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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Self-concept and self-care practices of healthy adolescents.

The purposes of this descriptive study were to describe the self-care practices of healthy adolescents and to ascertain any relationship between self-care practices and the covariates of self-concept and selected conditioning factors. Orem's Self-Care Model and developmental theory provided the framework for this investigation. Findings from the sample of (n = 160) 15- and 16-year olds showed that adolescents are engaging in self-care practices. The findings from this investigation were congruent with the theoretical proposition of a link between self-concept and self-care (Orem, 1971, 1980, 1985, 1991). Additionally, the influence of sociocultural characteristics on self-care activities was supported. Implications from the study include the need to continue research endeavors that describe, explain, and predict factors that influence self-care behavior in the adolescent population. Practicing nurses in the school, clinic, and community could consider the results of this study when assessing, planning, and implementing health education programs that enhance the self-concept and self-care activities of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Dementia care and respite services program.

In 1987 The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation announced the creation of the Dementia Care and Respite Services Program (DCRSP), the first national demonstration project to focus on day center and respite services for persons with dementia. The intent of $5.1 million, 4-year (1988-1992) program was to demonstrate that nonprofit day centers could provide financially viable programs and services needed by people with dementia and their caregivers. Seventeen grantees in 13 states, representing 21 different organizations and operating 24 day centers, participated in the project throughout the entire 4 years. The DCRSP has provided the first overview of dementia-specific day programs in the United States, with specific insight as to who is being served (e.g., participant and caregiver characteristics), types of assistance needed in relation to activities of daily living, and the most common behavior problems being exhibited. In addition, results of the 4-year project support the fact that community-based day centers can effectively care for people with dementia, a demand for these services does exist, and families consider these services of sufficient value that they are willing to pay for them out-of-pocket. Results also show that nonprofit day centers can become financially viable programs if attention is given to factors such as providing consumer-responsive services, charging what services actually cost, and having a high level of community visibility. The net result is increased net operating revenue with improved financial performance and enhanced long-term stability.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Measuring maternal mortality in developing Pacific island countries: experience with the sisterhood method in the Solomon Islands.

AIMS: To estimate the maternal mortality rate in the Solomon Islands, and to assist health planning and implementation of effective interventions. METHOD: The sisterhood method, an indirect technique for deriving population-based estimates of maternal mortality was used in interviews with 2580 randomly chosen women reporting on the fertility and mortality experience of their sisters. RESULTS: The maternal mortality ratio in this study was 549 per 100,000 (95% CI 431, 684). This equates to one maternal death in every 180 pregnancies. CONCLUSION: The sisterhood method was found to be easy to administer, inexpensive and quick, and is recommended as a measurement tool to other developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Inequalities in South African health care. Part II. Setting the record straight.

UNLABELLED: While Part I of this article analysed the problem of structural inequalities in South African health care, this follow-up explores feasible and socially accountable principles as well as a policy strategy to equalize existing discrepancies and disparities. In addition, the prospects of equalizing the disparities and discrepancies are weighed against prevailing realities. THE CONCLUSION: for the foreseeable future the chances for equality in South African health care appear to be rather slim; a myriad interest groups with vested interests in the status quo are at play, opposing any fundamental reform to ensure greater equality. However, what is more important than the acceptance of this fate is our sincere endeavours to minimise these inequalities.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Population-based exposure measurements in Arizona: a phase I field study in support of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey.

The objective of this proposed Phase I field study is to determine the distributions of total human exposures to multimedia pollutants in the classes of metals, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This will be achieved by studying a proportion-based sample of the total population in Arizona with a nested design for the different stages of sampling. Specific objectives are: (1) to document the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of total exposures in the general population; (2) to characterize the 90th percentiles of total exposures to each pollutant; (3) to monitor geographic and temporal trends of the multimedia exposures; (4) to evaluate the different media, personal, time-activity, and geographical factors that contribute to current total exposure; (5) to evaluate biomarkers in blood and urine for the target pollutants; (6) to perform evaluations of relationships between exposure reports, environmental measurements, and biomarkers of the target pollutants; (7) to predict total exposures; and (8) to assess total exposures in minority and disadvantaged subsets of the population. The latter is particularly feasible in Arizona due to the large proportions of such population subgroups. The proportionate-based population sampling of households within blocks will occur in Stage 1; the target is 1,200 such households. They will be interviewed utilizing National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) questionnaires. In Stage 2, additional questionnaires will be completed; environmental sampling will take place in 450-900 households representatively selected from the respondents. Environmental sampling will include: metals in dust, soil, outside air, and some tap water; pesticides in dust, soil, and some tap water; total VOCs in air. In Stage 3, a subset of representative households will be reevaluated for metals, pesticides, and VOCs using methods with greater resolution and reliability; subjects in these households will be asked to complete questionnaires and provide biological samples. Follow-up temporal evaluations will be performed in a randomly selected subset of homes evaluated during this stage.

Arizona↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Population-based exposure measurements in EPA region 5: a phase I field study in support of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey.

The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) Phase I study is designed to be part of the total NHEXAS framework developed from a series of scientific discussions and workshops conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during 1992 and 1993. NHEXAS examines total human exposure and is structured to include: Phase I, scoping studies; Phase II, a full national exposure survey; and Phase III, a series of highly focused characterization modules. Our research program examines the scientific issues important to Phase II, including statistical sampling, methods evaluation, media concentration measurements, formulating quality assurance goals, and identification of important pathways leading to exposure. To determine the feasibility of NHEXAS in characterizing human exposure for a representative population, a hypothesis-driven design is used to answer important questions about human exposure to specific environmental contaminants. This paper describes: (1) hypotheses to be tested; (2) contaminants selected for study; (3) strategies for measuring exposure; (4) study area and population; (5) population sampling design; (6) media sampling and analysis procedures; and (7) data analysis. The contaminants of concern in this Phase I study include selected metals and volatile organic compounds. From these classes the first-tier contaminants to be measured are lead, arsenic, benzene, chloroform, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. Contaminants selected for examination may potentially be found in many media (personal-nonoccupational, personal-occupational, indoor, and outdoor residential air; dust; potable water; food/beverages; soil; blood; hair; and urine) and exposures may occur by multiple routes (inhalation, ingestion, dermal). The central hypothesis of our field study is to discover whether individual and population exposures determined by modeled or extant data are/are not significantly different from those determined directly from multipathway and multimedia measurements. In addition, there are a series of subhypotheses ranging from pollutant-specific exposure measurement and body burden hypotheses to the optimization of exposure models. In keeping with the NHEXAS framework, a probability-based population sample for total exposure and the field study will be conducted in counties located throughout EPA Region 5 (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan). Sampling units will be households and an individual residing within each household. Environmental, exposure, and biological media sample collection will be performed by this consortium. Analyses of the external media and biological media samples will be completed by this consortium or Federal laboratories of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or EPA. The protocols and analytical techniques selected for use represent the best available for total exposure assessment at this time.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1996

Multisectoral strategy for AIDS prevention at community level.

In north-east Thailand a five-act drama is broadcast on the village sound system to catalyse involvement in planning and carrying out AIDS prevention activities. Each community's own suggestions for an effective strategy are presented to the relevant government and nongovernmental agencies for endorsement and support.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Thirty-eight years of water fluoridation--the Singapore scenario.

The high caries rate in Singapore school children was of great concern to dental administrators. Remedial measures alone were not the solution. The success of water fluoridation in Grand Rapids, USA and in Brantford, Canada in reducing dental caries in children in the early 1950s prompted Singapore to introduce fluoride into its drinking water. Singapore is the first country in Asia to institute a comprehensive fluoridation programme which covers 100 per cent of the population. The water was fluoridated at 0.7 ppm fluoride using sodium silicofluoride. The ten year study on the effects of water fluoridation in Singapore showed a decrease in caries prevalence in the children. In the permanent dentition the reduction was 52.3 per cent for Chinese and 31 per cent for Malays in the 7 to 9 year old age group. A similar trend was observed in the mixed dentition in which the decrease was 32.5 per cent for Chinese and 30.6 per cent for Malays. Because of the availability and use of other fluoride products, dental fluorosis was observed in children in later years. Although the decline in dental caries after 10 years of water fluoridation was not comparable to those achieved in other countries, this study further documents water fluoridation as the most cost-effective public health measure for the prevention of dental caries.

Adolescent↗