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PubMed2003

The influence of schemas, stimulus ambiguity, and interview schedule on eyewitness memory over time.

The authors examined how a crime schema influenced the types of details witnesses recalled over multiple interviews that varied in delay before the initial interview and between subsequent interviews. Accuracy data showed that, in general, schema-irrelevant traces experienced greater decay than schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent traces after the initial interview and that delaying the initial interview negatively affected recall at the initial interview but led to less decay over subsequent interviews. Ambiguity of the crime stimulus was also manipulated. Witnesses used their schema to interpret ambiguous information and, as a result, made more schema-consistent intrusions and less correct responses and were more likely to report false memories that involved conscious recollection (using the remember-know paradigm).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Impact of interviewer's body mass index on underreporting energy intake in overweight and obese women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if overweight and obese women provide more accurate reports of their energy intake by 1) in-person recall with an obese interviewer, 2) in-person recall with a lean interviewer, or 3) telephone recall with an unknown interviewer. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Eighty-eight overweight and obese women participated in this study. Subjects completed one telephone-administered multiple-pass 24-hour recall (MP24R) with an unknown interviewer and were then randomly assigned to an in-person MP24R with either a lean or obese interviewer to gather reported energy intake (rEI). Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured using a Deltrac monitor, and physical activity (EEPA) was estimated using a Caltrac accelerometer. Therefore, estimated energy expenditure was determined by: estTEE = (BMR + EEPA) x 1.10. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the two in-person interview modes for subject age, weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat, total energy expenditure, rEI, and misreporting of energy intake. In-person recall data were combined for comparison with the telephone recalls. No significant difference was found between the in-person and telephone recalls for rEI and misreporting. Mean reported energy intake was significantly lower than estimated total energy expenditure for the telephone recalls and combined (lean and obese modes) in-person recalls. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that interviewer body mass index had no impact on self-reported energy intake during an in-person MP24R, and that telephone recall data were comparable with in-person recalls. Underreporting was a widespread problem ( approximately 26%) for all modes in this sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Contemporary psychiatric interviewing: new directions for training.

THERE has been an unheralded evolution in psychiatric interviewing, an evolution that is, nonetheless, of a critical nature. Over the past three decades the basic psychiatric interview has evolved into a collection of different psychiatric interviews. Each style of interview is determined by the immediate patient care tasks facing the clinician, whether in an emergency room or a private practice office. The acquisition of new skills, such as structuring techniques and diagnostic examinations using the DSM-III, has become a vital and challenging aspect of the education of contemporary psychiatrists. In this paper the influences that have created these new developments in psychiatric interviewing will be outlined and their implications for training discussed. We will describe a specific training approach that has evolved as a method of helping psychiatric residents develop the skills and confidence needed to handle any one of the numerous types of psychiatric interviews required of a contemporary clinician, ranging from a traditional psychodynamic assessment to a standard diagnostic interview.

Countertransference↗
PubMed2005

False reports of childhood events in appropriate interviews.

The present study employed the "parental misinformation" paradigm to examine whether individuals report false events from their childhood even when they are interviewed in an appropriate manner by a trained interviewer. Each participant was interviewed on three occasions. By the final interview, one participant produced a "full" report, and six participants produced "partial" reports, of childhood events that did not occur. Although participants reported perceiving greater pressure to report the false events than the real events, independent judges' ratings of social pressure in the interviews did not differ as a function of what type of event participants were being asked about. Participants also reported higher confidence in their parents', compared to their own, recall of events from their childhood. False reports were also positively correlated with scores on both the full and the revised versions of the Dissociative Experiences Scale, and negatively correlated with score on the Self-Monitoring scale. These results indicate that, despite being interviewed in an appropriate manner by a trained interviewer, some participants will falsely report events from their childhoods.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A preliminary study of the reliability of immediate vs. delayed interviews of cardiac arrest witnesses.

INTRODUCTION: Methods to characterize the interval between a collapse from cardiac arrest until a 911 call is made have not yet been developed. OBJECTIVE: To determine the concordance of cardiac arrest data obtained by two methods: an immediate nurse interview of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) witnesses, and a follow-up phone interview performed two weeks later. METHODS: This was a prospective study of OHCA witnesses dating from January 1997 to May 1998. Witnesses were briefly interviewed at the time of emergency department presentation, and two weeks later a more lengthy structured phone interview was performed. The authors identified key data elements: 1) was the arrest witnessed? (Wit); 2) was CPR administered prior to EMS arrival? (BCPR); 3) was the first call placed to 911? (c911); and 4) was the estimated collapse to call interval <4 minutes? (ECCI). The analysis utilized Cohen's kappa statistic and Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: A convenience sample of 42 matched pairs of OHCA cases was analyzed. Kappa statistics for agreement between methods were: 1) Wit(kappa = 0.750), 2) BCPR(kappa = 0.892), 3) c911 (kappa = 0.892), and 4) ECCI(kappa = 0.571, Spearman's 0.528). CONCLUSION: There is good to excellent agreement between immediate and phone interview data retrieval methods. Phone interviews appear to yield data comparable to that with the more difficult and expensive, direct interview method.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Eyewitness performance in cognitive and structured interviews.

This paper addresses two methodological and theoretical questions relating to the Cognitive Interview (CI), which previous research has found to increase witness recall in interviews. (1) What are the effects of the CI mnemonic techniques when communication techniques are held constant? (2) How do trained interviewers compare with untrained interviewers? In this study, witnesses (college students) viewed a short film clip of a shooting and were questioned by interviewers (research assistants) trained in conducting the CI or a Structured Interview (SI)--similar to the CI except for the "cognitive" components--or by untrained interviewers (UI). The CI and SI groups recalled significantly more correct information compared to the UI group. However they also reported more errors and confabulated details. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed in terms of precisely identifying the CI facilitatory effects and consequent good practice in the forensic setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The 'doctor' or the 'girl from the University'? Considering the influence of professional roles on qualitative interviewing.

BACKGROUND: Qualitative research methods are now recognized as valuable tools for primary care. With the increasing emphasis on evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal of published work, it is important that qualitative researchers are transparent about their methods and discuss the impact of the research process on their data. OBJECTIVES: To consider the impact of the professional background of researchers on in-depth interviewing in primary care. METHODS: We compare interactions between the interviewer and respondents in two qualitative interview studies of heart disease. Both samples consisted of 60 middle-aged men and women from a range of social backgrounds living in the West of Scotland. One study was conducted by a GP and the other by a sociologist. RESULTS: Some interview interactions were common to both researchers; for example, interviews were often regarded by respondents as therapeutic. However, some interactions seemed to be related to the researcher's professional background. The GP's perceived higher status led to obscuring of her personal characteristics. The sociologist was often perceived as a 'young woman' rather than defined by her professional role. Thus respondents' perceptions of the interviewer influenced the interview interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Appraising qualitative research depends on the transparency with which the research process is described. Awareness of professional background is particularly important for university departments of primary care (which often include doctors, nurses and social scientists) and should be considered carefully in designing, carrying out and disseminating the results of qualitative studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Social surveys in HIV/AIDS: telling or writing? A comparison of interview and postal methods.

We compare a probability sample postal questionnaire survey and a quota controlled interview survey, and review the literature on these subjects. In contrast to other studies, where quota samples were not representative because of biased selection of respondents by interviewers, our quota sample was representative. Response rates were similar in our postal and interview surveys (74 and 77%, respectively), although many previous similar postal surveys had poor response rates. As in other comparison studies, costs were higher in our interview survey, substantive responses and the quality of responses to closed-ended questions were similar, and responses to open-ended questions were better in the interview survey. 'Socially unacceptable' responses on sexual behaviour were less likely in interviews. Quota controlled surveys are appropriate in surveys on HIV/AIDS under certain circumstances, e.g. where the population parameters are well known, and where interviewers can gain access to the entire population. Postal questionnaires are better for obtaining information on sexual behaviour, if adequate steps are taken to improve response rates, and when in-depth answers are not needed. For most surveys in the HIV/AIDS field we recommend the postal method.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

An interview technique for recording work postures in epidemiological studies. Music-Norrtälje Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to present and evaluate a work-task-oriented interview technique focusing on the placement of the hands relative to the body and assessing per cent time spent in five standard work postures during a working day. METHODS: The reproducibility of estimated time spent in each work posture was tested by the test-retest method in 32 subjects; 16 were interviewed by the same interviewer and 16 were interviewed by another one at the retest. The validity concerning estimated time spent in th five standard work postures was tested in relation to observations in 58 male blue-collar workers. The mean registration (assessment) time was 6 hours and 15 minutes. RESULTS: No evident differences in the reproducibility depending on same or different interviewers at test and retest could be observed. The linear relationship between times estimated by the interview and by observations was high for four of the work postures: 'sitting' (r = 0.86), 'standing with hands above shoulder level' (r = 0.87), 'between shoulder and knuckle level' (r = 0.75), and 'below knuckle level' (r = 0.93). When the work posture 'standing with hands between shoulder and knuckle level' was divided into 'hands fixed' (r = 0.62) and 'hands not fixed' (r = 0.50) the correlations were weak. Current musculoskeletal complaints did not influence the accuracy of the estimations. CONCLUSIONS: The present task-oriented interview technique may be the best available method to estimate these work postures in a way that requires few resources compared to observations and technical measurements.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Measuring morbidity of children in the community: a comparison of interview and diary data.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the validity of estimates of morbidity experienced at home. METHODS: In the Dutch National Survey of Morbidity and Interventions in General Practice mothers of 1630 children answered a health interview and kept a health diary for 3 weeks (only the first 2 weeks were used). Children's symptoms were recorded during the interview using a check list and monitored in the health diary through open-ended questions. RESULTS: In the interview parents reported symptoms for 65% of their children and in the diary for 54% of children. Ear problems, colds, fever and weakness and anxiety were reported more often in the interview. Mother's mental health was assessed by the General Health Questionnaire; those scoring >4 were assessed as having impaired mental health and these parents reported symptoms for more children in the interview (81%) than in the diary (65%). For similar reference periods, the least educated mothers reported fewer children with symptoms in the diary (45%) than in the interview (66%). More highly educated mothers reported similarly in the diary (67%) and the interview (70%). CONCLUSION: Both data collection methods yield different estimates of community morbidity. Explanations such as telescoping, the seriousness of the symptoms, the amount of psychological distress of the respondent, forgetfulness and literacy limitations are discussed. We recommend that diaries should not be used in less educated populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Teaching doctor-patient interviewing skills using an integrated learner and teacher-centered approach.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We describe an approach for the resolution of difficulties that some preclinical medical students appeared to have when acquiring patient interviewing skills. SETTING: Two medical schools in Israel. TYPE OF STUDY: Descriptive. OBSERVATIONS: Students' difficulties were related to the inconsistency between the patient-centered approach that was emphasized in the preclinical teaching programs and the disease-centered (biomedical) approach that was practiced on the wards. Others were confused by ambiguous vocabulary and by the multiplicity of rules that they had to remember. Still others appeared to resent attempts to teach them what they thought was elementary courtesy, to reject counterintuitive interviewing rules, and to be bored by the repetitive nature of the practice sessions. TEACHING INTERVENTION: We used an integrated learner- and teacher-centered approach, which is based on the premise that students learn more effectively when autonomous and self-motivated than when responding to instructions from others. Rather than the students being lectured, they were asked to identify the problems in doctor-patient communication and to propose solutions. We conducted live demonstrations of patient- and disease-centered interviews and encouraged students to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Lastly, we supervised students as they interviewed patients with increasingly difficult communication problems. CONCLUSIONS: The described approach is consistent with current theories of adult learning. It permits the instructor's input and also supports students' autonomy in identifying and resolving problems in patient interviewing and in choosing the balance between patient- and disease-centered interviewing styles according to the patient's needs. The feasibility of our approach is conditional on the availability of instructors who feel comfortable conducting group discussions, are familiar with the literature on doctor-patient relations, and are experienced enough to demonstrate different interviewing techniques using live patients.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1983

Six years of experience using patient instructors to teach interviewing skills.

In 1974 a competency-based program was developed at the University of Arizona College of Medicine that used patient instructors (PIs) to evaluate interviewing skills objectively. PIs are nonphysicians who are taught to function in the multiple roles of patient, teacher, and evaluator. For each specialty area, objective evaluation instruments have been developed to measure the student's interviewing technique (interview process) and the amount of relevant historical information obtained from the patient (interview content). Data from the six most recent classes of second-year medical students demonstrate that: (a) there is a positive correlation between process and content scores; (b) students learn from their interviews with PIs; and (c) there is a positive relationship between the scores students obtain on their first interview with each of two different PIs in two different specialty areas. It is concluded that the PI program provides an effective way to teach interviewing skills to medical students.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1984

Teaching interviewing skills to medical students: the issue of 'countertransference'.

The study reported here revealed a very high incidence of unrecognized feelings toward the patient ("countertransference") and potentially harmful associated behaviors in a group of medical students at the midpoint of their training. Fifteen students were studied individually by the author during a clinical interview each student conducted with a patient. Typically, unrecognized feelings were fear of harming the patient, fear of loss of control, performance anxiety, and fears unique to the individual student (such as fear of cancer in self). One or more of these feelings were present in 14 of the students. Interview behaviors that were potentially deleterious were present in 13 students; avoidance and/or overcontrol of the psychosocial aspects of the interview accounted for 11 of these instances, while two students exhibited behaviors unique to the student. Although these students all had demonstrated adequate interviewing skills previously, the unrecognized feelings were, in each of the 13 instances, related to impaired interview performance. These data suggest the need for interviewing instructors to teach medical students about the concept of counter-transference in addition to interviewing techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Racial bias in using USMLE step 1 scores to grant internal medicine residency interviews.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 score, commonly used in screening residency applicants for interviews, eliminates a greater proportion of African-American applicants from the interview process at an internal medicine residency program. METHOD: A survey of internal medicine residency programs was performed to determine the prevalence of using USMLE Step 1 scores to grant interviews. A cohort of applicants was analyzed by constructing a database of USMLE Step 1 scores from the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) database of applications from U.S., Canadian, and osteopathic medical schools to one residency program in 2000. Each applicant was classified as African American or non-African American. Rejection rates were then calculated for each five-point increment from a hypothetical threshold rejection score of <180 to <215. RESULTS: Responses were received from 259 residency programs (69%), and 92% used the USMLE Step 1 score in deciding which applicants to interview. A cohort of 626 non-African-American and 47 African-American applicants was analyzed. The proportion of applicants below each incremental threshold score was significantly higher for African-American applicants (p <.05 at each level). Depending on the threshold score used, an African-American applicant was three to six times less likely to be offered an interview. CONCLUSIONS: When USMLE Step 1 scores are used to screen applicants for a residency interview, a significantly greater proportion of African-American students will be refused an interview.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

Reliability and stability of a semistructured DSM-IV interview designed for family studies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the interrater reliability and stability of diagnoses, and to compare the results of in-person versus telephone administration of the Missouri Assessment of Genetics Interview for Children (the MAGIC), a new, semistructured, glossary-based diagnostic interview for children and adolescents. METHOD: The interview was developed for a large-scale epidemiological family genetics study. For reliability measures, parent report on offspring, child self-report, and adolescent self-report interviews were independently scored by two different raters on a population-based sample of respondents. The stability of diagnoses was assessed by comparing repeat interviews of parents, children, and adolescents, separated on average by 13 months. Frequencies of parent and adolescent report of disorders were determined for telephone and in-person interviews. RESULTS: High interrater reliabilities were achieved for individual DSM-IV symptoms and diagnoses and for individual characteristics of diagnostic domains, including number, clustering, duration, and impairment of symptoms. The stability of diagnoses was also high for parents and adolescents. No significant differences in the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder were found for interviews administered in person or by telephone. CONCLUSIONS: The MAGIC demonstrates high interrater reliability and stability for DSM-IV symptoms and diagnoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Reliability of the Catz-Itzkovich Spinal Cord Independence Measure assessment by interview and comparison with observation.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the reliability of assessment with the Catz-Itzkovich Spinal Cord Independence Measure II (SCIM II) by interview and compare the findings with assessment by observation. DESIGN: In a cohort, comparative study, 28 inpatients with spinal cord lesions were assessed by two nurses using the Catz-Itzkovich SCIM II (interview) and by a multidisciplinary team (observation). RESULTS: Total agreement between interviewers ranged from 50% to 80% (Kappa coefficients 0.40-0.60). Pearson's coefficients of the correlation between scores obtained for the various SCIM subscales by interview or observation were 0.765-0.940 (P < 0.0001). The differences in mean scores obtained between the interview and observation methods were small and not statistically significant for most of the subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the reliability of the Catz-Itzkovich SCIM assessment by interview and show it to be comparable with assessment by observation. The SCIM II interview may serve as an accurate measure of daily function in patients with spinal cord injury. However, with the sample of the study being relatively small, a larger scale examination is needed to generalize the results.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: algorithms for ICD-10 childhood autism and Wing and Gould autistic spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) is an interviewer-based schedule for use with parents and carers. In addition to its primary clinical purpose of helping the clinician to obtain a developmental history and description of the child or adult concerned, it can also be used to assist in providing a formal diagnostic category. METHOD: In this study we compared two algorithms based on the ninth revision of the schedule (DISCO 9). The algorithm for ICD-10 childhood autism comprised 91 individual, operationally defined items covering the behaviour outlined in the ICD-10 research criteria. The algorithm for the autistic spectrum disorder, as defined by Wing and Gould (1979), was based on 5 DISCO items that represented overarching categories of behaviour crucial for the diagnosis of autistic disorders. The aim of the study was to examine the implications for clinical diagnosis of these two different approaches. Parents of 36 children with clinical diagnoses of autistic disorder, 17 children with learning disability and 14 children with language disorders were interviewed by two interviewers. Algorithm diagnoses were applied to interview items in order to analyse the relationship between clinical and algorithm diagnoses and the inter-rater reliability between interviewers. RESULTS: Clinical diagnosis was significantly related to the diagnostic outputs for both algorithms. Inter-rater reliability was also high for both algorithms. The ICD childhood disorder algorithm produced more discrepant diagnoses than the Wing and Gould autistic spectrum algorithm. Analysis of the ICD-10 algorithm items and combination of items helped to explain the reason for these discrepancies. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the DISCO is a reliable instrument for diagnosis when sources of information are used from the whole interview. It is particularly effective for diagnosing disorders of the broader autistic spectrum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The efficacy of single-session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people: results from a multi-site cluster randomized trial.

AIM: To test whether a single session of motivational interviewing (discussing alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use) would lead successfully to reduction in use of these drugs or in perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people. DESIGN: Cluster randomized trial, allocating 200 young people in the natural groups in which they were recruited to either motivational interviewing (n=105) or non-intervention education-as-usual control condition (n=95). SETTING: Ten further education colleges across inner London. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred young people (age range 16-20 years) currently using illegal drugs, with whom contact was established through peers trained for the project. INTERVENTION: The intervention was adapted from the literature on motivational interviewing in the form of a 1-hour single-session face-to-face interview structured by a series of topics. MEASUREMENTS: Changes in self-reported cigarette, alcohol, cannabis and other drug use and in a range of drug-specific perceptions and other indicators of risk and harm. Measurement at recruitment and follow-up interview 3 months later. FINDINGS: A good follow-up rate (89.5%; 179 of 200) was achieved. In comparison to the control group, those randomized to motivational interviewing reduced their of use of cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis, mainly through moderation of ongoing drug use rather than cessation. Effect sizes were 0.37 (0.15-0.6), 0.34 (0.09-0.59) and 0.75 (0.45-1.0) for reductions in the use of cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis, respectively. For both alcohol and cannabis, the effect was greater among heavier users of these drugs and among heavier cigarette smokers. The reduced cannabis use effect was also greater among youth usually considered vulnerable or high-risk according to other criteria. Change was also evident in various indicators of risk and harm, but not as widely as the changes in drug consumption. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first substantial evidence of non-treatment benefit to be derived among young people involved in illegal drug use in receipt of motivational interviewing. The targeting of multiple drug use in a generic fashion among young people has also been supported.

Adolescent↗