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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Computerized tomographic determination of human thigh components. The effects of immobilization in plaster and subsequent physical training.

Thigh components were estimated by computerized tomography (CT) as well as by anthropometry in two healthy male soccer players (23--29 years), who for 5 weeks had one knee immobilized in a plaster of Paris. The investigations were performed on both thighs just after removal of the cast and after 5 weeks physical training of the inactivated quadriceps muscle. The different components were easily identified on a transverse scan through the middle of the thigh. The quadriceps muscle was 26% smaller after removal of the cast in the inactivated leg as compared with the contralateral leg; no differences were observed in the remaining thigh components. After rehabilitation a specific increase (22%) in the hypotrofic quadriceps muscle was observed, whereas no changes were disclosed in the remaining thigh components. The quadriceps muscle averaged 52% of the lean component in the uninjured thigh, and the subcutaneous part of the total cross-sectional area averaged 15%. The changes in the anthropometrically determined thigh components paralleled those observed by the CT scanning procedure. It is concluded that the loss in the lean thigh volume during immobilization in plaster cast is exclusively due to waste of the quadriceps muscle. CT scanning comprises a new valid tool to study changes in thigh components.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The Sheffield splint for controlled early mobilisation after rupture of the calcaneal tendon. A prospective, randomised comparison with plaster treatment.

Forty patients with acute complete rupture of the calcaneal tendon were managed conservatively and randomly allocated to treatment groups using either cast immobilisation for eight weeks, or cast immobilisation for three weeks, followed by controlled early mobilisation in a Sheffield splint. The splint is an ankle-foot orthosis which holds the ankle in 15 degrees of plantar flexion, but allows some movement at the metatarsophalangeal joints. It is removed to allow controlled movement during physiotherapy. Patients treated with the splint regained mobility significantly more quickly (p less than 0.001) and preferred the splint to the plaster cast. The range of dorsiflexion at the ankle improved more rapidly after treatment in the splint (p less than 0.001), and patients were able to return to normal activities sooner. Recovery of the power of plantar flexion was similar in the two treatment groups, and no patient had excessive lengthening of the tendon. One re-rupture occurred in each group.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The comparative properties of plaster of Paris and plaster of Paris substitutes.

Modern casting materials are becoming available in an increasing and bewildering variety. A series of tests has been devised to investigate the properties of these materials. They have been tested for strength, flexibility, lamination, fatigue life and radiolucency. Their properties have been compared with those of plaster of Paris in order that the role of the newer materials can be defined. It is suggested that the tests described might form the basis of a standard from which user trials could be designed to appraise the value of these materials in clinical practice.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMed1990

An experimental study on the influence of the derived casts on the accuracy of different recording materials. Part I: Plaster, impression compound, and wax.

An experimental study was conducted to analyze the accuracy of transferring jaw relations with recording materials and the derived casts. A specific measuring system was designed to determine three-dimensional deviations of the condyles of an articulator. Four interocclusal recording materials were analyzed after various storage periods. The results indicated that the accuracy of the derived cast had a critical influence on the accuracy of the transferred jaw relations. None of the materials were reliable; the most accurate material generated deviations of approximately 300 microns.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

[Plastic substitutes for old cruciate ligament ruptures. I. Material, methods, and indications (author's transl)].

A report was made of 101 old cruciate ligament ruptures which were reconstructed at the Orthopedic Hospital in Munich between 1963 and 1975. On the basis of this material, it was confirmed that the anterior ligament is predominantly affected. Injuries of the knee ligaments and, therefore, the cruciate ligaments were acquired by 67 of the 101 patients during the course of sport activity. Football had a particularly high injury quota. Single, isolated cruciate ligament injury was found in 17 cases. Combination injuries with stress on the medial structures of the knee joint were found in 84 cases. 39 cases came to surgery more than 2 years after the accident. In 29 cases, some type of surgery had been carried out previously. The measures used to restore function of the cruciate ligament in addition to tightening the anterior cruciate ligament were Brückner-plasty using the distally flapped medial third of the ligamentum patellae, the free ligamentum-patellae transplant, Augustine-plasty, distally flapped tendoplasty from the pes-anserinus group, Hey-Groves fasciaplasty as well as anterior cruciate ligament-plasty using the ventrally flapped internal meniscus. The necessity of reconstructing additional ligamentous lesions to eliminate complex instabilities was stressed. A plaster fixation is always carried out postoperatively in the lying cast on the thigh. This plaster fixation is completed by restorative measures at the collateral ligaments through a pelvic girdle. Remobilization should begin 6 weeks after the operation. Its length as well as the final result is determined by the condition of the joint before treatment, the technique applied and the postoperative complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Closed manipulation and casting of distal radius fractures.

Closed reduction and cast treatment of distal radius fractures renders satisfactory results in fractures that are reducible and stable and do not re-displace in plaster in the first 2 weeks following reduction. Intra-articular and unstable fractures have a high risk for re-displacement in plaster and therefore represent a contraindication for cast treatment. A fracture that re-displaces in plaster despite perfect casting technique is most probably an unstable type that requires skeletal fixation. A fracture that re-displaces in a non-molded, loose, or over-padded cast because of insufficient technique is, however, in the author's view, the only clinical situation in which re-manipulation is worth the effort. The tolerable amount of residual deformity has been radiographically defined by Fourrier et al in an analysis of 64 malunions of the distal radius and correlated the functional impairment with the residual deformity of the distal radius. They concluded that the lower limits of deformity, at which symptoms are likely to be present, area radial deviation of 20-30 degrees, a sagittal tilt of 10-20 degrees, and a radial shortening of 0-2 mm. In addition, experimental evidence suggests that a sagittal tilt of 20-30 degrees should be viewed as a pre-arthrotic condition. Although these figures are useful for decision making, acceptance of deformity when treating fractures conservatively varies individually according to the age, osteoporosis, and functional demands of the patient. Anatomic restoration, however, should remain the primary goal of conservative management.

Casts, Surgical↗
PubMed2000

Casting acute fractures. Part 2--Generic preparation and application of plaster slabs.

BACKGROUND: Slabs are ideal initial splints for the emergency treatment of many fractures. Construction of a broader slab of appropriate thickness with appropriate supportive elastic bandages produces a stronger, safer and more comfortable cast. OBJECTIVE: This article will introduce and demonstrate new materials and concepts that may be applied to slab construction in a generic fashion. It will form the basis for applying specific slabs demonstrated later in the series. DISCUSSION: The primary care physician is expected to apply slabs. Often his training has been minimal. The techniques shown are those used by full time casting technicians. These trade secrets are easily reproducible. Mastery will reduce material and labour costs for the general practitioner. The patient will have a stronger, more comfortable cast and fewer unplanned return visits.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

[Fractures and dislocation fractures of the wrist joint].

Most carpal fractures are based on the same injury mechanism. In most cases the injury is caused by a fall on the dorsiflexed hand, which is raised as a protective measure, and less frequently by a fall on the clenched fist. The latter leads to passive palmar flexion, pronation and radial inclination of the hand; in the former, the hand is passively superextended by the impact, supinated, and brought into ulnar inclination. The instability caused by injury to various articular structures has four developmental stages. The bones or syndesmoses that are involved depend on the stage and quantitative relationship between the three above-mentioned moments of force. If the lateral ligament of the wrist is slack, scaphoid fractures occur; in the last stage of superextension, fractures of the capitate bone occur. With increasing ulnar inclination, perilunar dislocations or fracture-dislocations and triquetrum fractures occur in the third stage and dislocations of the semilunar bone in the fourth stage. In addition, compression and avulsion of the 1st, 4th or 5th metacarpal bones cause fractures of the trapezium and the hamate bone. To avoid unpleasant late sequels, scaphoid fractures with diastasis due to soft tissue interposition or non-reducible dislocated scaphoid fractures must be treated surgically. Vertical oblique fractures and scaphoid fractures with small proximal fragments are relatively good indications for operation. Perilunar instability and dislocations, particularly De Quervain's fracture-dislocations, must be treated operatively because reduction of the scaphoid bone requires a different approach than correcting alignment in the carpus and because soft tissue interpositions are always present, even though they may not be evident in the X-ray pictures. Fracture-dislocations in the distal carpal row also require operation, preferably percutaneous internal fixation using K-wire and fluoroscopy. Immobilization is accomplished by a below-elbow cast with a dorsal plaster splint up to the interdigital webs and from the palmar to the proximal crease. The thumb is only embedded in trapezium fractures; fractures requiring fist or above-elbow casts are indications for operation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1968

Long leg plasters.

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Casts, Surgical↗