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PubMed1990

Disordered children's acknowledgment of multiple emotions.

Two groups of normal and disordered children (6 to 7 years old and 10 to 11 years old) were presented with stories that could evoke the simultaneous experience of two different emotional impulses, especially when the two emotions were contrary in nature. Acknowledgment of the multiple emotional character of the situations occurred with the same frequency among normal and disordered children, but the disordered children more often denied all emotions or claimed that all negative emotions were applicable to the stories that contained two negative impulses. Disordered children also ascribed a higher intensity to acknowledged emotions than did normal children. It is argued that the acknowledgment of emotions is experienced as threatening by disordered children, which prevents them from analyzing the situation as thoroughly as normal children would.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2003

Measuring the multidimensional self-concept and global self-worth of 6- to 8-year-olds.

A downward extension of a Dutch version of Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) was tested in a Flemish sample of 880 1st to 3rd graders (Mage = 7.18 years, SD = 0.80). In 2nd and 3rd graders, 5 SPPC factors were identified; in 1st graders only 4 were identified. Support was found for the equivalence of structure and measurement for 2nd and 3rd grades and for boys and girls. Most scales possessed reasonable to good internal consistency for these groups. The results support the multidimensionality of self-concept responses for young children and the improving of the distinctiveness of SPPC factors with age. Young children seem to have an ability to verbalize concepts of their global self-worth that can be tapped by self-report measures.

Belgium↗
PubMed1984

Stability of expressive and instrumental traits in an adolescent female population.

A sample of adolescent females were followed longitudinally from the sophomore to the senior year in high school. The personality traits of expressivity and instrumentality as measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory were assessed yearly in order to determine trait stability. Both expressivity and instrumentality were very stable across grades. Correlation coefficients were statistically significant (p less than .001) for both traits across grades. Subjects were further categorized as androgynous, sextyped, undifferentiated, or cross-sextyped using a median split procedure. A transition matrix was constructed in order to tabulate shifts between categories across grades. Again, trait stability was reflected, approximately half (48%) of the response patterns never shifted categories during the high school years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sex, ethnic, and social differences in test anxiety among Israeli adolescents.

The effects of sex, ethnicity, and social class on levels of test anxiety were examined among a sample of 416 adolescent students in Israel. Significant sex differences in mean levels of test anxiety were found, with girls scoring consistently higher than boys across ethnic, social, and grade categories. Pupils of low socioeconomic status (SES) also scored consistently higher than pupils of high SES across grades. Nevertheless, this study provides little support for the commonly held view that sociocultural or sex group differences in school achievement are due, in any meaningful way, to differences in test anxiety. The group differences, though significant for SES and sex, were of negligible magnitude, and the correlation between test anxiety scores and grade point average was minimal for the group as a whole and nonsignificant for students of Eastern background, who have been purported to be particularly affected by high levels of test anxiety. The findings do support other cross-cultural studies, which have found only a modicum of shared variance between test anxiety and grades. It is concluded that test anxiety is not a particularly valid predictor of achievement or ability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Perceptions of parental treatment styles and psychological well-being in Chinese adolescents.

Chinese secondary school students (N = 2,150) responded to instruments assessing their parent's treatment styles and their own psychological well-being. Results arising from bivariate and canonical correlation analyses showed that students' assessments of paternal (PT) and maternal (MT) treatment styles correlated significantly with measures of their general psychiatric morbidity, anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, purpose in life, and ego strength. PT and MT were most strongly correlated with total scores on the Purpose in Life Questionnaire. These findings generally suggest that Chinese adolescents' recollections of their parents' treatment styles are significantly associated with their own psychological well-being, whether defined by active or passive mental health criteria.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

The relation of distressful childhood experiences and empathy in college undergraduates.

We assessed the relation between the empathic responsiveness of young adults and the relative frequency and intensity of distressful events they experienced as children. Undergraduate subjects (N = 111; 56 men and 55 women) were led to believe that they were participating in two separate studies. In the first study, students completed the Distress Experiences in Childhood questionnaire, a filler task, and a slightly abbreviated version of the Mehrabian and Epstein (1972) empathy measure. In the second study, students watched an emotion-laden videotape of a patient (actually an actress) in a therapy session and subsequently completed an emotional-response questionnaire adapted from Batson, O'Quin, Fultz, Vanderplas, and Isen (1983). Students who rated their distressful childhood experiences as highly distressing scored higher on both measures of empathy than did students who rated their experiences as relatively less distressing. In contrast, the number of distressful childhood experiences reported was generally unrelated to empathy scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Gender as a moderator variable in the relationship between an intrinsic motivation scale and short-term novelty in children.

Harter's (1980) Intrinsic-Extrinsic Orientation scale was examined for evidence of empirical and construct validity. We hypothesized that subscales defining the motivational component of intrinsic motivation would be correlated with novelty, a collative motivational variable. Partial support for the hypothesis was obtained for boys; correlations between novelty and Harter's Curiosity subscale were .57, .64, and .58 for boys in the third, fifth, and combined grades, respectively, and correlations approached significance for Harter's Challenge subscale. Not predicted were the correlations of .40, .68, and .46 obtained for girls in the third, fifth, and combined grades, respectively, between the Independent Judgment subscale (a cognitive-informational scale) and novelty. Results indicated that gender operated as a moderator variable, with boys expressing collative motivation directly in an action-oriented form, and girls demonstrating it somewhat indirectly in a thought-oriented form.

Arousal↗
PubMed1990

How do only children differ from other children?

Developmental outcomes of only and non-only children, categorized by birth order and by family size, were investigated. Multiple hypotheses based on meta-analyses of the only-child literature (Falbo & Polit, 1986) were tested with independent comparison techniques. Results indicated that developmental outcomes of only children were similar to outcomes for firstborns and children from two-child families but dissimilar to outcomes for later borns and children from larger families. Furthermore, outcomes were more positive for only children, firstborns, and children from two-child families than for all other comparison groups. In agreement with Falbo and Polit, only-child deprivation and only-child uniqueness explanations for outcome differences were not supported in favor of an explanation that emphasizes qualities of the parent-child relationship. Results suggest that future comparisons to only-child outcomes should preserve the independence of contrast results and expand the only-child category to include data from firstborns and others from two-child families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Venturesomeness, impulsiveness, and Eysenck's personality dimensions: a study among Australian adolescents.

In Eysenckian personality theory, the dimension extraversion has traditionally consisted of two elements, sociability and impulsiveness. More recently, however, impulsiveness has become associated with the dimension psychoticism (Rocklin & Revelle, 1981), although subfactors of impulsiveness have been shown to be differentially related to extraversion and psychoticism (S. Eysenck & H. Eysenck, 1977). This study investigates the structures of impulsiveness and venturesomeness and their association with extraversion, emotional stability-neuroticism, and psychoticism among 170 Australian adolescents. Both impulsiveness and venturesomeness were found to be multidimensional, although the subfactors differed slightly from those suggested by the Eysencks. No support was found for the view that impulsiveness narrowly defined is pathological, although the impulsiveness and venturesomeness subfactors were found to be differentially related to extraversion, emotional stability-neuroticism, and psychoticism. The theoretical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Parent-child relationships and suicidal ideation in French-Canadian adolescents.

French-Canadian adolescent boys (n = 272) and girls (n = 286) participated in a study of the relationship between suicide ideation and selected familial variables. Results of a multivariate analysis indicate that suicide ideation in adolescent boys and girls is related to a parental child-rearing regime that is characterized by control and a lack of sufficient maternal and paternal social support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The fears of youth in the 1990s: contemporary normative data.

This article reports the findings of a normative fear investigation involving a sample of 918 Australian children and adolescents, ranging in age from 7-18 years. The Fear Survey Schedule for Children and Adolescents-II (FSSC-II) was administered to determine self-reported prevalence, intensity, and content of fear. Consistent with past research, girls generally reported significantly higher levels of fearfulness than boys. Age differences also were found; younger children reported a higher intensity and a greater number of fears than older children and adolescents. Qualitative differences in normative fear were found, with younger children reporting more animal fears and older children reporting more fears relating to social evaluation or psychic stress. Significantly, although the specific content of children's and adolescents' normative fears in the 1990s (as compared with the 1960s) has changed (now including fear of AIDS and of nuclear war), the fears found to be most prevalent continue to relate to death and danger. These findings are discussed within the context of the prepotency and preparedness concepts of fear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Children's coping styles and report of depressive symptoms following a natural disaster.

The present study examined the relationship between children's coping styles (Spirito, Stark, & Williams, 1988) and self-reported levels of depressive symptoms (Kovacs, 1983) following a major stressor. 257 third- to fifth-grade children consented to participate in the study, 5 months following a hurricane. The number of coping strategies employed was positively related to depression scores, whereas coping efficacy was negatively related to depression scores. Social withdrawal, self-blaming, and emotional regulation were associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Lower levels of symptomatology were found among children who sought social support and engaged in cognitive restructuring. The overall symptom level in the sample did not exceed that of normative samples. Results are discussed in terms of competing theories of childhood depression.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

School children's perceptions of their families and parents as a function of peer relations.

Links were examined between three dimensions of peer relating at school among Australian children and selected family and parental background factors. Questionnaires containing measures of children's tendencies to bully others, to be victimized, and to act in a prosocial manner were administered to boys and girls (N = 1,012) aged 11 to 16 years. In addition, subjects completed a standardized 42-item measure of family functioning and reliable scales assessing attitudes toward, and relationships with, their mother and father. When differences in age were controlled for, multiple regression results for both boys and girls indicated that the tendency to bully peers and the tendency to act prosocially were independently predictive of family functioning and attitudes toward, and relationships with, each parent, negatively for bullying and positively for prosocial behavior. The tendency to be victimized by peers at school among girls was found to be associated with poorer family functioning and more negative attitudes toward mothers; negative relations with absent fathers in single-parent families characterized boys who reported being victimized at school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The relation of prosocial and antisocial behavior to personality and peer relationships of Hong Kong Chinese adolescents.

The prosocial and antisocial behaviors of 2,862 Hong Kong Chinese adolescents were investigated. The major findings were as follows: (a) boys were more antisocial than girls: (b) negative peer influences were significantly stronger in boys than in girls, whereas positive peer influences were significantly stronger in girls than in boys; (c) antisocial adolescents tended to perceive their best friend as antisocial and exerting more negative influences on them, whereas prosocial adolescents tended to perceive their best friend as prosocial and exerting more positive influences on them; (d) antisocial behavior was positively associated with psychoticism and neuroticism; and (e) academic achievement tended to have a positive relation with prosocial behavior and a negative relation with antisocial behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Parental conflict and self-esteem: the rest of the story.

Previous research has supported the hypothesis that high levels of marital conflict are related to lower self-esteem in children. In this study, 122 young adults completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire and the Student Interparental Conflict Scale, as well as the Parental Nurturance Scale and the Parental Authority Questionnaire. One parent of each young adult completed the Parent Interparental Conflict Scale, the O'Leary-Porter Overt Hostility Scale, and a modified Parental Authority Questionnaire. Perceived interparental conflict and parental style discrepancies in nurturance and in authoritarianism were significantly and negatively related to self-esteem, but the best predictors of self-esteem were the parental styles themselves. Warm, nurturant parents were more likely to have high self-esteem children and demonstrated less conflict in marital partnerships. Correlations between marital conflict and self-esteem may reflect parental characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Differentiation of personality types among opiate addicts.

A wide range of studies indicate that although sociopathic characteristics are predominant in opiate addiction, depressive and psychotic features are also frequently observed. To test the hypothesis that there are really three types of individuals who become addicted to opiates (rather than a single, predominant personality style), fifty-three opiate addicts were given the Loevinger Sentence Completion Test, the Bellak Ego Functions Interview, and the Rorschach. Variables derived from these three procedures were submitted to cluster and discriminant function analyses. Three groups of addicts were identified--those primarily with impaired interpersonal relationships and affective lability (42%), those primarily characterized by thought disorder and impaired ego functioning (30%), and a group with diminished ideational and verbal activity (28%). Comparison of the assessment of these three groups with independently defined normal, neurotic, and schizophrenic samples provided support for three opiate-addicted personality types, each respectively characterized as character disordered, borderline psychotic, and depressed. Although there seems to be a predominance of character-disordered individuals who become addicted to opiates, the data indicate several additional types of opiate addicts with different types of psychopathology who may require different approaches to management and treatment.

Adult↗