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PubMed1989

Neonatal status and hearing loss in high-risk infants.

Neurophysiologic and behavioral assessments of auditory function were performed on 224 very low birth weight (less than or equal to 1500 gm) infants requiring intensive care in the nursery. The subjects were studied prospectively from 36 weeks to 4 years of age, as available for follow-up. To classify them according to their neonatal status, we applied a principal components analysis to a number of variables representative of the extent of illness and of patient care in early postnatal life. The subjects were then divided into neonatal status quartiles and evaluated for hearing outcome. All those with sensorineural hearing loss fell exclusively into the lowest neonatal status quartile. Sensorineural hearing loss was statistically associated (1) with greater amounts of furosemide administration for longer durations and in combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics and (2) with more episodes of low pH, hypoxemia, or both, higher total bilirubin levels, and substantially lower neonatal status scores. Birth weight, gestational age, highest creatinine level, Apgar score, and aminoglycosides alone were not systematically related to hearing capacity. Subjects in the lowest neonatal status quartile also had a considerably higher incidence of middle ear disorders, characterized by elevated thresholds and prolonged auditory brain stem-response latencies reflective of conductive hearing loss. We conclude that protracted illness and its associated treatment, independently of specific diagnostic categories, constitute important risk factors for permanent hearing loss and for transient hearing loss in early life.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2006

The effects of selective breeding for infant ultrasonic vocalizations on play behavior in juvenile rats.

For over 25 generations, two lines of rats (High and Low USV lines) have been selectively bred for extreme rates of infantile (45 kHz) ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in response to maternal separation at postnatal day (P)10. High and low line juveniles (P30-P40) were socially isolated and allowed to play in same-sex sibling pairs for 10 min per day over three days. Measures of play were nape contacts and pinning. Other social and nonsocial behaviors were also scored during the three sessions; two of these, 55 kHz USV and walk-overs, were statistically associated with play. Compared to the Random control line, both High and Low line juveniles showed deficits in play behavior. In the High line, play initiatory behavior (nape contacts) was reduced, but pinning, USV and walk-overs were relatively unchanged. In contrast, nape contacts, pinning, USV and walk-overs were all reduced in Low line juveniles compared to Random line controls. The results suggest that selection for extremes of infant USV rates has produced temperamental differences that are expressed in juvenile play in the High and Low USV lines.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of maternal soothing on infant stress response.

The effect of maternal soothing to infant inoculation as well as everyday distress on infant cortisol and behavioral responses to stress was examined in two longitudinal samples of 55 and 74 infants, respectively, between 2 and 6 months of age. There was no evidence that maternal soothing was effective in reducing infants' cortisol or behavioral responses to stress. The absence of this relation occurred despite evidence for cross-time stability and cross-situation consistency in maternal soothing. That maternal soothing plays little role in lowering infant responses to stress leaves open the possibilities that other maternal behaviors may mediate children's distress or that infant temperament may be related to infant stress.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Shared knowledge about infants among fathers and mothers.

Evidence for the exchange of parenting information between low-income White mothers and fathers of infants was found. Mothers had more accurate expectations for normative development than fathers, but more accurate fathers had spouses who were also more accurate--even when education was controlled. Though few significant differences were evident in help-seeking behavior when infant problems were encountered, fathers turned to fewer helpers than mothers and were somewhat more likely to rely solely on their spouse. These data indicate that researchers must consider the exchange of information between spouses, particularly when studying the socialization of parenting among fathers at this stage in the life cycle of the family.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early reactions to frustration: developmental trends in anger, individual response styles, and caregiving risk implications in infancy.

PROBLEM: In an effort to examine early negative emotional response patterns, infant responses to frustration were studied with specific regard to anger. METHODS: Forty infants, 7-9 months (n = 20) and 12-14 months (n = 20) old, were observed in laboratory play situations. Infant affective response as well as maternal behavior were observed. Maternal interviews assessed maternal impressions of infant behavior and affect. FINDINGS: Findings revealed increased displays of anger in older infants, evidence of cognitive-affective linkages in response, and individual differences in emotional response style and maternal-infant processes. CONCLUSIONS: Findings relate to the emergence and interplay of negative emotional response, maternal-infant patterns, and socioemotional risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Human breast areolae as scent organs: morphological data and possible involvement in maternal-neonatal coadaptation.

In humans, areolar skin glands (AG) enlarge during pregnancy and lactation. Their role in mother-infant interactions may pertain to protective, mechanical, and communicative functions. It was questioned here whether more profuse AG could be related to more optimal adaptation to breastfeeding. A morphological study of the areolae was undertaken between birth and day 3 to assess the number, secretory status, and spatial distribution of AG. These data were related to infants' weight variation, mothers' perception of their infant's behavior at breast, and time between delivery and onset of lactation. AG were seen in virtually all women but with great interindividual variations; their areolar distribution was nonrandom, and about 1/5 of the women had AG giving off a secretion. The AG number was positively related with neonatal weight gain between birth and day 3, and with the mother's perception of infant's latching speed and sucking activity. AG numbers were also positively related with the onset of lactation in first-time mothers. In conclusion, the maternal endowment in AG may contribute to the infants' breastfeeding performance, early growth, and the mother's lactation onset.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Origins of theory of mind, cognition and communication.

There has been a revolution in our understanding of infant and toddler cognition that promises to have far-reaching implications for our understanding of communicative and linguistic development. Four empirical findings that helped to prompt this change in theory are analyzed: (a) Intermodal coordination--newborns operate with multimodal information, recognizing equivalences in information across sensory-modalities; (b) Imitation--newborns imitate the lip and tongue movements they see others perform; (c) Memory--young infants form long-lasting representations of perceived events and use these memories to generate motor productions after lengthy delays in novel contexts; (d) Theory of mind--by 18 months of age toddlers have adopted a theory of mind, reading below surface behavior to the goals and intentions in people's actions. This paper examines three views currently being offered in the literature to replace the classical framework of early cognitive development: modularity-nativism, connectionism, and theory-theory. Arguments are marshaled to support the "theory-theory" view. This view emphasizes a combination of innate structure and qualitative reorganization in children's thought based on input from the people and things in their culture. It is suggested that preverbal cognition forms a substrate for language acquisition and that analyzing cognition may enhance our understanding of certain disorders of communication.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Development of vision in infants and young children.

Behavioral improvement in the quality of infant vision parallels neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic brain development. Progressive refinement of acuity can be tracked by means of tests that employ fixation and following, optokinetic nystagmus, preferential viewing, and pattern-evoked visual responses. These methods of evaluating vision in the preverbal child differ from each other in several respects; their relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Safety and tolerance of a probiotic formula in early infancy comparing two probiotic agents: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and tolerance of two formulas, supplemented with different probiotic agents, in early infancy. DESIGN: Prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Clinics of a University Medical Center. SUBJECTS: Full-term healthy infants aged less than 4 months. INTERVENTION: Infants were randomly assigned for 4 weeks to a standard milk-based formula supplemented with either Bifidobacterium lactis (BB-12), Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 55730) or a probiotics-free formula. MEASURES OF OUTCOME: Growth parameters, daily characteristics of feeding, stooling and behavior, and side effects. RESULTS: Fifty-nine infants, aged 3-65 days, were included. Subjects in all three groups were similar at entry in terms of gestational age, birth weight, sex, growth parameters and breast feeding rate prior to the study. The supplemented formulas were well accepted and did not reveal any adverse effects. A comparison of growth parameters, and variables of feeding, stooling and crying and irritability did not reveal any significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The use of formula supplemented with either Lactobacillus reuteri or Bifidobacterium lactis in early infancy, was safe, well tolerated and did not adversely affect growth, stooling habits or infant behavior.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience.

Both developmental and neurophysiological research suggest a common coding between perceived and generated actions. This shared representational network is innately wired in humans. We review psychological evidence concerning the imitative behaviour of newborn human infants. We suggest that the mechanisms involved in infant imitation provide the foundation for understanding that others are 'like me' and underlie the development of theory of mind and empathy for others. We also analyse functional neuroimaging studies that explore the neurophysiological substrate of imitation in adults. We marshal evidence that imitation recruits not only shared neural representations between the self and the other but also cortical regions in the parietal cortex that are crucial for distinguishing between the perspective of self and other. Imitation is doubly revealing: it is used by infants to learn about adults, and by scientists to understand the organization and functioning of the brain.

Child Development↗
PubMed1989

Neonatal neurodevelopmental examination as a predictor of neuromotor outcome in premature infants.

There was a marked correlation (P less than .000001) between neonatal neurodevelopmental examination results and neuromotor outcome at 1 year of age or older in 210 high-risk premature infants (mean birth weight 1,107 g, mean gestational age 28.4 weeks). This neonatal examination consisted of assessment of posture, extremity and axial tone, deep tendon reflexes, pathologic reflexes, primitive reflexes, symmetry, oromotor function, cranial nerve function, auditory and visual responses, and behavior. Premature infants whose neonatal neurodevelopmental examination results were abnormal had significantly higher incidences of both cerebral palsy (38% v 6%, P less than .000001) and minor neuromotor dysfunction (27% v 13%, p less than .05) than did premature infants whose examination results were normal. This correlation continued to be highly significant even with the analysis of subgroups (infants born at or before 27 weeks' gestation, infants with chronic lung disease discharged with oxygen supplementation, infants with periventricular hemorrhage) and when a variety of individual perinatal, demographic, and social variables were used as controls. Normal or nearly normal neonatal neurodevelopmental examination results can be used to reassure parents of high-risk premature infants. Although abnormal neonatal neurodevelopmental examination results cannot be used to diagnose handicap in premature infants, they can be used to select a group of high-risk infants who should be carefully monitored during infancy and childhood.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1976

Responses of infants to visually presented objects.

The reaching behavior of some 60 infants between 7 and 23 days of age was studied. Contrary to some other reports, the infants did not respond differently to a visually presented, graspable, solid object than to its two-dimensional representation.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2005

[Neonatal consequences of maternal smoking during pregnancy].

In utero tobacco consumption is a serious public health problem in France; it is very frequent and the long term consequences are not only numerous but also misinterpreted by our population. 25 to 29% of women arrive at the end of their pregnancy without stopping smoking and 50% of non smoking mothers live in an environment polluted by tobacco during pregnancy. The authors would like to stress the gravity of this situation. At the maternity hospital in Nîmes, 358 women who gave birth at term and after a normal pregnancy were enrolled in a survey and monitored with thiocyanate for their tobacco consumption. Birth weight, height, and cranial perimeter of the infants were noted at birth. Results confirmed earlier work on this subject: the three variables studied were consistently weakened by the mother's addiction to tobacco. The authors recall previous medical literature on the pathophysiology and other consequences on the brain: such as I.Q. behavior, sudden infant death syndrome, vascular alterations with possible long-term complications, as well as pulmonary alterations on which there has recently been much research. The question is raised as to why this problem is so neglected in our society and what could be done to change this state of affairs.

Child Development↗
PubMed2005

Effect of B1-, B6- and iron intake during pregnancy on neonatal behavior.

The aim of this study was to analyze how micronutrient intake during preconception and pregnancy affects neonatal behavior. A total of 66 healthy women volunteers were studied during preconception and in weeks 6, 10, 26, and 38 of pregnancy using the seven-day dietary record. The behavior of the newborn infant was assessed after three days of life using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Multiple linear regression models were built and adjusted for the confounding variables in each of the periods studied and for each one of the various NBAS clusters. The intake of vitamins B1 and B6 in the sixth week of pregnancy and of iron in the 38th week of pregnancy have a positive and significant effect on the motor cluster of the NBAS independently of the body mass index (BMI), preconception age, gestational age, educational level, whether the mother is a smoker, the mother's personality dimensions, and the weight and sex of the newborn. The intake of B1, B6, and iron during pregnancy might contribute to the neuromotor maturity of the newborn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Generalized vocal imitation in infants.

Effects of modeling and response-contingent social praise on the vocal imitation of three 9- to 13-month-old infants were analyzed. Three infants and parents participated in 2 to 4 experimental sessions a week for 2 to 4 months. During each 20-min-long session, the parent presented vocal models for the infant to imitate. During the model-alone condition, no social praise was programmed for infant imitation. During the model-and-praise condition, social praise was provided by the parent for infant imitation on training trials, but not probe trials. All three infants showed systematic increases in matching during training trials following the introduction of the model-and-praise condition. Although matching during probe trials was not directly reinforced, probe-trial responding increased systematically with training-trial responding. Furthermore, non-matching infant vocalizations did not increase systematically with the introduction of the model-and-praise procedure. Together these findings provide a demonstration of generalized vocal imitation in infants, a population in which it had not previously been shown to occur.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using the language of the child's behavior in your work with families.

A child's behavior, and the way parents react to and understand that behavior, are important for professionals who work with families. Parental representations of a child's behavior provide an insight into their awareness of child development, as well as their thoughts, past experiences, values, and concerns. An appreciation of this parental viewpoint leads to a deeper and more effective professional relationship. In particular, when parents and professionals share their observations of a child's behavior and explore the meanings therein, they discover beneficial new ways of working together in support of the child and the family.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

An acoustic template of newborn infant crying.

The durational characteristics of 10 normal infant's complete crying episodes are reported. The cries of each child were audiorecorded at 2 days postpartum and acoustically analyzed for overall occurrence of expiratory cry segments, inspiratory cry segments, and nonphonatory 'pause' segments. In general, remarkable similarity was found across infants with regard to the distributional occurrence of the cry features. Discussion focuses on the organization of newborn infant crying behavior within the milieu of a crying episode, as well as the diagnostic implications of these findings.

Crying↗