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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Impact of assisted reproductive technology on modern medicine.

A surge in knowledge and interest in reproductive biology has occurred since the advent of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in the 1960s. These innovative medical advances soon challenged societies and invited criticism. Nevertheless, ART has superseded older therapies and serves as a back-up when all else fails. There are currently 61 ART clinics in Taiwan. Thanks to a group of young physicians and scientists who have devoted great effort in catching up with the modern advances in assisted reproduction, most of the important advances in ART have been introduced to Taiwan promptly and resulted in good success rates. The complications of multifetal pregnancies as well as controversies regarding gestational surrogacy and new technologies such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and cloning have challenged conventional wisdom, ethics, laws, and religions. Society now faces a dilemma in striking a balance among science, ethics, and human rights. It is, thus, advisable that we stand back once in a while and carefully consider where we should go next.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2000

[Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum (1828-1899)--a protagonist in modern psychiatry].

Kahlbaum was one of the most influencial psychiatrists of the 19th century. He paved the way for Kraepelin and inspired the development of 20th century clinical psychiatry. With his work he contributed to new ideas in general psychopathology and in psychiatric nosology. He described "clinical state-course-entities" and developed the concept of "exogenous reaction types", which would later be known as the "Bonhoeffer-paradigm". Kahlbaum was also the first to differentiate between centripetal, intracentral and centrifugal psychic functions, which was later transformed into the "psychic reflex circuit" by Wernicke. The concept of organic versus non-organic psychoses proved to be a heuristically fruitful classification system even for modern psychiatry. Kahlbaum was the first German psychiatrist to describe several disorders and syndromes and to coin new psychiatric terminology for them, including paraphrenia, hebephrenia, catatonia and cyclothymia. These terms and their originally associated meaning are still in use today. Kahlbaum's ambitious scientific aim was to develop specific therapeutic strategies which were based on a methodologically and etiologically sound classification system.

Germany↗
PubMed2000

Molecular genetic analysis of the polymorphic apolipoprotein E in modern and ancient human DNA samples.

In this report, methodical bases for the molecular genetic analysis of the three common apolipoprotein E alleles APOE*2, APOE*3 and APOE*4 in DNA isolated from ancient human skeletal remains are described. Considering that ancient DNA target regions for amplification are generally quite small, the detection method is based on short amplification products in the range from 71 bp to 75 bp. The applicability of the modified method for APOE genotyping was examined in modern human DNA samples.

Apolipoproteins E↗
PubMed1976

[Preinfarct stenocardia and acute myocardial infarct from the viewpoint of modern coronary surgery].

The results of aorto-coronary shunting in 36 patients with preinfarction angina and of urgent direct myocardial revascularization in 17 patients with acute myocardial infarction are presented. The surgical mortality comprised 28% in the group of patients with preinfarction angina. Twenty-two patients were followed-up for 8 months to 4 years. Good results were obtained in 9 patients, satisfactory--in 7, unsatisfactory--in 4. One patient died of cardiac insufficiency 1 1/2 year after surgery. The diagnosis of preinfarction angina is a direct indication for urgent coronary angiography and aorto-coronary shunting in case suitable coronary arteries are available for anastomosing. The indications for urgent revascularization of the myocardium in cases of infarction included the inefficacy of drug therapy within 2-3 hours of its onset, an unarrested pulmonary oedema and cardiogenic shock in cases of localized proximal occlusion of the coronaries revealed by elective or urgent coronary angiography. Four patients were operated on in the state of cardiogenic shock (one of them after reversing the state of clinical death), and two patients were operated on with pulmonary oedema. All these patients (with the exception of the one with pulmonary oedema) recovered. Four patients died. The follow-up covered a period of 9 months to 3 years. Good results were obtained in 4 patients, satisfactory--in 3, unsatisfactory--in 4. No late mortality cases were observed. The obtained results permit to analyse the preinfarction angina and acute myocardial infarction from the standpoint of modern coronary surgery.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

["Modernity" and polarization of health in Mexico. Living conditions for workers and their families]

This article analyzes the characteristics of the modernization process in Mexico and the polarization produced in living and health conditions for the general population as well as workers and their families. We studied socioeconomic and health indicators for this purpose. Infectious diseases occupy a high percentage of general morbidity, yet diseases such as diabetes, hepatic cirrhosis, myocardial infarction, malignant tumors, and accidents and violence are also serious public health problems as causes of morbidity and mortality. In some regions of the country with specific socioeconomic characteristics, polarization of health conditions is even more evident, as in the state of Chiapas as compared to Nuevo León. Deterioration of working conditions and available data on workers' health indicate that the latter should be considered a priority group for health measures. Such data also show the paradoxical trend of the more severe but less frequent work-related accidents and diseases that are subject to compensation as compared to the detection of chronic work-related diseases at an advanced stage, as well as significant differences in occupational morbidity among different branches of manufacturing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Modern prostate brachytherapy. Prostate specific antigen results in 219 patients with up to 12 years of observed follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The purported lack of long term modern prostate brachytherapy outcome data continues to lead many physicians to recommend other, more traditional treatments. This concern for long term results has encouraged the authors to supplement their earlier 10-year follow-up of patients receiving brachytherapy; in the process, an additional 77 patients (> 50%) were added to the original cohort, and the follow-up time was increased by 2 years. METHODS: Between January 1987 and September 1989, 229 patients with T1-T3 prostate carcinoma underwent transperineal prostate brachytherapy using iodine-125 (I-125). No patient received adjuvant hormone therapy. The median Gleason sum was 5 (range, 2-10). Of these patients, 147 were determined to have a high probability of organ-confined disease and were treated solely with an I-125 implant. The remaining 82 patients were determined to be at increased risk for extracapsular disease and received pelvic external beam radiation in addition to brachytherapy. All patients were followed continuously. Failure was defined as a positive biopsy, radiographic evidence of metastases, or three consecutive rises in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels as defined by the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) consensus article. RESULTS: Excluding deaths from intercurrent disease, the median follow-up was 122 months (range, 18-144 months). Fourteen patients were excluded from analysis due to insufficient follow-up. Adopting the ASTRO definition of failure resulted in minimal change in survival when compared with the authors' previous study, which used a PSA level > 0.5 ng/mL as the failure point. Observed 10-year disease free survival (DFS) for the entire cohort was 70%. In the brachytherapy only group, the observed 10-year DFS was 66%, whereas those patients treated with the addition of external pelvic radiation achieved a DFS of 79%. None of the patients who were followed for the full 12 years failed between Years 10 and 12. Only 25% of the failures observed occurred > 5 years after treatment, thus confirming the durability of brachytherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate brachytherapy provides excellent long term disease control with few late failures reported in the authors' program. The addition of external beam radiation appears to confer survival advantages in selected patients. Using the ASTRO failure criteria for long term follow-up resulted in no significant difference compared with using a PSA failure point of 0.5 ng/mL.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Psychoosmology at the turn of the millennium: From "nasal reflex neurosis" to the modern psychosomatics of sudden anosmia].

This article offers a psychosomatic description of the medical disorder known as sudden anosmia, an illness which previously has been unjustly neglected. The authors present an operational definition of sudden anosmia and describe the illness's multi-facetted symptomatology. Sudden anosmia is influenced by a number of etiological factors. In this regard, it can be seen that not only classical medical factors such as neurophysiology and anatomy prove to be relevant, but also various characteristics of the fields of personality psychology, family psychology, and behavioral psychology as well. The modern diagnostics of sudden anosmia are conceived interdisciplinarily and span from olfactory measurements to rhino-psychological testing. The treatment of patients suffering from sudden anosmia is based on a multi-staged treatment concept. This concept equally considers both medical and psychological approaches, whereby behavior psychological treatment will be given particular importance in discussion of the latter. Processes for evaluation and quality assurance to monitor the methods of diagnostics and therapy provided for persons afflicted by sudden anosmia are still in their beginning stages.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The modern concepts on the primary cell walls of angiosperm plants].

The modern view on polysaccharide composition of the primary cell wall of angiosperm plants was considered, and five classes of structural proteins were characterized. The model which shows location of enzyme complex synthesizing cellulose, as well as structural model of primary cell walls of the most flowering plants were presented. Besides, there were shown cell wall reactions to environmental factors which have contradictory character and have to be deeply and thoroughly analyzed.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1975

The role of the autopsy in modern medical practice. A review.

The role of the autopsy in modern medical practice is reviewed in the light of waning clinical interest. After a historical introduction, the reasons for this lessening interest in the autopsy, its values and its limitations are discussed, and followed by consideration of the possible future pattern of postmortem investigation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

[Modern principles of standardization in detection of factor VIII activity in human plasma].

The authors propose a modified single-stage method for measuring the activity of factor VIII in human plasma, consisting in the utilization of modern philosophy of standardization of coagulological studies, accepted at the National Reference Institute of Great Britain. The authors draw attention to plotting the line of tested plasma titration, which is to be parallel to the calibration curve.

Factor VIII↗
PubMed2000

[Modern concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment of glaucoma].

The reduction of the visual performances in glaucoma may be explained by several theories. The most admitted theory, for the present, considers glaucoma as a progressive primitive optic neuropathy, having the origin at the retinal ganglion cells, associated with a disease of the sclero-corneal trabeculum, whose porosity is diminishing. The most important pathogenic hypothesis in glaucoma are: the vascular, the mechanical and the collagenic hypothesis. The vascular theory considers that the prolonged ischemia is a responsible for the neuronal alteration. In this process are participating a lot of factors: the intraocular pressure, the blood pressure and some other factors governing the vascular tone of the optic nerve (myogenic factors, metabolic factors, vasoactive factors, circulating hormones and endothelial factors). From therapeutical point of vue, these modern concepts are reflected in the new therapeutic perspectives, with a special attention for the axonal outflow and trabecular cell disfunction and also for the dysregulation of the cellular oxidoreduction.

Endothelium↗
PubMed2000

Ancient and modern retroviruses.

Retroviruses are transmitted in two distinct ways: as infectious particles and as 'endogenous' proviral DNA integrated in the germ line of the host. Modern infectious viruses such as HIV-1 and HIV-2 recently infected mankind from chimpanzee and simian hosts, whereas human endogenous retroviral genomes have been present throughout old world primate evolution. Human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-1 and II) have a much older human provenance than HIV, although new zoonoses from simians may also occur. We have recently characterized new retroviruses in pigs and humans. Porcine endogenous retroviral (PERV) genomes are carried in chromosomal DNA but can be activated to produce virions that are infectious for human cells, which has raised concern over human xenotransplantation using pig tissues. Human retrovirus 5 (HRV-5) is detected as an exogenous genome in association with arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Flow cytometry for modern pediatric diagnosis].

Flow cytometry, a modern diagnostic method that enables to evaluate the morphology and some function of cells, has an increasing value in clinical medicine. Apart from its establish place in diagnostic of hematopoetic diseases, there is a growing evidence for its usefulness to childhood diseases especially in establishing diagnosis of inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies. Physics rules, functioning and design of flow cytometer were shortly described in this paper.

Child↗
PubMed2000

[Modern economic growth and biological status].

One of the most important recent findings of the anthropometric history research program is that human beings were becoming shorter at the onset of modern economic growth. There were hidden stresses on the biological system created by the new socio-economic environment that were not fully compensated by increases in income. This essay gives the outlines of an explanation for the "early-industrial-growth puzzle".

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Modern approach to management of patients following major trauma.

Trauma remains one of the three main causes of death all over the world. In Poland severe trauma is also an important public health problem which should be fully recognised in the changing system of our health service. There is a growing understanding and interest in the integration of pre-hospital, in-hospital and rehabilitation services taking part in the management of trauma patients. The importance of emergency medicine departments has been found valuable in Western countries and should be promoted by all means in our country. Certain recommendations of treatment of patients following severe trauma have been discussed concerning anti-shock therapy, diagnostic and operative management in polytraumatized patients with major head trauma, thoracic and abdominal trauma and also operative stabilization of fractures of bones. It has been concluded that in our country, especially in bigger cities, patients following major trauma should be treated in specially designed units (centers) integrated with emergency medicine departments providing competent intensive therapy and surgical interventions of well trained trauma teams introducing optimal modern trauma algorithms.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modern features of the epidemiology and prophylaxis of influenza].

Modern concepts concerning influenza pandemics and epidemics in different countries of the world are presented. The influenza epidemics of the last decade in different countries of the world and their specific features linked with the "drifting" variability of influenza virus have been analyzed. Information on influenza morbidity during the last 30 years is given; on the basis of this information the role of vaccinal prophylaxis and mainly the mass vaccination of school children and students, is shown. The results of the efficacy of such vaccines as live influenza vaccine, American split vaccine, Russian live recombinant vaccine and Grippovac (1995-1996), as well as new-generation vaccine Grippol (1998), are presented. The prospects of the combined use of specific and unspecific prophylaxis have been determined.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Users' experiences with modern hearing aids. An audit].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate satisfaction with use and manipulation of hearing aids (HA), and to compare these parameters for analogue (A-HA), programmable (P-HA), and digital signal processing aids (DSP-HA). METHOD: An audit was made of data on users' experiences, as indicated in a questionnaire posted 3-4 months after the HA fitting. MATERIAL: Questionnaires were posted to 18,702 persons, who, during the period 1997-1999, had been provided with a HA at a median age of 77 years (range 18-98), 41.8% of whom were men, and 58.2% women. Responses were returned by 12,866 (68.8%), and, as there were no differences between the respondents and non-respondents with respect to age, gender, and distribution of HA type, the responses were considered representative. RESULTS: According to the replies, 71.5% were very satisfied/satisfied with their HA; 89% used the instrument daily/weekly, and 75% were able to manipulate the HA without problems. However, 10.7-12.7% said they never used the fitted HA. A significantly higher proportion were satisfied with A-HAs as compared to P-HAs and DSP-HAs, whereas there was no significant difference in use as a function of type. A significantly higher number of the users fitted with a DSP-HA could manipulate them, but 36.5% of these needed follow-up in contrast to 25.5% fitted with a P-HA, and 21.6% fitted with an A-HA. A significantly smaller proportion of the elderly were able to manipulate the HA. CONCLUSION: The users of modern HAs are satisfied with them, use them, and most are able to manipulate the HA without problems. The new technology has raised unrealistic expectations in the users, and the DSP-HAs account for larger costs to the national health services, because they are more expensive and the need for staff resources is greater.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Fractures of the leg and modern skiing equipment (author's transl)].

Raising the top of the ski-boot does not prevent the feared fractures of the ankle, only changing the angle does. The modern ski-boot with advance and a hight of shaft of about 28 cm produces torsion-wedge fractures in the middle third of the tibia, if the binding does not give away.

Athletic Injuries↗