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PubMed1996

Cognitive and psychodynamic correlates of depressive symptomatology.

31 depressed, 26 nondepressed participants completed measures reflecting putative cognitive and psychodynamic characteristics of self-reported depression. Of the 16 variables 9 discriminated the groups in the expected direction. Ten characteristics correlated significantly with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, 4 reflecting negative automatic thinking, two of which (Negative Self-concepts and Expectations, Low Self-esteem) were important predictors of severity of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effects of feedback self-consistency, therapist status, and attitude toward therapy on reaction to personality feedback.

Individuals' reactions to interpersonal feedback may depend on characteristics of the feedback and the feedback source. The present authors examined the effects of experimentally manipulated personality feedback that they--in the guise of therapists--e-mailed to participants on the degree of their acceptance of the feedback. Consistent with Self-Verification Theory (W. B. Swann Jr., 1987), participants accepted feedback that was consistent with their self-views more readily than they did feedback that was inconsistent with their self-views. Furthermore, the authors found main effects for therapist's status and participant's attitude toward therapy. Significant interactions showed effects in which high-status therapists and positive client attitudes increased acceptance of self-inconsistent feedback, effects that were only partially mediated by clients' perceptions of therapist competence. The present results indicate the possibility that participants may be susceptible to self-concept change or to self-fulfilling prophecy effects in therapy when they have a positive attitude toward therapy or are working with a high-status therapist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The effects of a mentoring program on at-risk youth.

This study examined an intensive mentoring program that focuses on youth deemed at-risk for juvenile delinquency or mental illness. Mothers and teachers completed the Child Behavior Checklist, and youth completed the Hopelessness Scale for Children, the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, and the Self-Report Delinquency Scale. The youth (ages 10 to 17) either participated in the mentoring program (intervention, n = 34) or remained on the waiting list (nonintervention, n = 34) for 6 months. Repeated-measures ANOVAs assessed changes from preintervention to postintervention and indicated significant improvement in problematic behaviors for the intervention group. Mentoring appeared to affect African American youth differently than Caucasian and Latino youth. There were no significant interactions involving gender. The findings of this study supported the positive influence of mentoring on at-risk youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Classroom social experiences as predictors of academic performance.

A model linking children's peer acceptance in the classroom to academic performance via academic self-concept and internalizing symptoms was tested in a longitudinal study. A sample of 248 children was followed from 4th to 6th grade, with data collected from different informants in each year of the study to reduce respondent bias. A path analysis supported the model; a lack of peer acceptance in the classroom in 4th grade predicted lower academic self-concept and more internalizing symptoms the following year, which in turn, predicted lower academic performance in 6th grade. An alternative path with internalizing symptoms predicting declines in peer acceptance was tested and received some support as well. Implications of the findings for schools are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

Correlates of social anxiety in college students and homosexuals.

The relationship between social anxiety and measures of trait anxiety, self-concept, locus of control, repression-sensitization and depression was examined in volunteer college student (39 males and 53 females) and homosexual (51 males and 11 females) samples. Social anxiety was significantly related to all variables of interest, except depression. Within both samples, subjects high in social anxiety had an external locus of control, were low in positive self-concept, and were high in both sensitization and anxiety. The correlational patterns were remarkably similar in both samples, and sensitization emerged as the best single predictor of social anxiety for both college and homosexual groups. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical predictions, previous studies of social anxiety, and implications for personality assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Handicapped and able-bodied children's ideas of health.

The findings of a study of 240 handicapped and able-bodied children's ideas of health and health self-concept are reported. Children ages six-14 were interviewed using a semistructured format to determine what the word "health" meant to them, how they could tell when someone was healthy, if they saw themselves as healthy, and whether a child with a broken leg, in a wheelchair, or after an operation could be healthy. The Child Health Self-Concept Scale (CHSCS) was administered to 100 children. Results revealed both handicapped (N = 104) and able-bodied (N = 136) children viewed health similarly, and ideas were influenced more by age than by handicap. Even when they declare someone else with a disability as unhealthy, both groups see themselves as healthy. Implications for research are presented and ideas about society's emphasis on physical fitness are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Athletic injury and self diminution.

A review of the literature examining the effects of athletic injury on persons have suggested a deleterious effect. Specifically, results indicated that following traumatic injury, athletes suffer a diminution of affect and feelings of self-worth. Because studies published in this area have been post-injury in design, the present study was fashioned to examine changes from baseline values in the self-concept of university varsity football players following a disabling injury. There were 29 athletes in the subject pool. Sixteen subjects were severely injured during the season. Measures were taken on the first day of fall practice and at the end of the season. Injured athletes were assessed each week while they were unable to participate in practice. Analysis revealed a significant decrease in generalized self-concept following athletic injury (p < 0.001) which persisted through the course of treatment. Suggestions for continued research and treatment are proffered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Personality variables and metabolic control in children with diabetes.

Insulin-dependent diabetic children and a group of their nondiabetic peers were compared on measures of self-concept, locus of control and health locus of control. A metabolic measure of long term diabetes control was also obtained on the children with diabetes. Data analyses revealed that metabolic control was not related to any of the personality measures in the diabetic sample. Diabetic and non-diabetic children did not differ on measures of locus of control and self-concept, but diabetics exhibited a health locus of control which was significantly more internal than that of control subjects. A possible explanation for these results was discussed and practical implications for health care providers working with young diabetics were presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Personality traits in miners with past occupational elemental mercury exposure.

In this study, we evaluated the impact of long-term occupational exposure to elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) on the personality traits of ex-mercury miners. Study groups included 53 ex-miners previously exposed to Hg0 and 53 age-matched controls. Miners and controls completed the self-reporting Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Emotional States Questionnaire. The relationship between the indices of past occupational exposure and the observed personality traits was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient and on a subgroup level by machine learning methods (regression trees). The ex-mercury miners were intermittently exposed to Hg0 for a period of 7-31 years. The means of exposure-cycle urine mercury (U-Hg) concentrations ranged from 20 to 120 microg/L. The results obtained indicate that ex-miners tend to be more introverted and sincere, more depressive, more rigid in expressing their emotions and are likely to have more negative self-concepts than controls, but no correlations were found with the indices of past occupational exposure. Despite certain limitations, results obtained by the regression tree suggest that higher alcohol consumption per se and long-term intermittent, moderate exposure to Hg0 (exposure cycle mean U-Hg concentrations > 38.7 < 53.5 microg/L) in interaction with alcohol remain a plausible explanation for the depression associated with negative self-concept found in subgroups of ex-mercury miners. This could be one of the reason for the higher risk of suicide among miners of the Idrija Mercury Mine in the last 45 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Social and psychological effects of craniofacial deformity and surgical reconstruction.

Psychosocial evaluations of patients undergoing surgery for congenital craniofacial anomalies are being conducted preoperatively and postoperatively to document functioning prior to and following surgery. Our findings to date indicate that presurgically younger patients, those between 6 and 13, fare better than those 14 years and over. The former, for the most part, appear to be functioning adequately and test within normal range on standardized psychometric measures. The latter are more prone to social isolation and problems in self-concept and mood state. Postoperative evaluations are reported only for the younger group because of the small sample size of the older. Overall postoperative adjustment appears improved on several psychometric tests. The majority of patients and families are pleased with outcome. Improvement in appearance postoperatively as rated by independent judges has not reached statistical significance; however, there are significant correlations between changes in appearance and changes on several measures including self-concept and trait anxiety. This finding would tend to support the contention that improvement in appearance brought about by craniofacial surgery is associated with improvement in psychosocial adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Ratings of self and parents by youth: are they affected by family status, gender, and birth order?

In the present study, 648 youths from across the state of Kansas voluntarily evaluated themselves and their parents using the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children. Self-concept was found to be significantly higher for those from intact families in comparison with those from divorced remarried families. Evaluations of mothers were significantly higher for those from intact and divorced nonremarried families as compared with those from divorced remarried families. The ratings of fathers by youths from intact families were significantly more favorable than the ratings by those from either divorced nonremarried or divorced remarried families. Interestingly, gender by family status two-way interaction effects were also found for self-concept and ratings of fathers. Possible explanations for these findings, and their implications, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Childrearing attitudes among parents of very low birth weight and normal birth weight children.

The childrearing attitudes of parents of school-age children born at weights under 1500 g (VLBW) were compared with those of parents of age- and gender-matched children born at full term (NBW) to determine whether there were systematic differences between the two groups and whether parental attitudes were associated with child outcomes. Parents completed a self-report measure of childrearing attitudes and provided information on the child's health since birth. The children were given measures of IQ and self-concept, and their teachers rated their social and academic competence. Neonatal morbidity and subsequent need for hospitalization were unrelated to parental attitudes. Parents of VLBW children reported less use of guilt as a control strategy. They were also less child-centered, particularly if their children had chronic respiratory or ear-nose-throat problems. Greater parental warmth, less control through guilt, and less parental detachment were associated with more socially competent behavior and more positive self-concept in 9-year-old VLBW children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

How I see me depends on how I see we: the role of attachment style in social comparison.

The self-concept is a social, flexible construct that shifts in response to the salience of a relationship partner. Three related experiments found that the tendency to pursue closeness in relationships (as measured by attachment style) served as a moderator of the shift. Specifically, individuals who avoid closeness in relationships became less similar to salient friends via contrast effects, whereas those who pursued closeness in relationships became more similar to salient friends via assimilation effects. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the nature of the self-concept and the importance of friendships.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting alcohol use in rural children: a longitudinal study.

The purposes of this study were to describe the prevalence and correlates of alcohol use and to examine the ability to predict alcohol use among rural sixth- and seventh-grade children. The sample consisted of 625 children from six schools in small Montana towns. Self-administered questionnaires contained measures of sociodemographic characteristics, self-concept, school attitudes, beliefs about the effects of alcohol, and alcohol use. Fifty-eight percent of the children reported using alcohol. Children's beliefs about alcohol were significantly correlated with alcohol use. Logistic regression analysis failed to identify a model having adequate sensitivity and specificity for classifying sixth- and seventh-grade students as "users" and "nonusers" based on variables assessed in Grades 3 and 4. Nevertheless, holding other variables constant, children who displayed both negative self-concept and negative school attitudes in Grades 3 and 4 were most likely to use alcohol in Grades 6 and 7.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1980

Factors affecting social integration of noninstitutionalized mentally retarded adults.

The social integration of noninstitutionalized moderately and mildly mentally retarded young adults was investigated. A group of moderately and mildly retarded adults (study group) was compared with a group of borderline retarded (control group) adults on employability, behavior at work, social integration and social skills, personality, and self-concept. Findings indicated that the study group was less well integrated at work and in society than was the control group and showed lack of social skills. The retarded adults who had nonretarded friends showed better social-educational skills than did the other subjects. Findings suggest that even retarded individuals who grow up in the community need help in order to become socially independent. The existence of a special social club for retarded adults was found to fulfill the functions of a sheltered framework. Participants in the club showed more positive self-concepts; however, the club did not seem to prepare them for social integration in the general community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Objective self-awareness and individuation: an empirical link.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether the phenomenal experiences associated with the states of objective and subjective self-awareness are those which typically are associated with the states of individuation and deindividuation. In order to test this hypothesis, 20 male and 20 female matched pairs of subjects completed 15 self-descriptive statements on a Who Am I questionnaire under conditions of experimentally manipulated self-awareness (high vs. low). The obtained responses were then coded on 21 dimensions of self-conception, including several suggested by Gordon (1968). Converging result from a number of different measures indicated that increased objective self-awareness led to a more individuated conception of self. More specifically, objective self-awareness appeared to increase responding on dimensions which reflect individuation but to decrease responding on dimensions which reflect deindividuation suggested that this effect held strongly for low self-monitoring subjects. The self-descriptions of high self-monitoring subjects, however, appeared to be relatively unaffected by situationally induced self-awareness.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Effectiveness of dynamic cognitive intervention in rehabilitation of clients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of dynamic cognitive treatment in rehabilitation of schizophrenic clients. SUBJECTS: Fifty-eight schizophrenic clients that were matched equally into two groups: a study group (n = 29) (treated by Instrumental Enrichment) and a control group (treated with traditional occupational therapy methods). SETTING: The subjects were treated in a day rehabilitation centre in the community. STUDY DESIGN: The programme lasted one year, the same schedule was provided for both groups. Subjects were randomly assigned and assessed before and after intervention with the same battery and at a follow-up six months later, work and residence status were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Instruments included: (1) memory and thought processes, measured by a battery of structured tests from the Learning Potential Assessment Device (LPAD), Raven Progressive Matrices and General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB); (2) functional outcomes, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), measured by a questionnaire; work and residence status; (3) self-concept measured with Fitts questionnaire. RESULTS: Results showed significant differences between the groups on almost all the cognitive tests (MANOVA revealed significant differences between the two groups for both memory and thought process (F(2.52) = 13.75, p < 0.001; and F(1.46) = 7.28, p < 0.001, respectively) as well as in work (chi2 = 14.30, p < 0.001), and residence (chi2 = 3.86, p < 0.05) status. There were no significant differences in IADL questionnaire or the self-concept scale. CONCLUSIONS: The successful outcome points to the importance of including long-term cognitive intervention in rehabilitation of schizophrenic clients. This work suggests that the classic view of schizophrenia as a progressive irreversible decline that cannot be altered may be wrong.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents' school and socioemotional adjustment.

Do experiences with racial discrimination at school predict changes in African American adolescents' academic and psychological functioning? Does African American ethnic identity buffer these relations? This paper addresses these two questions using two waves of data from a longitudinal study of an economically diverse sample of African American adolescents living in and near a major East Coast metropolis. The data were collected at the beginning of the 7th grade and after the completion of the 8th grade. As expected, experiences of racial discrimination at school from one's teachers and peers predicts declines in grades, academic ability self-concepts, academic task values, mental health (increases in depression and anger, decreases in self-esteem and psychological resiliency), and increases in the proportion of one's friends who are not interested in school and who have problem behaviors. A strong, positive connection to one's ethnic group (our measure of ethnic identity) reduced the magnitude of the association of racial discrimination experiences with declines in academic self-concepts, school achievement, and perception of friends' positive characteristics, as well as the association of the racial discrimination experiences with increases in problem behaviors.

Adolescent↗