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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Predictors of poor coronary heart disease knowledge level in women without prior coronary heart disease.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure coronary heart disease (CHD) knowledge levels in women without a history of CHD and to determine predictors of poor CHD knowledge in these women. DATA SOURCES: The sample included 120 women between the ages of 35 and 60, who had no CHD history. Women were asked to complete self-administered surveys including demographic data, personal CHD risk factors, and a CHD Knowledge Test. CONCLUSIONS: Women lack CHD knowledge. Low educational level, normal serum lipids, high body mass index (BMI), and lack of access to a nurse practitioner (NP) were predictors of poor CHD knowledge levels in women without CHD history. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Women who had access to an NP were more likely to have higher CHD knowledge. In an attempt to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with CHD, NPs may be able to improve CHD knowledge in women, particularly in those with lower educational level, normal serum lipids and higher BMI.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effective patient education in medical imaging: public perceptions of radiation exposure risk.

Patients perceptions of risk for harm influence their decisions concerning medical procedures and feelings of satisfaction with medical care choices. Radiologic technologists, dental hygienists, and other allied health professionals frequently are asked by patients to explain the radiation exposure dose and health risk associated with an imaging procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiation risk perceptions within the community to develop an effective patient education strategy for health professionals based on the responses of 200 participants in a cross-sectional survey. Less than half of the adults responding to the survey agreed with experts regarding the risk of radiation exposure from various sources, and 75% to 90% of the responders thought that imaging providers should be highly educated and highly regulated. With efficacious patient education, appropriate risk comparisons can be made in simple terminology by addressing the public's knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward sources of radiation exposure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diabetes education and knowledge in patients with type 2 diabetes from the community: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients obtain knowledge of the condition from a variety of sources. These include education programs and encounters with health-care staff such as during instruction on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). OBJECTIVE: To assess whether diabetes knowledge is related to prior attendance at diabetes education programs, visits to dieticians or the current use of SMBG in a community-based cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes. PATIENTS: 1264 type 2 patients from the Fremantle Diabetes Study (FDS) cohort. METHODS: Subjects answered 15 standard multiple-choice questions about diabetes and its management. Recall of past diabetes education, dietician consultations, and use of SMBG were recorded. Analysis of variance was used to determine whether these activities or other social and demographic factors predicted diabetes knowledge. RESULTS: Attendance at education programs, visits to dieticians, and SMBG were independently associated with greater diabetes knowledge. Subjects who were older, whose schooling was limited, who were not fluent in English and/or who were from Southern European or indigenous Australian ethnic groups had significantly lower knowledge scores. Patients who were older, not fluent in English or from an indigenous Australian background were significantly less likely to have received diabetes education, dietetic advice or to be performing SMBG. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes education programs, diabetes-related visits to dieticians and SMBG are associated with, and may be important sources of, improved diabetes knowledge in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our data provide evidence that barriers to access or utilization of contemporary diabetes education confront older patients, minority groups and those with language difficulties. These groups are likely to benefit from specialized programs.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

A case study in pathway knowledgebase verification.

BACKGROUND: Biological databases and pathway knowledge-bases are proliferating rapidly. We are developing software tools for computer-aided hypothesis design and evaluation, and we would like our tools to take advantage of the information stored in these repositories. But before we can reliably use a pathway knowledge-base as a data source, we need to proofread it to ensure that it can fully support computer-aided information integration and inference. RESULTS: We design a series of logical tests to detect potential problems we might encounter using a particular knowledge-base, the Reactome database, with a particular computer-aided hypothesis evaluation tool, HyBrow. We develop an explicit formal language from the language implicit in the Reactome data format and specify a logic to evaluate models expressed using this language. We use the formalism of finite model theory in this work. We then use this logic to formulate tests for desirable properties (such as completeness, consistency, and well-formedness) for pathways stored in Reactome. We apply these tests to the publicly available Reactome releases (releases 10 through 14) and compare the results, which highlight Reactome's steady improvement in terms of decreasing inconsistencies. We also investigate and discuss Reactome's potential for supporting computer-aided inference tools. CONCLUSION: The case study described in this work demonstrates that it is possible to use our model theory based approach to identify problems one might encounter using a knowledge-base to support hypothesis evaluation tools. The methodology we use is general and is in no way restricted to the specific knowledge-base employed in this case study. Future application of this methodology will enable us to compare pathway resources with respect to the generic properties such resources will need to possess if they are to support automated reasoning.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

Effectiveness of a college course focused on evaluation of health claims.

This study measured the effectiveness of a college course designed to instruct students to make critical evaluations of therapeutic claims for foods, nutrient supplements, weight-reduction products and diets, and alternative healthcare systems. Experimental and comparison groups were pretested and posttested to determine changes in source reliance and cognitive learning. The experimental group received instruction in five cognitive areas: (1) health and nutrition quackery, (2) consumer protection, (3) basic concepts in health and nutrition, (4) nutritional supplements and health foods, and (5) conventional and unconventional treatment of chronic diseases. The experimental group scored significantly higher in all five conceptual areas on the posttest, and in each case scored significantly higher than the comparison group did. Both groups rated medical/scientific sources of health and nutrition information as highly accurate during the two survey periods. The experimental group showed a change in source reliance, moving from dependence on the popular print media and individuals without formal education in a health field to medical/scientific sources, whereas the comparison group continued to use the popular press and electronic media. Findings suggest that a source targeted to the needs and interests of a specific group can bring about significant increases in knowledge gain and desirable changes in source reliance.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Modifications of health behaviour in response to air pollution notifications in Copenhagen.

Ambient air quality is a major issue today in large cities all over the world. On the theoretical background of the health belief model and the health locus of control model, we studied the knowledge and beliefs about air pollution and the modifications of health behaviour brought about by information to the public about projected levels of air pollution, with special emphasis on reduction of outdoor activity and avoidance of car driving. Data were collected with a questionnaire among a sample of residents in the Copenhagen area. The respondents were almost universally knowledgeable about the prime emission source and concerned about the possible health effects of the air pollution in the area. Avoidance of outdoor activity was associated with personal experiences of symptoms ascribed to the air pollution, employment status, and with female sex, but not with knowledge or beliefs about the degree or health implications of the air pollution. The willingness to avoid car driving was positively associated with the belief that one can oneself influence one's health and with female sex. Lung diseased respondents were generally more prone to protect themselves than the healthy, both by avoiding outdoor activity and by being less willing to avoid car driving. The present study was conducted in an only moderately polluted city, and it is not clear whether the findings and conclusions can be generalized to more polluted cities. The study partly supported the underlying theories of the determinants of health behaviour, but also indicated a need for a broader theoretical framework, incorporating aspects of the respondents' life situation and personal experience which would be relevant to the specific type of health behaviour under study.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Slow wave sleep dreaming.

Fifty volunteers slept two nonconsecutive nights in a sleep laboratory under electropolygraphic control. They were awakened for one report per night. Awakenings were made, in counterbalanced order, from slow wave sleep (SWS--stage 3-4 and stage 4) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Following dream reporting, subjects were asked to identify memory sources of their dream imagery. Two independent judges reliably rated mentation reports for temporal units and for several content and structural dimensions. The same judges also categorized memory sources as autobiographical episodes, abstract self-references, or semantic knowledge. We found that REM reports were significantly longer than SWS reports. Minor content SWS-REM differences were also detected. Moreover, semantic knowledge was more frequently mentioned as a dream source for REM than for SWS dream reports. These findings are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that dreaming is a continuous process that is not unique to REM sleep. Different levels of engagement of the cognitive system are responsible for the few SWS-REM differences that have been detected.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of the incidence of work-related asthma in the United States.

The objective of the study was to estimate the incidences of physician-diagnosed cases of work-related asthma (WRA) in Michigan and the entire United States. The statewide surveillance system for WRA in Michigan receives reports primarily from three sources: physicians, hospital discharge data, and worker's compensation claims. Knowledge of the overlap in reports from these sources was used in conjunction with capture-recapture methods to estimate the total number of diagnosed cases of WRA, and incidence rates were calculated using the estimated number of civilian employees in Michigan as the population at risk. For the entire United States, the product of a national incidence rate for asthma among adults and estimates of the proportion that is work-related was used. A total of 933 cases of WRA were reported to the Michigan surveillance program during 1988-1995, of which 904 were reported by at least one of the three main sources and equaled an average incidence of 27 cases/10(6)/year. This estimate was less than the range of estimates 58 to 204 cases/10(6)/year in Michigan arrived at using the capture-recapture methods. The national estimates of WRA ranged from 63 to 441 cases/10(6)/year. The authors' indirect estimates are closer to estimates from Canada, Sweden, and Finland than most existing direct estimates in the United States, but probably still underestimates the magnitude of WRA incidence because of the limitations of physician recognition of the work-relatedness of asthma among adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Reflections on the use of interviews in the history of science: who will write the history of science?

Interviews are an excellent source of information for historians of science. They should be done by historians who understand science in detail and, if possible, better than the scientists they interview. In the case of applied industrial or governmental sciences, historians must have detailed knowledge of economic or historic sources. Again they should know more in these areas than those they interview. If, on the contrary, the interviewers are not scientists at heart who know science, the history they write will become at best literature but at worst pseudoscientific abracadabra.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed1990

Memory sources of REM and NREM dreams.

Sixteen male volunteers slept 4 nonconsecutive nights each in a sleep laboratory. They were awakened for one dream report per night. Awakenings were made, in counterbalanced order, from early-night and late-night rapid-eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Following dream reporting, subjects were asked to identify memory sources of their dream imagery. Two independent judges reliably rated mentation reports for temporal units and categorized memory sources as autobiographical episodes, abstract self-references, or semantic knowledge. We replicated earlier findings that semantic knowledge is more frequently mentioned as a dream source for REM than for NREM reports. However, with controls for length of reports, the REM-NREM difference disappeared, indicating that the stage difference in memory sources was not independent of stage difference in report lengths. There was a significant effect of time of night on source class, but only in REM sleep: Both without and with controls for report length, more semantic sources were cited for late than for early REM dreams.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Adolescent knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents learn about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) from many sources, yet little is known about how well these educational sources are teaching them about STDs. GOAL: The goal was to assess basic knowledge about STDs and their prevalence, to determine the correlates of high STD knowledge levels, and to explore whether self-perceptions of STD knowledge correlated with knowledge test scores. STUDY DESIGN: A convenience sample of adolescents from waiting areas in an urban children's hospital were asked by peer educators about their STD education, the sources of this education, and their self-perception of their STD knowledge. They then were given a short assessment testing their knowledge of major, incurable, and curable STDs. RESULTS: In the 393 surveys collected from adolescents aged 12 to 21 years (mean [+/-SD] age, 16.9 +/- 1.8 years), 97% self-reported having been educated about STDs, and the reported major sources were school (70%), parents (52%), and friends (31%). Only 7 (2%) correctly named all 8 major STDs, 35 (9%) named the 4 curable STDs, and 13 (3%) named the 4 incurable STDs. HIV was the mostly commonly named of the 8 major STDs (91%), followed by gonorrhea (77%) and syphilis (65%). Trichomonas infection (22%), human papillomavirus infection (22%), and hepatitis B (15%) were the least-named STDs. Forty-six percent thought HIV was the most common STD in the Philadelphia area. The participants' mean total STD knowledge score was 3.5 +/- 1.9 (maximum possible score, 8). There were fair correlations between knowledge scores and age (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.31; P < 0.0001), as well as between knowledge score and self-perception of STD knowledge (r = 0.23; P < 0.0001). Adolescents educated by parents, school, other relatives, and friends performed better than those educated by other sources. Those educated by multiple sources outperformed those educated by one source. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents' specific knowledge about non-HIV STDs is only cursory, despite their reports of having received education about STDs. We must attempt to improve and balance our STD education so that adolescents receive and retain detailed age-appropriate STD information that is consistent with their risk for disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Qualitative analysis of African-American adolescent females' beliefs about emergency contraceptive pills.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: This project was initiated to better understand why some African-American adolescent females do not use emergency contraceptive pills (ECP), despite their widespread availability. Adolescents are considered likely candidates for ECP because they are more likely to inconsistently use birth control and have sporadic sexual behavior patterns. These factors increase the risk of unprotected intercourse and unplanned pregnancy. DESIGN: A qualitative study design was employed to assess the knowledge of African-American adolescent females regarding ECP and their beliefs affecting use and nonuse of ECP. SETTING: An adolescent clinic at a large, urban, academic children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-nine African-American adolescent (age 13-18) females.Interventions. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews lasting 15-20 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Interviews yielded qualitative data that was coded and categorized into themes. RESULTS: Through the interviews, eight themes emerged: Taking Care of Self, Lack of Knowledge of ECP, Inaccurate Information, Sources of Information, Acceptability of Adolescent Pregnancy, Partner's Influence on Adolescent Choices, Discomfort Talking About Sex, and Concern About Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). CONCLUSIONS: The results from this qualitative study will contribute to future quantitative research efforts by providing insight into the decision-making process regarding ECP among this population. The themes provide a foundation for clinical implications and educational interventions. Although a large proportion of the sample (24%) had used ECP, misinformation about ECP and basic reproductive health issues was prevalent. Most of the adolescents report they obtain reproductive health information from a complex network of information sharing, in which their primary sources tend to be peers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Vitamin C intake and dietary sources by demographic characteristics.

Evidence from several lines of research indicates a role for vitamin C in the prevention of some types of cancer in addition to a possible role in hypercholesterolemia and other conditions. It is not yet clear, however, whether observed relationships are due to ascorbic acid alone or in conjunction with other constituents present in the foods containing ascorbic acid. A knowledge of the particular food sources of vitamin C in different demographic groups thus becomes important to fully understand the etiology. This information will also aid in planning effective education or intervention programs. This paper identifies the dietary sources of vitamin C by age, sex, race, and poverty status, using data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). Orange juice is the leading dietary source in all subgroups, but the importance of other sources varies markedly by subgroup. Fortified foods are major contributors among the young but not the old, and southern greens are very important sources among blacks but not among whites. The intake of vitamin C is substantially lower among the poor. Potential relationships with disease are also discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

The separation of reviewing knowledge from medical knowledge.

The developers of reviewing systems that rely on computer-based patient-record systems as a source of data need to model reviewing knowledge and medical knowledge. We simulate how the same medical knowledge could be entered in four different systems: CARE, the Arden syntax, Essential-attending and HyperCritic. We subsequently analyze how the original knowledge is represented in the symbols or syntax used by these systems. We conclude that these systems provide different alternatives in dealing with the vocabulary provided by the computer-based patient records. In addition, the use of computer-based patient records for review poses new challenges for the content of that record: to facilitate review, the reasoning of the physician needs to be captured in addition to the actions of the physician.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2001

Evidence from the Pacific troposphere for large global sources of oxygenated organic compounds.

The presence of oxygenated organic compounds in the troposphere strongly influences key atmospheric processes. Such oxygenated species are, for example, carriers of reactive nitrogen and are easily photolysed, producing free radicals-and so influence the oxidizing capacity and the ozone-forming potential of the atmosphere-and may also contribute significantly to the organic component of aerosols. But knowledge of the distribution and sources of oxygenated organic compounds, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, is limited. Here we characterize the tropospheric composition of oxygenated organic species, using data from a recent airborne survey conducted over the tropical Pacific Ocean (30 degrees N to 30 degrees S). Measurements of a dozen oxygenated chemicals (carbonyls, alcohols, organic nitrates, organic pernitrates and peroxides), along with several C2-C8 hydrocarbons, reveal that abundances of oxygenated species are extremely high, and collectively, oxygenated species are nearly five times more abundant than non-methane hydrocarbons in the Southern Hemisphere. Current atmospheric models are unable to correctly simulate these findings, suggesting that large, diffuse, and hitherto-unknown sources of oxygenated organic compounds must therefore exist. Although the origin of these sources is still unclear, we suggest that oxygenated species could be formed via the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, the photochemical degradation of organic matter in the oceans, and direct emissions from terrestrial vegetation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Exposure to HIV/AIDS information, AIDS knowledge, perceived risk and attitudes toward people with AIDS among primary school-children in northern Tanzania.

An AIDS survey based on WHO's KABP survey instrument for adolescents was implemented with sixth and seventh grade students attending one of 18 randomly selected primary schools in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions of Northern Tanzania (n = 2,026). While students reported having been exposed to several sources of AIDS information, overall knowledge level was low, particularly with respect to risk associated with causal contact, and the fact that a person can be infected and show no signs of the disease. Students who reported frequent exposure to AIDS information or who frequently talked to others about AIDS, were more knowledgeable regarding AIDS than students who reported less frequent exposure to AIDS information or communication. Furthermore, students with high scores on AIDS knowledge were more likely to report AIDS as a very severe disease. Also, they perceived themselves as less susceptible to AIDS, and were more likely to have a positive attitude toward spending time with and taking care of people with AIDS than did less knowledgeable students. It is recommended that primary schools be utilized as an arena for AIDS education in Tanzania.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

A review of NAPL source zone remediation efficiency and the mass flux approach.

A number of previous studies are reviewed to examine the actual reduction of NAPL from source zones and the effectiveness of the specific technique of remediation used at sites under study. It has been shown that complete removal of the NAPL in free phase or residual is not possible due to the complex entrapment architecture of NAPLs at field sites. Consequently, the assessment of remediation efficiency should not be solely based on the reduction of entrapped NAPL mass from source zone. Instead, it should be based on the reduction of risk achieved through the lowering of the concentration of the dissolved constituents emanating from the entrapped NAPL during source zone clean-up. The prediction of the concentration in the plume requires a knowledge of the dissolution of NAPLs in the source zone. Attention is directed to the need for the understanding the mass transfer from entrapped NAPLs in the source zone before and after remediation. In this paper, the current knowledge of mass transfer processes from the non-aqueous phase to the aqueous phase is summarised and the use of mass flux measurements (monitoring the concentration of contaminants in aqueous phase due to source zone NAPL-groundwater mass transfer) is introduced as a potential tool to assess the efficiency of technologies used in source zone remediation. Preliminary results of numerical simulations reveal that factors such as source zone morphology as determined by the heterogeneity of the formation control the post-remediation dissolution behaviour, than the local mass transfer. Thus, accurate site characterization is essential for predicting NAPL dissolution and mass flux relationships as well as for assigning site-specific remediation target values.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1988

Alcohol and adolescents. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.

Students (n = 3017) from the 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in six school districts throughout Georgia and South Carolina completed a questionnaire to determine their knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding alcohol use. Results suggest that knowledge, attitudes, and behavior are significantly correlated. Two distinct attitudes were discovered: acceptable use of alcohol and unacceptable uses of alcohol, and these interacted with knowledge and behavior in different ways. Students who reported school as their major source of information about alcohol were more knowledgeable and had the most conservative attitudes toward unacceptable use of alcohol (p less than 0.001). White students scored higher on the knowledge test and had more liberal attitudes than minority students (p less than 0.001). Females were more conservative than males (p 0.001), and older students had more liberal attitudes (p less than 0.001). Our results suggest that efforts to educate youth about alcohol should incorporate acceptable uses as well as the negative aspects of drinking.

Adolescent↗