dicationic forms of the complex. The UV-visible spectrum of electrogenerated [ReII(DMPE)3]2+ is identical to that obtained by air oxidation of [ReI(DMPE)3]+. Thin, free-standing films of Nafion gel and Nafion that were sufficiently clear to record visible spectra were cast. Spectroscopic measurement of the partitioning of [ReI-(DMPE)3]+ from aqueous solution into these films shows a more rapid uptake of the complex by the Nafion gel. Preconcentration factors into Nafion gel and Nafion were 350 and 50, respectively, after 4 h of soaking. Cyclic voltammetry of 1.0 x 10(-4)-1.0 x 10(-7) M (ReI(DMPE)3]+ in 0.15 M supporting electrolyte aqueous solution at bare gold and spectroscopic graphite electrodes suggests that the complex adsorbs to these electrodes. By comparison, the well-defined cyclic voltammograms at Nafion gel-modified electrodes exhibit diffusion-controlled behavior. The formal reduction potential at Nafion gel-modified electrodes is shifted positively compared to bare electrodes. A current enhancement of approximately 4 was observed at Nafion gel-modified spectroscopic graphite over a bare electrode. A calibration plot of peak current for differential pulse voltammetry vs concentration at Nafion gel-modified spectroscopic graphite was linear in the 10(-7)-10(-5) M concentration range, with a detectable signal down into the 10(-9) M range.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed2026

Copper-Containing Surface Engineering for Soft-Tissue Biomedical Devices: Structure-Function Relationships and Ion Release-Driven Biological Performance, A Systematic Review.

Copper and copper-based materials have gained increasing attention for the functional modification of implantable medical devices intended for prolonged soft-tissue contact, including vascular stents, catheters, and intrauterine devices. Owing to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, redox reactivity, and involvement in angiogenesis and cellular signaling, copper-based systems offer significant potential for multifunctional surface engineering. However, achieving a balance between antibacterial efficacy, corrosion behavior, controlled ion release, and cytocompatibility remains a critical challenge. This PRISMA-compliant systematic review analyzes copper-containing materials and surface modification strategies for soft-tissue biomedical applications. A structured search of Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed (2015-2025) identified 65 eligible studies. The review encompasses bulk copper-containing alloys, electrochemical and chemical surface modification techniques, physical vapor deposition approaches, and advanced hybrid systems integrating copper with polymers, hydrogels, or metal-phenolic networks. Across the reviewed literature, antibacterial performance was strongly dependent on copper concentration, microstructural distribution, and spatiotemporal ion release profiles. Moderate, well-controlled copper incorporation frequently improved antibacterial efficacy while maintaining acceptable hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, particularly in vascular and blood-contacting devices. In contrast, excessive copper loading often accelerated corrosion and induced adverse cellular responses. Emerging multifunctional architectures demonstrated improved regulation of biological interactions, enabling simultaneous antibacterial, antithrombotic, and proendothelial effects. Overall, copper-based surface technologies represent a versatile platform for soft-tissue implant modification. Future translational progress will require precise control of copper release kinetics and comprehensive long-term in vivo validation to ensure safety and sustained therapeutic performance. From the authors' perspective, the most promising future direction involves multifunctional copper-based hybrid coatings capable of dynamically regulating ion release, host tissue integration, and antibacterial performance simultaneously. Strategies integrating hierarchical architectures, stimulus-responsive release systems, and clinically scalable fabrication methods are expected to play a key role in translating copper-containing surfaces from experimental concepts toward commercially viable soft-tissue biomedical devices.

Copper↗
PubMed2001

Gender differences in the self-regulation of hypertension.

The theory of planned behavior was adapted and revised to explain efforts made by patients to regulate their hypertension. A test of this theory of self-regulation revealed significant differences between men (N = 105) and women (N = 102) in their decision making and goal pursuit activities. For men, attitude toward success had both direct and indirect (through desire and intentions) effects on efforts to regulate hypertension. Attitudes had no influence on effort for women. Perceived behavioral control had both direct and indirect (through desire and intentions) effects on effort for men but no effects for women. Intentions influenced effort for men but not women. In contrast, perceived subjective norms had direct effects on effort for women but not for men. Effort was found also to be a function of past efforts at trying to regulate hypertension for both men and women. The study results confirm the existence of differences in the manner in which men and women perceive health maintenance. Additionally, the theory of self-regulation was found to serve as a useful framework in understanding the role of goal-setting and goal-striving in the management of chronic conditions.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

The Raynaud's Treatment Study: biofeedback protocols and acquisition of temperature biofeedback skills.

The Raynaud's Treatment Study (RTS) compared temperature biofeedback training and a behavioral control procedure (frontalis EMG biofeedback) with nifedipine-XL and a medication placebo for treatment of primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) in a large (N = 313) multicenter trial. The present study describes the RTS biofeedback protocols and presents data on the acquisition of digital skin temperature and frontalis EMG responses in the RTS. The findings point to substantial problems with acquisition of physiological self-regulation skills in the RTS. Only 34.6% of the Temperature Biofeedback group (N = 81) and 55.4% of the EMG Biofeedback group (N = 74) successfully learned the desired physiological response. In contrast, 67.4% of a Normal Temperature Biofeedback group (N = 46) learned hand warming. Multivariate analysis found that coping strategies, anxiety, gender, and clinic site predicted acquisition of hand-warming skills whereas variables related to RP disease severity did not. Physiological data showed vasoconstriction in response to the onset of biofeedback and also found that performance in the initial sessions was critical for successful acquisition. These findings indicate that attention to the emotional and cognitive aspects of biofeedback training, and a degree of success in the initial biofeedback sessions, are important for acquisition.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Role of the CC chemokine receptor 9/TECK interaction in apoptosis.

Chemokine receptors are members of the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) supergene family whose expression is highly restricted to hematopoietic cells. Although the primary role of chemokine and chemokine receptor interaction is believed to be regulation of chemotaxis of leukocytes, subsequent information clearly suggests that multiple immune regulatory functions are attributed to chemokine receptor signaling. We recently showed that activation of the CC chemokine 9 receptor (CCR9), a thymus-specific chemokine receptor, led to potent cFLIP(L)-independent resistance to cycloheximide-induced apoptosis and modest resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis possibly via activation of multiple signaling components involving Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. The fact that these two apoptotic signals involve activation of similar arrays of death execution machinery such as caspase-8, caspase-9, or caspase-3, suggests that chemokine receptor signaling may provide a wide range of antiapoptotic activities to hematopoietic cells under certain biological conditions. GPCR is a large family of cell surface receptors, many of which are critically involved in hormonal and behavioral control. Recent observations also suggest that GPCR signaling plays a pivotal role in immune cell activation. Heterotrimeric G protein is an integral part of GPCR signaling. Thus, dissection of signaling components involved in the CCR9-mediated antiapoptosis could be a framework for cell survival mechanisms and may provide options for therapeutic interventions for neurdegenerative diseases or T cell malfunctioning.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of loading on swelling-controlled drug release from hydrophobic polyelectrolyte gel beads.

The effect of oxprenolol HCl loading on the kinetics of polymer swelling and drug release from suspension-polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA/MAA) beads has been studied in detail. Within the range of variables studied, the polymer swelling rate increases with buffer pH and concentration. And an ionization-controlled swelling mechanism (analogous to the relaxation-controlled mechanism) mechanism) seems to become more rate-limiting at higher buffer concentrations. At oxprenolol HCL loading levels below 17.8%, the drug release and associated dimensional changes (in pH 7.4) exhibit an extended quasi-linear region despite the inherent limitation of spherical geometry. At higher loading levels, the drug release becomes faster and first-order in nature. This is apparently a result of the transition from a dissolved to a dispersed system above a percolation threshold (15-18% loading in the present study). As a result of competition from processes such as the reduction of bead dimension due to drug release and the dimensional increase due to polymer swelling and osmotic contributions from the drug, the transient bead diameter increases monotonically during drug release at loading levels up to 25.6%, whereas upon further increasing the drug loading, the bead diameter goes through a maximum during the early drug release, which eventually increases again as a result of the slow but continuous increase in polymer swelling due to further ionization. In all cases, both the drug release and the dimensional changes approach completion as the penetrating ionization fronts meet at the center, indicating a true swelling-controlled behavior.

Buffers↗