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PubMed1981

Behavioral effects of opiates: a pharmacogenetic analysis.

A number of studies are reviewed in relation to a pharmacogenetic approach to the effect of opiates. The behavioral effects of morphine and heroin in different species or strains of animals are considered. In particular, a number of behavioral, neurophysiological, and biochemical correlates of the opiates in different inbred strains of mice are cited. Recent studies concerning the effects of opiates on behavior have utilized the C57BL/6J and the DBA/2J strains, which are characterized by different brain levels and turnover of cholinergic and adrenergic mediators. It has been shown that the effects of opiates on running activity and on analgesia are strain-dependent, and a negative correlation is evident between the two measures in the strains considered. Experiments carried out on mice with septal lesions and on normal mice have confirmed that the motor and analgesic effects of morphine in the mouse are two distinct phenomena, which may be explained through different neurophysiological and biochemical models. Differences between the strains considered have also been observed when the ECoG response to morphine administration has been investigated. The results of these experiments have suggested: 1. The existence of a correlation between behavioral activation and sleep-like ECoG patterns. 2. The existence of a similarity between the effects of the anticholinergic drugs and those of morphine, since a dissociation between ECoG and behavior became evident following morphine administration. Some studies have also suggested that the environmental factors play an important role in determining the stimulating effects of morphine. This effect was absent in "experience" mice (i.e., in subjects already tested in the apparatus), as compared with naive "inexperienced" animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Escape efficiency of diploid and polyploid frogs: a comparison of Odontophrynus cultripes (2n = 22) and O. americanus (4n = 44).

The escape efficiency of two closely related species of frogs, Odontophrynus cultripes (2n = 22) and the tetraploid O. americanus (4n = 44), were compared in a shuttle box and under simulated naturalistic conditions. O. americanus was generally superior to O. cultripes, and females tended to outperform males within both species. The relative inefficiency of O. Cultripes escape behavior was examined in light of the animals' having an elaborate, passive defense mechanism in the form of well marked venom glands. Escape efficiency was highly variable in both species. Possessing twice the amount of DNA, the tetraploid behavioral variation was paradoxically less than that of the diploid, but compatible with what has been found for morphological characters in other organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Bidirectional selection for open-field activity in young chicks.

A selection program for open-field activity in 2-day-old chicks was performed over eight generations. All characters measured responded to selection, and for most of them the response was symmetric in the two strains. After eight generations of selection the distribution of latencies and of measures of activity overlapped only slightly. The two exceptions were the latency to move and the percentage of birds which defecated. From an evolutionary point of view the symmetry of the two lines, the relatively high heritabilities, and the absence of heterotic effects on these characters show that open-field behavior has been subjected to a stabilizing natural selection rather than a directional one. This conclusion agrees with observations on open-field behavior in this and other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A gene-imposed nervous system difference influencing behavioral covariance.

Behavioral and physiological scores from 697 mice sampled from lines at various times during their response to bidirectional selection for divergent caudal nerve conduction velocity suggest broad-reaching behavioral effects of the gene differences among lines. Sciatic nerve conduction velocity differences as well as line differences in reflexive leg withdrawal indicate gene effects general to other peripheral nerves and to behaviors with known dependence on functional by those nerves. Independently replicated line differences for open-field activity and defecation demonstrate effects on more complex behaviors with no obvious direct relationship to peripheral nerve conduction velocity. The direction of line differences in open-field behaviors suggests that genetic variance for peripheral nerve function may contribute to genetic covariance between these behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Inclusive fitness arguments in genetic models of behaviour.

My purpose here is to provide a coherent account of inclusive fitness techniques, accessible to a mathematically literate graduate student in evolutionary biology, and to relate these to standard one-locus genetic models. I begin in Sect. 2 with a general formulation of evolutionary stability; in Sect. 3 and Sect. 4 I interpret the basic stability conditions within genetic and inclusive fitness models. In Sect. 5 I extend these concepts to the case of a class-structured population, and in Sect. 6 I illustrate these notions with a sex ratio example. In Sect. 7 I give a proof of the result that under additive gene action and weak selection, an inclusive fitness argument is able to verify an important stability condition (2.5) for one-locus genetic models. Most of these results have been published.

Alleles↗