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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Effect of adrenal function on gastrointestinal peptide release in experimental cardiac arrest.

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), neurotensin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are peptides that modify various autonomic and neural functions. These substances are secreted into the blood in response to physiologic stimuli affecting the gastrointestinal tract. To determine the effect of adrenal hormones on gastrointestinal peptide release we measured blood levels of PP, VIP, substance P, and neurotensin in adrenalectomized and intact dogs undergoing cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), a condition associated with maximal adrenal stimulation. One hour after completion of abdominal surgery consisting of bilateral adrenalectomy or exposure of the adrenal glands (sham operation), ventricular fibrillation was induced in 19 dogs by direct ventricular discharge. Despite marked elevations of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine, CPR was associated with minimal endocrine gastrointestinal involvement, restricted to increased VIP levels in sham-operated dogs. No specific gastrointestinal peptide response to cardiac arrest was seen in adrenalectomized animals, but their plasma PP and VIP levels were higher than those of sham-operated dogs. Therefore, acute maximal adrenal stimulation is associated with selective VIP release. In addition, the higher level of the vagally controlled plasma PP in adrenalectomized animals suggests a tonic inhibitory effect of adrenal secretions on the release of this peptide.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1987

Endocrine abnormalities in morbid obesity.

Recognizing the hormonal changes that accompany morbid obesity may prevent inappropriate investigations and treatments as well as provide rational approaches to reducing the morbidity and mortality of this disorder. The secondary nature of some of these metabolic changes can be demonstrated by overfeeding nonobese subjects. The crucial role of achieving adequate weight loss is also emphasized by the reversal of most of the hormonal abnormalities following successful weight loss.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1991

Nitrogen retention caused by growth hormone in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery with epidural analgesia and parenteral nutrition.

Nineteen patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery were randomised to receive recombination human growth hormone (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) for the first five postoperative days. All received epidural analgesia and total parenteral nutrition during the same period (energy supply 125% of basal metabolic rate, mean nitrogen (+/- SEM) 5.7 (+/- 0.1) g/m2). Nitrogen and potassium retention was induced in the growth hormone group compared with the placebo group (cumulative nitrogen balance 4.1 (+/- 1.1) g/m2 in the growth hormone group and -3.1 (+/- 1.8) g/m2 in the placebo group, p less than 0.01; cumulative potassium balance 80.8 (+/- 4.7) mmol/m2 in the growth hormone group and 43.1 (+/- 11.4) mmol/m2 in the placebo group, p less than 0.01). In the growth hormone group, serum glucose concentrations increased each evening and mean serum albumin concentrations were reduced throughout the period; the morning pulse rates were decreased, and the patients gained weight compared with the placebo group.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effect of enteric hormones on sphincter of Oddi and gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in fasted conscious opossums.

In this study we evaluated the effect of enteric hormones on sphincter of Oddi and gastrointestinal spike burst frequency in fasted conscious opossums. A chronic model for obtaining multiple long-term recording of sphincter of Oddi and gastrointestinal myoelectric activity was prepared in 12 animals by implanting bipolar electrodes in the gastric antrum, duodenum, sphincter of Oddi, jejunum, and ileum. Subsequently, 8-18 recording session, 6-8 h in length, were obtained in each animal. Each study was preceded by a 15-h fast. After recording two cycles of the interdigestive migratory myoelectric complex, a 60-min infusion of saline, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, pentagastrin, glucagon, or secretin was begun early in the quiescent period of duodenal activity, 10 min after termination of phase 3 of the migratory myoelectric complex activity. Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (10-80 ng/kg . min) and pentagastrin (25-200 ng/kg . min) increased sphincter of Oddi spike burst frequency while converting interdigestive gastrointestinal myoelectric activity to a fed-like pattern of continuous, irregular spike bursts. Glucagon at high doses of 500 and 1000 ng/kg . min depressed sphincter of Oddi and gastrointestinal spike burst activity, whereas lower doses of glucagon and secretin (3-12 CU/kg . h) had no effect. We conclude that in the opossum, relatively low doses of cholecystokinin-octapeptide and pentagastrin stimulate sphincter of Oddi and gastrointestinal spike burst activity while disrupting the cyclic pattern of sphincter of Oddi and gastrointestinal spike burst activity present during fasting. The physiological significance of these findings remains to be determined.

Action Potentials↗