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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Functional analysis of tomato Pti4 in Arabidopsis.

Pti4 is a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) transcription factor that belongs to the ERF (ethylene-responsive element binding factor) family of proteins. It interacts with the Pto kinase in tomato, which confers resistance to the Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato pathogen that causes bacterial speck disease. To study the function of Pti4, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated that expressed tomato Pti4 driven by the strong constitutive promoters, cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and tCUP. Global gene expression analysis by Affimetric GeneChip indicated that expression of Pti4 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants induced the expression of GCC box-containing PR genes. We also demonstrated that Pti4 enhanced GCC box-mediated transcription of a reporter gene. The data suggests that tomato Pti4 could act as a transcriptional activator to regulate expression of GCC box-containing genes. Furthermore, we show that the expression of tomato Pti4 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants produced a phenotype similar to that seen in plants treated with ethylene, thus providing evidence that the Pti4 gene is involved in the regulation of a subset of ethylene-responsive genes containing the GCC box.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2001

The physiological development of the chlorotic lesion induced by coronatine.

Toxins are secondary metabolites produced by several plant pathogenic microorganisms. These toxins play a major role in the development of disease symptoms. Coronatine, the non specific toxin, was extracted and purified from the culture medium of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. In this study, the effect of coronatine on the development of the chlorotic lesion on the Phaseolus vulgaris L. leaves, indicates that coronatine induced chlorosis on treated leaves as well as or untreated leaves on the same plant. An other effect of this toxin is the reduction of amount of both chlorophyll a and b. These results, provide that the development of chlorotic lesion is a primarily mode of action of coronatine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1999

[Vascular bundle specific expression of iaaL gene affects the generation frequencies of transgenic tobacco].

A vascular bundles specific expressing vector pBAL1 with a promoter AQ630 from rice phenylalanine ammonialyase gene and a gene encoding indoleacetic-lysine synthytase from Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi was constructed. Affirmed by Southern blotting and RTPCR analysis, the AQ630-iaaL transgenic plants show increasing shoots-regeneration frequency of young stem explants on hormone-free 1/2 MS medium and lower sensibility to IAA when roots were induced from the root explants on the media containing different concentrations of IAA compared to untransformed plants.

Culture Techniques↗
PubMed2002

Bacteriocin Serratine-P as a biological tool in the control of fire blight Erwinia amylovora.

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burill Winslow et al.), is the most important bacterial disease in European pear growing. It can cause a lot of damage in some countries on apple and on pear trees in orchards and also in the fruit tree nurseries. In Belgium, the disease is present since 1972. Control of fire blight in Belgian fruit orchards is made on a broad basis of measurements in and around the fruit trees. The use of an antibiotic is allowed for application only during the primary blossom period under strict controlled regulations. The use of antobiotics in agriculture is strongly discussed on the European level today and will probably disappear in the near future. Therefore, the research on fire blight control concentrates on the possibilities of biological control with antagonistic bacteria such as Pantoea agglomerans (Erwinia herbicola), Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas syringae strain A 506. The use of Serratine-P, a phage tail-like bacteriocin, produced by Serratia plymiticum, shows an interesting antibacterial activity against Erwinia amylovora. Its mode of action consists in the perforation of the cytoplasmic membrane of the target cell, inducing perturbations in cellular exchanges and a final lysis of the bacterial cell. In this paper some trials are discussed on the use of Serratine-P at different doses and on different infection types on pear trees. The results indicate interesting protection possibilities on blossom- and fruit infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

[Fingerprint analyses of fructus Forsythiae].

OBJECTIVE: To provide application basis of the Forsythia suspensa by studying the difference of HPLC-FP of F. suspensa fructification (medicinal materials). METHOD: Comparative work was done on F. suspensa produced in different areas, on different parts of Forsythia suspensa, and on the pseudo preducts with methods of HPLC-FP. RESULT: Different FP characteristics were shown respectively by different samples, which were from different producing areas, from different parts, and the pseudo products including the fructification of Syringa reticulata var. and F. viridissimac. CONCLUSION: The FP can be used to distinguish the F. suspensa coming from different producing areas and different sources.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of antifreeze proteins and poly(vinyl alcohol) on the nucleation of ice: a preliminary study.

Three substances have been tested for ice nucleation inhibition. These were an antifreeze protein AFP III from the fish Macrozoarces americanus, an antifreeze glycoprotein AFGP from the fish Dissostichus mawsoni, and an 80% hydrolysed poly(vinyl alcohol) with a molecular weight of 9 to 10 kD. A nucleation spectrometer was used to test nucleation inhibition at a range of concentrations against two types of ice nuclei: those present in tap water and a bacterial nucleator from Pseudomonas syringae. The PVA reduced the nucleation temperature of tap water and the bacterial dispersions at all the concentrations which were tested. The AFGP reduced the nucleation temperature of tap water but enhanced the nucleation activity of the bacterial nucleators. At low concentrations the AFP III reduced the nucleation temperature of both tap water and the bacterial nucleator. At high concentrations the AFP III enhanced the nucleation temperature of the bacterial nucleator and broadened the nucleation spectrum of the tap water to encompass the nucleation spread of the control. The possible mechanisms of nucleation suppression and enhancement are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Biohazards and ecotoxicological considerations of landspreading of spent compost wastes.

Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is a major waste of the mushroom industry with low economic value. SMC arises after mushroom production in phase II compost (pIIC), predominantly comprising straw and chicken litter as principal raw ingredients. The majority of SMC waste is disposed off by application to agricultural land. It is an attractive proposition for utilising SMC as soil inorganic fertiliser supplementation. However, there is limited data available as to the consequences of this method of disposal either in terms of microbiological loading of food-borne pathogens and those of concern to mushroom industry itself. The resulting imbalance of the natural flora of the agricultural land has not been properly audited. This study aims to initially examine SMC for prevalence of faecal bacterial pathogens including Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes that may arise from chicken litter. At another level, it aims to ascertain the pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae, pv phaseolicola or tolasii) and fungal populations (Trichoderma, Verticillium species) originating mainly from the straw component of the SMC, which are of concern to the mushroom industry. Lastly, the study would also qualitatively identify the diversity of bacterial populations within SMC. This was largely accomplished through employment of rDNA, PCR and direct sequencing strategies on the culturable microflora. However, for specific mushroom pathogens, nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) were directly extracted from composts before subjecting to sequence analysis. In accordance with the current legislation (ABP 02/02, Animal By Products wastes disposal EC No. 1774/2002), it is imperative to regulate the farm wastes carrying residues from animal sources including SMC before they are regarded safe for land spreading operations. The ecological microbe-microbe and plant-microbe interactions that potentially occur between the native bacterial soil flora and those added annually (approximately 10(18) cells) needs to be reviewed with caution. The above study highlights the ecological consequences involved in the disposal of SMC wastes on agricultural land and its implications for plant, animal and human health.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2002

[Aberrant development of pollen in transgenic tobacco expressing bacterial iaaM gene driven by pollen- and tapetum-specific promoters].

Microsporogenesis offers an ideal model for studying gene expression, cell division and cell to cell communication during development. The role of auxin in pollen development was investigated in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the coding region of the iaaM gene from Pseudomonas syringae, under control of the promoters Lat-52 (pollen-specific) or TA-29 (tapetum-specific). IAA level in anther of transgenic plants increased significantly, and transgenic plants displayed morphological aberrations not solely attributable to pollen development(such as adventitious root formation on stems, epinastic leaf growth, delayed flowering). These results suggest that expression of Lat-52 and TA-29 are not strictly limited to anther. Anther shape was changed and the number of pollen grains per anther was reduced, but grains could be stained with aceto-carmine. Almost all flowering plants were fertile, although the number of flowers per inflorescence was reduced compared with the wild-type ones. These results suggest that auxin plays an important role in pollen development, and over-expressing auxin synthesis gene could result in aberrant development of pollen.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interaction of Pantoea agglomerans with the agent of basal bacteriosis of wheat].

Interactions between the agent of basal bacteriosis Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens and epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans have been studied in the laboratory and field conditions. It is shown the P. agglomerans affects the infectious process caused by P. s. pv. atrofaciens that leads to intensification of symptoms of the disease development. The epiphyte cells accumulation predominates under mutual artificial infection in the infected tissue. The higher competitive ability of the epiphyte P. agglomerans as compared with phytopathogen has been found out. The epiphyte propagates more quickly and inhibits growth and development of phytopathogen under joint cultivation of the studied strains of bacteria. Competition is shown between the studied strains of bacteria on the wheat leaf surface which depended on the phase of plant development.

Pantoea↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pseudomonas genus bacteria on weeds].

It has been shown in the work that the weeds (couch-grass and ryegrass) may be affected by bacterial diseases in natural conditions, Pseudomonas genus bacteria being their agents. The isolated bacteria are highly-aggressive in respect of the host-plant and a wide range of cultivated plants: wheat, rye, oats, barley, apple-tree and pear-tree. In contrast to highly aggressive bacteria isolated from the affected weeds, bacteria-epi phytes isolated from formally healthy plants (common amaranth, orache, flat-leaved spurge, field sow thistle, matricary, common coltsfoot, narrow-leaved vetch) and identified as P. syringae pv. coronafaciens, were characterized by weak aggression. A wide range of ecological niches of bacteria evidently promote their revival and distribution everywhere in nature.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

[Cloning and characterization of an harpin-encoding gene from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines required for hypersensitive response on nonhost plant tobacco].

An hpa1 gene was cloned into an expression vector, pET30a(+), from the genomic DNA of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag), the causal agent of soybean bacterial pustule, with degenerated primers by polymerase amplification reaction (PCR). The gene product was extracted from the conjugate (BHR-3) of BL21 (DES) with the recombined vector pHR3 after the engineering strain was induced by IPTG in LB medium. The SDS-PAGE gel showed that the gene product was 15.1kD. The product was heat-stable (10 min at 100 degrees C), protease K sensitive, and able to trigger hypersensitive response (HR) in common tobacco, but was unable to elicit HR in NahG transgenic tobacco in which salicylic acid accumulation was abolished. Moreover, the HR elicitation of the protein in tobacco was dispelled by eukayotic metabolic inhibitors, actinomycin D, cycloheximide and LaCl3. The 402 bp hpa1 gene in this study putatively encoded a 133 ammonia acid protein of which glycine (G) was rich with 21.1%. Sequence comparison indicated that the hpa1 gene and its protein was 51.4% - 93.8% identity with those of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and other Xanthomonas species and pathovars. Alignments of harpin proteins of Xanthomonas genus displayed that the glycine-rich region with GGG-GG motif was variable. The comparison also showed that the harpin-encoding gene of Xag (nominated here as hpa1(Xag)) did not possess any similarity with that of Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum at nucleotide and protein levels. It is concluded that hpa1(Xag) gene encodes an harpin protein which elicits a typical HR in nonhost tobacco.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

[Screening of mixed crop disease-resistant bacterial inoculants from N2-fixing and P-solubilzing bacterial isolates].

In this paper, a total of 22 bacterial isolates capable of fixing nitrogen and/or solubilizing phosphorus were inoculated, and mixed incubated in 15 liquid media. The isolates were obtained from soil with selective media, and not purified. After grown for 48 hours, the mixed cultures were continuously inoculated to the same media, and then incubated under the same conditions. The procedures were repeated for 12 times, and 15 stable bacterial mixtures (SBM) were obtained. Each SBM was purified, which contained two or three bacterial species. Agar plate bacteriostasis test showed that 6 mixed cultures of the SBM exhibited significant inhibition effects to one or more plant pathogens of Verticillium dahliae, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pseudomonas syringae. It was found that C7 and C15 were the two SBM with most obvious antibiological effect. SMB C15 had the ability of nitrogen fixation, and C4, C5 C7, C9, C14 and C15 showed the ability of phosphorus solubilization. These results suggested a possible approach to develop stable, synergistic, and multi-functional antibiological agents.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed1990

Tagetitoxin inhibits RNA synthesis directed by RNA polymerases from chloroplasts and Escherichia coli.

Tagetitoxin, a chlorosis-inducing phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis, inhibits RNA synthesis directed by chloroplast RNA polymerase. In isolated chloroplasts, tagetitoxin quickly and specifically reduced the incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA. When it was added to transcriptionally active chloroplast protein extracts, the toxin directly inhibited incorporation of [32P]UTP into RNA. In addition, tagetitoxin inhibited in vitro RNA synthesis directed by the RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. In vitro transcription reactions directed by chloroplast RNA polymerase or E. coli RNA polymerase are inhibited at tagetitoxin concentrations less than 1 microM. Nuclear RNA polymerase II purified from wheat germ was only affected at tagetitoxin concentrations greater than 100 microM during in vitro transcription. Tagetitoxin concentrations as high as 1 mM did not affect in vitro transcription reactions directed by RNA polymerase from bacteriophage T7 or SP6.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1977

[Physicochmemical characteristics of the new antineoplastic antibiotic, nocamycin].

Nocamycin is produced by Nocardiopsis syringae. It is recovered from the culture fluid by extraction with chloroform. The molecular weight of the crystalline antibiotic is 503, its melting point is 147--149 degrees, [alpha]20 degrees D = --50 degrees (c. 0.21, chloroform), lambdamax235 and 348 nm(E1%sm= = 150 and 420), the summation formula is C26 H33NO9, the biological activity is 100000 Units/mg with respect to Bacillus mycoides. Nocamycin forms salts with alkalies soluble in water. On hydrolysis with an alkali it forms carbonic acid having no ester bond (IP spectrum) and methoxylic group present in the antibiotic molecule. Nocamycin is a new natural substance.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lytic activity of Pseudomonas bacteriophages].

None of the 24 Pseudomonas syringae bacteriophages were found to be identical in the spectrum of lytic action. The phages were subdivided into five groups according to the number of sensitive bacterial strains and their qualitative composition.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1987

Inactivation of pea seed glutamine synthetase by the toxin, tabtoxinine-beta-lactam.

Glutamine synthetase of plants is the physiological target of tabtoxinine-beta-lactam, a toxin produced by several disease-causing pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. This toxin, a unique amino acid, is an active site-directed, irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase from pea. ATP is required for inactivation. Neither ADP, AMP, nor adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate (AMP-PCP) supports inactivation. Adenyl-5'-yl imidophosphate (AMP-PNP) is slowly hydrolyzed by glutamine synthetase to produce adenyl-5'-yl phosphoramidate (AMP-PN) and inorganic phosphate as identified by 31P NMR spectroscopic analysis. AMP-PNP also supports a slow inactivation of glutamine synthetase by tabtoxinine-beta-lactam. These data are consistent with gamma-phosphate transfer being involved in the inactivation. Completely inactivated glutamine synthetase has 0.9 mumol of toxin bound/mumol of subunit. One mumol of ATP is bound per mumol of subunit of glutamine synthetase in the absence of either the toxin or another active site-directed inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine; whereas, a 2nd mumol of either [alpha- or gamma-32P]ATP is bound per mumol of subunit when glutamine synthetase is incubated in the presence of either toxin or methionine sulfoximine until all enzyme activity is lost. These data suggest that the gamma-phosphate hydrolyzed from ATP during inactivation remains with the enzyme-inhibitor complex, as well as the ADP. The open chain form, tabtoxinine, was neither a reversible nor an irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, suggesting that the beta-lactam ring is necessary for inhibition. The inactivation of glutamine synthetase with tabtoxinine-beta-lactam is pseudo-first-order when done in buffer containing 15% (v/v) ethylene glycol. The rate constant for this reaction is 3 X 10(-2) S-1, and the Ki for the toxin is 1 mM. Removal of the ethylene glycol from the buffer allows the reaction to proceed in a non-first-order manner with the apparent rate constant decreasing with time. As the enzyme is inactivated in these conditions, the binding affinity for the toxin appears to decrease, while the Km observed for glutamate does not change.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1987

The biosynthesis of tabtoxinine-beta-lactam. Use of specifically 13C-labeled glucose and 13C NMR spectroscopy to identify its biosynthetic precursors.

Tabtoxinine-beta-lactam, an irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase is produced by several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. We have examined tabtoxinine-beta-lactam biosynthesis, an important and poorly characterized step in pathogenesis caused by this organism. We have identified the biosynthetic precursors of tabtoxinine-beta-lactam by incorporating 13C from specifically 13C-labeled D-glucose precursors and determining the labeling pattern using 13C NMR spectroscopy. Tabtoxinine-beta-lactam is generated by combining a 4-carbon fragment, a 2-carbon fragment, and a single carbon. The 4-carbon fragment arises from aspartic acid, and the 2-carbon unit is donated from carbons 2 and 3 of pyruvate. The 6-carbon backbone of tabtoxinine-beta-lactam arises from the condensation of fragments from aspartate and pyruvate, probably using reactions analogous to the initial steps in the pathway of lysine biosynthesis.

Aspartic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The avirulence gene avrBs1 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria encodes a 50-kD protein.

A gene cloned from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria race 2, avrBs1, specified avirulence on pepper cultivars containing the resistance gene Bs1. A series of exonuclease III deletions were made on a 3.2-kbp DNA fragment that determined full avirulence activity, observed as hypersensitive response (HR) induction. The deletion products were subcloned into the broad host range cloning vector pLAFR3, conjugated into a virulent X. c. pv. vesicatoria race 1 strain, 82-8, and scored for their ability to induce a HR on a pepper cultivar (ECW10R) containing the resistance gene Bs1. A span of approximately 1.8 kbp of DNA was necessary for full induction of the HR. The nucleotide sequence revealed two open reading frames (ORFs) capable of encoding proteins of 12.3 and 49.8 kD, designated ORF1 and ORF2, respectively. Deletions into ORF1 altered the HR-inducing activity to give an intermediate phenotype. Deletions into ORF2 completely destroyed activity. When the ORF2 coding region was driven by the lacZ promoter on plasmid pLAFR3 (placD), full avirulence activity was restored, indicating that ORF2 alone can induce the HR. Antisera raised to a beta-galactosidase-ORF2 fusion protein reacted with a 50-kD protein in X. c. pv. vesicatoria race 1 (placD) transconjugants. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF2 had approximately 47% overall homology to the carboxyl terminus of the avirulence gene, avrA, isolated from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea race 6, and 86% homology over a region of 49 amino acids. P. s. pv. glycinea, however, did not induce an HR on ECW10R plants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗