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PubMed2002

What exactly interacts with spelling-sound consistency in word naming?

Word frequency, age of acquisition (AoA), and imageability were combined with spelling-sound consistency, and their effects on word naming were examined. Frequency and AoA interacted with consistency (Experiments 1 and 2). Imageability did not (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 replicated Experiment 2 of E. Strain, K. E. Patterson, and M. S. Seidenberg's (1995) study and obtained the same apparent effect of imageability on naming. That effect disappeared when AoA was entered as a covariate. An explanation of the interactions of consistency with frequency and AoA is offered in terms of the properties of adaptive connectionist networks given gradual and cumulative training.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Phonological encoding is not contingent on semantic feature retrieval: an electrophysiological study on object naming.

In the present study, the authors examined with event-related brain potentials whether phonological encoding in picture naming is mediated by basic semantic feature retrieval or proceeds independently. In a manual 2-choice go/no-go task the choice response depended on a semantic classification (animal vs. object) and the execution decision was contingent on a classification of name phonology (vowel vs. consonant). The introduction of a semantic task mixing procedure allowed for selectively manipulating the speed of semantic feature retrieval. Serial and parallel models were tested on the basis of their differential predictions for the effect of this manipulation on the lateralized readiness potential and N200 component. The findings indicate that phonological code retrieval is not strictly contingent on prior basic semantic feature processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Imageability and ambiguity effects in speeded naming: convergence and divergence.

A current area of controversy within the literature on visual word recognition concerns the extent to which semantic information influences the computation of phonology. Experiment 1 revealed that both the imageability effect and the ambiguity advantage seen in the speeded naming task are confined to words with atypical mappings between spelling and sound. Nonetheless, it is possible that either of these effects may arise from the operation of the direct rather than the semantic pathway. Experiment 2 therefore included nonword fillers in order to minimize semantic reliance during speeded naming. This manipulation removed the imageability effect, indicating a semantic locus, but the ambiguity advantage remained, suggesting a nonsemantic locus. These results are considered in the context of computational models that incorporate a semantic level of representation.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Action naming in Spanish and English by sequential bilingual children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: Verb processing in early sequential Spanish-English bilinguals was investigated. Primary study goals were to identify potential patterns of development in relative levels of verb processing efficiency in a 1st (L1) and 2nd (L2) language and to investigate factors influencing cognitive control of the dual-language system in developing bilinguals. METHOD: Four age groups of early sequential Spanish-English bilinguals (5-7 years, 8-10 years, 11-13 years, and 14-16 years of age) named action pictures in single-language (Spanish or English) and mixed-language (alternating Spanish and English) conditions. Dependent variables were accuracy and response time (RT). RESULTS: Action-naming proficiency improved in both L1 and L2 with age, with a shift from L1 to L2 dominance in accuracy. In comparison with the single-language condition, the mixed-language condition engendered slower RT for all age groups and lower accuracy for the 3 younger age groups. The oldest age group did not show accuracy difference between the conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These general patterns of verb processing across age, language, and processing conditions replicated and enriched previous findings of noun processing in similar populations (K. J. Kohnert, E. Bates, & A. E. Hernandez, 1999). However, verb processing was considerably slower and less accurate than noun processing. Theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effect of semantic naming treatment on crosslinguistic generalization in bilingual aphasia.

PURPOSE: The effect of semantic naming treatment on crosslinguistic generalization was investigated in 3 participants with English-Spanish bilingual aphasia. METHOD: A single-subject experimental designed was used. Participants received semantic treatment to improve naming of English or Spanish items, while generalization was tested to untrained semantically related items in the trained language and translations of the trained and untrained items in the untrained language. RESULTS: Results demonstrated a within- and across-languages effect on generalization related to premorbid language proficiencies. Participant 1 (P1; equal premorbid proficiency across languages) showed within-language generalization in the trained language (Spanish) as well as crosslinguistic generalization to the untrained language (English). Participant 2 (P2) and Participant (P3) were more proficient premorbidly in English. With treatment in English, P2 showed within-language generalization to semantically related items, but no crosslinguistic generalization. With treatment in Spanish, both P2 and P3 exhibited no within-language generalization, but crosslinguistic generalization to English (dominant language) occurred. Error analyses indicated an evolution of errors as a consequence of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results are preliminary because all participants were not treated in both languages. However, the results suggest that training the less dominant language may be more beneficial in facilitating crosslinguistic generalization than training the more proficient language in an unbalanced bilingual individual.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1997

Naming difficulties in language-disabled children: preliminary findings with the application of the tip-of-the-tongue paradigm.

The "tip of the tongue" (TOT) paradigm in a picture-naming task was presented to 14 children with language disabilities (LD) and 14 children without language disabilities (ND). Although the two groups did not differ in the semantic information they had on words they could not fully retrieve, the LD children had less valid and more invalid phonological information. They also had fewer correct responses and spontaneous recalls, more "Don't Know" s (DK) and TOTs, and less accurate "feeling of knowing" (FOK) judgments. These results, demonstrating dissociation between the semantic and phonological levels of word representation, support a two-stage model of word retrieval. These findings are evidence in favor of a phonological treatment approach for naming problems in LD children.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nodular myofibroblastic stromal hyperplasia of the mammary gland as an accurate name for pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the mammary gland.

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the mammary gland is a well-known benign localized form of stromal overgrowth with probable hormonal etiology. We describe the histologic findings and immunohistochemistry of two cases. Two women, 16 and 58 years old, presented with a breast mass and underwent surgical excision. Grossly, they consisted of a well-circumscribed, rubbery tissue with a solid white-tan homogeneous cut surface. One of the cases showed focal cystic areas. Histologically the lesion showed a proliferation of the collagenous stroma with varying degrees of density, and hyalinization with many pseudovascular slit-like anastomosing spaces lined by spindle cells with scant cytoplasm and bland chromatin. The spindle cells lining the spaces were strongly reactive for vimentin and weakly reactive for CD34, actin, and desmin. They were negative for factor VIII, S-100, and pankeratin. In PASH, the "pseudoangiomatous" term describes a recognizable pattern but does not describe the tumor's histologic nature. We propose the name nodular myofibroblastic hyperplasia of the mammary stroma as a more accurate name.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatry, Psychatrium--trends and changes in the names for mental health care institutions in Germany in the 20th century].

This paper investigates trends in the history of names for psychiatric institutions in Germany in the 20 (th) century. Professional lobbyism as well as efforts to fight stigmatisation of mentally ill patients form the background for name changes. The replacement of the term "Heil- Und Pflegeanstalt" ("Institution for the Cure and Care") by "Krankenhaus" ("hospital") in the 1950s/1960s, when through the introduction of modern psychopharmaceuticals psychiatry finally got acknowledged as an equal medical discipline and at the same time broke with the dreadful heritage of Nazi psychiatry, was a major step. The unity of the hospital itself and complimentary mental health care institutions is often expressed by "Zentrum" ("centre") as is the preservation of the patients' ties and their reintegration into the community by "Soziale Psychiatrie".

Germany↗
PubMed2006

Utilization of personal digital assistants (PDA) for intraoperative naming tasks in awake surgery.

The naming task, one of the most important tasks for screening essential language function, is widely used in awake surgery. We employed personal digital assistants (PDA) for the display of objects in three patients performing the naming task during awake surgery for gliomas adjacent to the language area in the left hemisphere. The compact, light-weight, self-illuminated instrument can easily be held close to the patient's face. None had difficulty seeing the screen despite the presence of the surgical drape around the face. The examiner could easily change the displayed objects with a click. However, the PDA screen is too small for use in auditory comprehension tasks such as the Token Test.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1999

Normative data on the Korean version of the Boston Naming Test.

The purpose of this study is to introduce the Korean version of the Boston Naming Test (K-BNT) and to present the normative data. The K-BNT contains the same number of test items and uses the identical general administration method as the original Boston Naming Test (BNT). However, most of the items had to be altered due to the linguistic and cultural differences between Korean and English speakers. We administered 60 line-drawing pictures to six hundred normal participants in eight age groups (15-19, 20-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, and 75 years and older), five educational levels (0, 1-6, 7-9, 10-12, and 13 years and more), and gender. Since the K-BNT scores were not affected by gender and found not to be significantly different among some age groups, we finalized each cell based on four age groups (15-44, 45-54, 55-74, and 75 years and older) and five education levels (0, 1-6, 7-9, 10-12, and 13 years and more). The highest score was achieved by the 15-44 age group with 13 and more years of education (M = 53.93, SD = 3.06), and the lowest by those of 75 years and older with no education (M = 27.42, SD = 8.22).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Further crossvalidation of regression-based neuropsychological norms with an update for the Boston Naming Test.

Regression-based norms for the Trail Making Test, Boston Naming Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which we published in 1991 and 1993, have been criticized by Fastenau (1998) as having overcorrected for demographic influences in a sample of 63 older adults. We present data from new, independent participant samples that are consistent with expectations from the regression-based norms. We propose that Fastenau's findings in this instance resulted from the nonrepresentative nature of his relatively small sample, rather than from statistical deficiencies of regression based norms. Our currently published norms on one of the four tests considered here, the Boston Naming Test, are based upon a participant sample that was small and had inadequate representation of young adults. We address this by providing updated norms based on a much larger and more representative sample (N = 531).

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Normative data on the Boston Naming Test for a group of normal older adults.

The 60-item Boston Naming Test was administered to a group of 78 normal, bright, and independently living older adults in five age groupings from 59 to 80+ in an attempt to generate normative data for an older population. Results indicated that naming abilities decline only slightly with advancing age (r = -.33), although consistent with prior research, more variation in performance was found in the higher age groups.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Does naming contribute to memory self-report in temporal lobe epilepsy?

The present study evaluated the hypothesis (Mayeux et al., 1980) that visual confrontation naming deficits may underlie the memory complaint in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Thirty-nine patients with medically refractory left (n = 23) and right (n = 16) TLE were compared with an epilepsy control group with idiopathic primary generalized epilepsy (n = 38). All subjects completed selected subtests of the Multilingual Aphasia Examination and Wechsler Memory Scale (Form 1) together with a measure specifically designed for quantification of the memory complaint in TLE. Objective verbal memory test performance, confrontation naming, repetition, and comprehension were unrelated to memory self-report. Controlled Oral Word Association was the only measure to exert an influence on memory self-ratings, and this relationship was specific to the TLE group. The hypothesis of Mayeux et al. (1980) was not specifically supported, but the present findings do suggest that cognitive processes reflected in orthographically based and internally generated word retrieval play a role in memory self-report.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Picture naming deficits in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Picture naming deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been extensively studied but less is known about anomia in vascular dementia (VaD). We tested sources of anomia in these two dementia types by administering an extensive naming battery to 10 patients with VaD, 13 patients with probable AD, and 20 healthy age- and education-matched controls. Both dementia groups evidenced a semantic component in their anomia but the semantic deficit was more clearcut in the patients with AD than in the patients with VaD even though the groups were matched on dementia severity. Case-by-case analyses showed considerable performance variability but confirmed that when anomia is present, it commonly has a semantic component in both VaD and AD.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Effect of training frequency on face-name recall by adults with traumatic brain injury.

Many TBI survivors have difficulty recalling the names of people with whom they frequently interact. Researchers have established that mnemonics and visual imagery strategies are often effective in facilitating encoding and recall of such information; however, no research exists pertaining to the frequency that such training should occur. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative effectiveness of three frequencies of intervention sessions--once per day, two times per week, and five times per day--on TBI survivors' ability to recall face-name associations. Results showed that sessions held daily and twice a week were more effective than sessions held five times per day. Mnemonics and visual imagery strategies were effective for four of the seven participants, regardless of frequency of intervention sessions. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Evidence of immediate activation of gender information from a social role name.

Two experiments investigated whether the stereotypical gender of a character is encoded immediately into the discourse representation and influences later comprehension. In Experiment 1 people read, and were confused by, a short story in which an incongruity arises at the end if the gender of a character introduced by a social role name has been inferred. In Experiment 2 online measures confirmed that readers were slower to read the final clause of the passage. In addition, a follow-up verification question revealed that these readers did not immediately resolve the inconsistency by inferring the appropriate gender for the role term. These findings provide strong evidence for gender activation at the time that a role name is encoded. The implications of these results for the mental representation of gender information and for constraints on inference during text comprehension are discussed.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Why do picture naming latencies increase with age: general slowing, greater sensitivity to interference, or task-specific deficits?

To test different hypotheses about age-related slowing of word and picture naming, response latencies of young and older adults were compared in 2 experiments using the same 4 tasks: picture naming, written word pronunciation, and picture and word categorization. In each case, the target word or picture was presented with a distractor word that had to be ignored. Analyses showed the expected main effects of age, modality, and interference conditions but no consistent interaction between age and other factors. More particularly, age-related slowing was similar in word and picture processing and interference was proportional to overall speed of responding. Thus, no support was found for the hypotheses assuming either declining inhibitory mechanisms or task-specific deficits in older adults. These results were discussed in relation to characteristics of the experimental tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

From asparagus to zucchini: mapping cognitive space for vegetable names.

OBJECTIVE: To map the perceptual space for 20 common vegetables using multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques. METHODS: The subjects, 150 adult men and women, were asked to judge the similarity of pairs of vegetable names and rate their compatibility when served together. The subjects also rated the vegetables along 30 attribute scales and rated their preferences for each item. Data analyses employed SINDSCAL and property-fitting (PROFIT) programs as well as correlation and hierarchical clustering (HICLUS) analyses. RESULTS: The principal dimensions of perceptual space for vegetable names were calories, color, and convenience. Preferences were most strongly linked to convenience and versatility. Liking was also influenced by taste: the most disliked vegetables were those that were perceived as bitter. Compatibility was most strongly influenced by color contrast. The most acceptable vegetable pairs were those that combined green and non-green vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying psychological rules that guide the inclusion of vegetables in the diet may facilitate behavioral change strategies aimed at increasing fruit and vegetable consumption by the American public.

Adult↗