Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SCANDINAVIA”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Decreased fertility in Britain compared with Finland.

BACKGROUND: There has been much interest in the apparent decrease in semen quality. Because the evidence for such a decrease is open to criticism, a different type of evidence is needed. Finland seems to have escaped this decrease, as well as other disorders of the male reproductive tract, notably testicular cancer. If there has been a true decrease, the implications for fertility are unknown. METHODS: The most sensitive functional measure of fertility is time to pregnancy (TTP); this can be studied retrospectively at group level with a high degree of validity. To test the hypothesis that Finnish men are more fertile than British men, TTP distributions from published Finnish studies and data from Britain were compared. Two comparisons were made: a pair of antenatal studies, and a pair of cross-sectional studies. FINDINGS: In both comparisons, fertility was statistically significantly greater in Finland than in Britain. The findings did not seem to be due to methodological problems; in particular, the results could not be attributed to differences in frequency of intercourse, since this would have had the opposite effect on sperm concentration and on TTP. INTERPRETATION: The previously reported difference in sperm counts between Finland and elsewhere in northwest Europe (including Britain) is probably not artefactual, suggesting that the reported world-wide decline in semen quality is also real. Reasons for the "Finnish exception" may include maternal smoking, which used to be lower in Finnish women than elsewhere, and which might affect developing make offspring.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Swedish adolescents' knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases and their attitudes to the condom.

In an attempt to assess the risk of AIDS infection in teenagers in Sweden a survey of adolescent sexual behaviour was conducted in Uppsala. Two hundred and nine students in the first form of an upper secondary school completed a questionnaire at the beginning of a lesson on family life. Half the female and 45% of the male students reported having had sexual intercourse. Forty per cent had not used contraception at their first intercourse and 23% reported no use of contraceptive at their most recent intercourse. The students considered that they had only a low risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. The use of condoms was relatively low and this has implications for the students' potential to contract a sexually transmitted disease.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Peripherally administered sufentanil inhibits pain perception after postpartum tubal ligation.

The clinical effectiveness of locally administered opioids is still under discussion; in particular, the potency of morphine in settings other than intra-articular arthroscopy has been questioned. We developed another pain model, postpartum resection of the fallopian tubes for sterilisation, in which each patient serves as her own control when one side is infiltrated with the active drug (in this study sufentanil 5 mg) and the contralateral side with normal saline. In the control group both sides are infiltrated with plain saline. After 30 min from the end of anaesthesia onwards, 26 out of 30 patients observed significant pain relief on the side of the sufentanil infiltration, which in 11 patients lasted until the end of the observation period 24 h postoperatively; no difference was observed in the control group. In our pain model with a high assay sensitivity, the infiltration of one side with the lipophilic test drug, sufentanil, caused local analgesia in primarily non-inflamed tissue. The use of each patient as her own control excluded inter-subject bias.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Multiple induced abortions: Danish experience.

Experience with 50 first time aborters, 50 second time aborters, and 50 third time aborters residing in an urban area of Copenhagen suggests that women having a repeat abortion are more similar than dissimilar to women having a first induced abortion. There were no differences in socioeconomic status, educational level, or stated reasons for choosing abortion (usually socioeconomic and family considerations). Though similar to first and second time aborters in their life situations and greater contraceptive risk-taking, third timers seemed to become pregnant more readily. They were also less willing to be interviewed. Related studies and suggestions for postabortion counseling are discussed.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Caffeine intake and fecundability: a follow-up study among 430 Danish couples planning their first pregnancy.

Fecundability has been defined as the ability to achieve a recognized pregnancy. Several studies on caffeine and fecundability have been conducted but have been inconclusive. This may be explained partly by lack of stratification by smoking. Furthermore, few researchers have tried to separate the effect of caffeine from different sources (coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate). Clearly, the relationship between caffeine and fecundability needs further research, given the high prevalence of caffeine intake among women of childbearing age. We examined the independent and combined effects of smoking and caffeine intake from different sources on the probability of conception. From 1992 to 1995, a total of 430 couples were recruited after a nationwide mailing of a personal letter to 52,255 trade union members who were 20 to 35 years old, lived with a partner, and had no previous reproductive experience. At enrollment and in six cycles of follow-up, both partners filled out a questionnaire on different factors including smoking habits and their intake of coffee, tea, chocolate, cola beverages, and chocolate bars. In all, 1596 cycles and 423 couples were included in the analyses. The cycle-specific association between caffeine intake and fecundability was analyzed in a logistic regression model with the outcome at each cycle (pregnant or not pregnant) in a Cox discrete model calculating the fecundability odds-ratio (FR). Compared to nonsmoking women with caffeine intake less than 300 mg/d, nonsmoking women who consumed 300 to 700 mg/d caffeine had a FR of 0.88 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60-1.31], whereas women with a higher caffeine intake had a FR = 0.63 (95% CI 0.25-1.60) after adjusting for female body mass index and alcohol intake, diseases of the female reproductive organs, semen quality, and duration of menstrual cycle. No dose-response relationship was found among smokers. Among males, the same decline in point estimates of the FR was present. Smoking women whose only source of caffeine was coffee (>300 mg/d) had a reduced fecundability odds-ratio (FR = 0.34; 95% CI 0.12-0.98). An interaction between caffeine and smoking is biologically plausible, and the lack of effect among smokers may be due to faster metabolism of caffeine. Our findings suggest that especially nonsmoking women who wish to achieve a pregnancy might benefit from a reduced caffeine intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Life histories of single parents and illegitimate infants in nineteenth-century Sweden.

"This essay presents tentative findings for the Sundsvall area of Sweden, which is being studied in a recent project on the decline of infant and childhood mortality in the Nordic countries. The focus is on the complete reproductive histories of single mothers and the life expectancies among infants born to women who at least once in their reproductive life history experienced the birth of an illegitimate child. In Sundsvall, industrialization only temporarily affected the illegitimacy ratio, but its effect was obvious even in agrarian parishes. The number of illegitimate children per woman remained relatively stable over time, with the exception of the town of Sundsvall. It was more common in the urban environment to give birth to several illegitimate children. Mortality was also higher among these infants, but the negative effects can be seen equally among both legitimate and illegitimate children."

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1999

Worlds we have lost and worlds we may regain: two centuries of changes in the life course in Sweden.

"The article seeks to place into historical context the familial changes in ¿post-industrial' Sweden during the past two decades, by comparing them with general characterizations (based on documented life-course experiences) of the traditional Swedish agrarian society (before 1800), the transitional society (c. 1800-1870), and the industrial society (c. 1870-1980). Familial lives in traditional Swedish society tended to be stable. By contrast, during the agrarian-to-industrial society, especially since World War II, stability became once again the hallmark because of general government social policy."

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1989

Age at first intercourse.

In 1984-85 a representative sample of 286 Danish women and 336 men aged 16-20 years were interviewed about their sexual debut. Seventy-four females (25.9%) and 101 males (30.1%) had not yet experienced sexual intercourse. A maximum likelihood estimation method was used to establish the age distribution at sexual debut. This takes into account knowledge of age at interview among the non-experienced respondents and of the few who did not report age at sexual debut. The median age at first sexual intercourse was close to 16.8 years for both females and males. This appeared to be a consequence of age at debut declining among women and remaining unchanged among males during the preceding 20 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Determinants of intrauterine growth retardation: evidence against maternal depletion.

This analysis examines the relationship between length of preceding birth interval and risk of intrauterine growth retardation using data on Swedish infants from the 1973 World Health Organization study of perinatal mortality. Results of a multivariate logit analysis demonstrate that the lower than average mean birth weight of infants born after short birth intervals cannot be completely attributed to their shorter mean gestation length. Infants born after birth intervals of 12 months or less are 30% more likely to be small for gestational age (SGA) than infants born 18-59 months after the previous birth, even when the effects of maternal age and parity are controlled. The results obtained here do not support maternal depletion as an explanation for the association between short birth intervals and elevated risk of SGA, since there is no evidence of an attenuation of the risk of SGA with increasing length of interval in the under 18 month birth interval range.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Time to pregnancy--a model and its application.

Biological fertility is poorly measured by the number of children born in industrially advanced societies. The time elapsing from when a couple decides to have a child to clinically recognizable pregnancy is a useful alternative. Time to pregnancy can be collected in broad categories in large samples. A model for condensing important information from such data is presented, which fits several large samples of reported waiting times. It is shown that multiparous women conceive more quickly than primiparous women.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1992

Season of birth and recalled age at menarche.

All 8th-form schoolgirls from the municipality of Odense in Denmark were asked at what age they reached menarche, and 886 girls (97.6%) gave this information. There is no evidence for seasonality in the time of birth but for far more girls than expected menarche occurred during winter or summer and fewer than expected during spring and autumn. This pattern appears primarily in girls living in the suburbs and was not seen in those living in central Odense. The seasonality appears to be brought about by differences in mean age at menarche according to time of the year at birth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Postpartum amenorrhoea and breast-feeding in a Danish sample.

The duration of postpartum amenorrhoea was studied in a Danish sample of 361 women. The median duration of amenorrhoea was 17 weeks. The 25th and 75th percentiles were 10 and 30 weeks, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the duration of postpartum amenorrhoea and of breast-feeding. However, lactation for more than 9 months did not extend the duration of amenorrhoea. Menstruation before weaning occurred in 57% of the women, and 43% terminated breast-feeding before the first menstruation. Four weeks after weaning menstruation had returned in 79% and by 8 weeks after in 93% of the mothers. At 6 months postpartum, frequency of breast-feeding, and of night-time feeding were determinants of amenorrhoea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Is menopause withering away?

Menopause (cessation of menstruation) and the period surrounding it (climacterium) are often defined retrospectively by asking a woman the date of her last menstrual period (LMP). Based on a survey of 2000 women aged 45-64 in 1989 in Finland, this study examines (1) the relation between these definitions and women's own definition of their climacteric status and of the cessation of menstruation and (2) the effect of menopausal and postmenopausal hormone therapy and hysterectomy on the definition of menopause and climacterium. Agreement of the woman's own definition of her climacteric status and interval since LMP was 25% among current hormone users, 41% among hysterectomised women and 64% among those who were neither currently using hormones nor had been hysterectomised. Current hormone users defined the climacteric phase as longer than their LMP suggested. Current hormone use and hysterectomy had little effect on reported final cessation of menstrual periods. It is concluded that hysterectomy and hormone therapy shape women's thinking about the end of reproductive life, blur the concepts of menopause and postmenopause and confuse the measurement of age at menopause.

Adult↗