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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Auditory imprinting leads to differential 2-deoxyglucose uptake and dendritic spine loss in the chick rostral forebrain.

Newly hatched chicks of the domestic fowl (White Leghorn) were imprinted to an acoustic stimulus (Group I: 400 Hz, 3 bursts per s, Group II: 900 Hz, 2 bursts per s) and tested in a straight runway with loudspeakers behind two opposite goal boxes. Those chicks were considered imprinted which headed for the imprinting stimulus in an approach test and subsequently preferred it to a new stimulus (imprinting stimulus of the other group) in a simultaneous discrimination test. On day 7 after hatching (after the sensitive phase) imprinted chicks and naive controls were injected with 2-[14C]deoxyglucose (2DG) and exposed to the imprinting stimulus. Autoradiographic analysis of their brains revealed 3 well demarcated areas of increased 2DG accumulation in the rostral forebrain of imprinted chicks compared to controls: HAD in the rostral Wulst; MNH, an auditory area in the rostromedial neostriatum and hyperstriatum ventrale; LNH in the rostrolateral neostriatum and hyperstriatum ventrale. Analysis of these brain areas in 7-day-old acoustically imprinted and control animals with the Golgi-Cox method revealed a highly significant reduction of spine frequency of a large neostriatal neuron type in MNH of imprinted chicks. An additional Golgi-Cox analysis was carried out with chicks imprinted on a broody hen, i.e. on the whole spectrum of natural stimuli. In that group spine frequency of the same neuron type was between that of acoustically imprinted and control animals. A hypothesis of filial imprinting is presented which considers spine loss as a crucial mechanism.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In situ hybridization: an optimised detection protocol for a biotinylated DNA probe renders it more sensitive than a comparable 35S-labelled probe.

The development of a highly sensitive biotinylated in situ hybridization protocol using egg drop syndrome virus infection of domestic fowl as a model is described. This protocol incorporates the use of a monoclonal antibody to biotin as the initial step in a peroxidase-based detection system. The detection of viral nucleic acid in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections using biotinylated and 35S-labelled probes is compared to the detection of viral antigen by immunocytochemistry. Biotinylated probes detected more positive cells than 35S-labelled probes and were more specific. Biotinylated probes detected more positive cells than immunocytochemistry.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1992

Methionine5-enkephalin and opiate binding sites in the neurohypophysis of the bird, Gallus domesticus.

Uncertainties with respect to the cellular localization, binding characteristics and function of Met-enkephalin in the neurohypophysis of mammalian species prompted us to examine the neurohypophysis of a non-mammalian species for opioid material and opioid binding sites. In extracts of the neurohypophysis of the domestic fowl we found immunoassayable Met-enkephalin, but could not detect dynorphin(1-8)-like material. Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was co-localized with mesotocin in the same nerve endings. Stereospecific opiate binding was specifically located in neurosecretosomes (isolated neurosecretory terminals) of the mesotocin type, as shown by autoradiography. Enkephalins therefore may modulate mesotocin release in an autocrine manner. The neurohypophysis of this common bird appears to be a favorable model for studies of enkephalin function in the absence of dynorphin.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of intraportal infusion of glucose and lysine on food intake in intact and hepatic-vagotomized chickens.

Cockerels of a laying strain were prepared at 16 weeks of age with catheters whose tip lay in the hepatic portal vein, to study the effect of 3-h infusions of nutrients into the liver on food intake. L-Lysine (300 mg) and D-glucose (1.26 mg) reduced food intake by up to 25 and 24% respectively when infused into the portal vein and gave an additive effect (-47%) when infused together. Bilateral abdominal vagotomy prevented the reduction in food intake caused by the infusions, although when no infusion was given intakes were lower than in intact birds and the birds ate significantly fewer meals which were of a greater size. These results suggest a role for the liver in the control of food intake of the domestic fowl, with the vagus nerves communicating between this organ and the central nervous system.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food intake, gastric secretion, and motility as affected by avian pancreatic polypeptide administered centrally in chickens.

The effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) on food intake, gizzard motility, gastric secretion volume, pH, and pepsin concentration was investigated using 16-20-week-old Single-Comb White Leghorn hens. Birds were stereotaxically cannulated in the right lateral ventricle. In addition, a strain gauge was attached to the gizzard to measure motility and a polyethylene cannula was implanted into the caudoventral margin of the proventriculus to collect glandular secretions. All birds were fasted for 18 hr prior to the injection of APP. In Experiment 1 food was made available immediately following the injection of APP while in Experiment 2 food was withheld for an additional one hr post-injection. The ICV injection of APP significantly increased food intake but had no significant effect on gizzard motility, gastric secretion volume, pH, or pepsin concentration in birds given access to food immediately after injection. In birds which remained fasted after injection, pepsin concentration was decreased by APP injection, but gizzard motility, gastric secretion volume, and pH were not affected. Because ICV injections of APP significantly increased food intake and, in fasted birds, decreased pepsin concentration, it appears that APP is involved in the central nervous system control of food intake and pepsin secretion in the domestic fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Respiratory capacity of developing chick red and white skeletal muscle.

Oxygen consumption, cytochrome oxidase and succinoxidase activity was measured in samples of leg and breast muscle from chick embryos ranging in age from 11 to 19 days. Respiratory parameters increased significantly in both muscle groups during embryonic life. By the later stages of incubation, leg and breast muscles differed significantly in cytochrome and succinoxidase activity. Oxygen uptake between leg and breast muscles did not differ significantly during later development. The results suggest at least a partial pre-natal differentiation of skeletal muscle in the domestic fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Respiratory and blood gas responses in exercising birds.

The effects of exercise in birds on changes in body temperature, ventilation, blood gases and air-sac gases are reviewed. Except in the case of isothermic exercise below the anaerobic threshold, birds hyperventilate during exercise. Exercise hyperventilation is greater at higher exercise intensities and at higher environmental temperatures. The domestic fowl appears to be a suitable model for the study of physiological responses to exercise in running birds. A prior period of training is necessary to accustom the birds to laboratory procedures. The possible neural and/or humoral mechanisms controlling exercise hyperpnea are listed. Intrapulmonary hypocapnia seems to exclude the possibility that lung chemoreceptors are responsible for the hyperpnea during exercise, but these receptors probably play a predominant role in the determination of ventilatory pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effects of cooling the egg on the respiratory movements of the hatching duck (Anas platyrhynchos).

1. The ambient temperature of pipped eggs of the domestic duck was reduced from 39 degrees C to 24 +/- 1.5 degrees C for a period of 1 hr. 2. In the majority of embryos there was a notable increase in the amplitude of respiration. 3. The respiratory frequency of each embryo fell, but remained above a value of 60 breaths/min. 4. When the eggs were rewarmed there was a reduction in the respiratory amplitude within a period of 10 min and the respiratory frequencies of the majority of embryos returned to normal within a period of 30 min. 5. These results are compared with those obtained previously in similar studies on the domestic fowl and quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Exercise hyperpnea in birds: evidence against a primary role for pCO2.

Ventilatory responses of domestic fowl to graded intensities of treadmill exercise were compared when the birds breathed air, 3% CO2 in air or 4.2% CO2 in air. During exercise in air, increased minute ventilation resulted mainly from increased respiratory rate with little change in tidal volume. This pattern of ventilatory response was not altered when the birds respired CO2. In contrast, the pattern of ventilatory response to CO2, at given work loads, consisted of a primary increase in tidal volume with little change in respiratory rate. It is concluded that intrapulmonary pCO2 does not affect the ventilatory response to exercise.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Jejunal and cecal 3-oxy-methyl-D-glucose absorption in chicken using a perfusion system in vivo.

3-oxy-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) absorption by jejunum and caecum has been studied in the domestic fowl in vivo, with luminal perfusion, during 5 min periods. The diffusion component was evaluated in the presence of phloridzin (10(-3) M) that inhibits the active transport mechanism. Kd of jejunal and cecal diffusion of the monosaccharide have been calculated, showing a similar value. The Kt and Vmax of 3-OMG absorption were calculated using a graphical method for the two intestinal segments. The caecum showed a lower Kt and Vmax than the jejunum did.

3-O-Methylglucose↗
PubMed1992

Seasonal temperature and its influence on plasma corticosterone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, plasma protein and packed cell volume in mature male chickens.

1. The relationship between seasonal changes in environmental temperature and hematological parameters was investigated in mature, single comb white leghorn (SCWL) male chickens. 2. Samples of blood plasma, obtained monthly from two groups of birds over two separate 12 month periods, were analysed for corticosterone (CT), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), plasma protein (PP), and packed cell volume (PCV). 3. Statistical analyses revealed that blood plasma concentrations of T3 were significantly correlated negatively with monthly dry-bulb temperatures. 4. There were no consistent or significant relationships between monthly dry-bulb temperature and CT, T4, PP or PCV over the two 12 month periods. 5. The results of this study indicate that blood plasma concentrations of T3 are influenced by season of year in mature, male domestic fowl.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

On the carbohydrate metabolism of pectoral muscle in the ontogeny of chicken.

1. Immediately after hatching, the pectoral muscle has a low glycogen content, and exhibits very low glycogen and high glucose and oxygen consumptions. 2. Drastic metabolic changes occur during the second day and again during the second week of life ("critical periods of the ontogenesis"); the above metabolic pattern is reversed. 3. The insulin sensitivity of the muscle is very low during these critical periods, and high between them. 4. The overall trend of metabolic ontogenesis in the pectoral muscle of the domestic fowl (non-flying bird) seems to have no functional but genetical determination.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Formation of alanine and glutamine in chick (Gallus domesticus) skeletal muscle.

1. Incubation of extensor digitorum communis muscles from fed chicks in the presence of plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) increased the formation of glutamate, glutamine and alanine. This effect was inhibited by 1.5 mM L-cycloserine. 2. 2-Oxoisocaproate (0.1 and 0.5 mM) increased the formation of leucine but decreased that of glutamate, glutamine and alanine. 3. NH4Cl (0.3 mM) increased the formation of glutamine, and decreased the release and intracellular concentrations of glutamate and alanine. 4. Our results demonstrate that alanine and glutamine are synthesized de novo in chick skeletal muscle and demonstrate the similarity in alanine and glutamine synthesis in skeletal muscle between the domestic fowl and mammals.

Alanine↗
PubMed1992

Progesterone stimulates prostaglandin synthesis in eggshell gland mucosa of estrogen-primed chickens.

1. Prostaglandins may be involved in calcium translocation in the avian shell gland, since indomethacin, administered at the beginning of shell formation, reduces eggshell thickness as well as 45Ca-uptake and prostaglandin synthesis by a homogenate of eggshell gland mucosa. 2. The stimulus for calcium transport in the shell gland during shell formation remains unknown. 3. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of progesterone on prostaglandin formation by the eggshell gland mucosa of the domestic fowl. 4. Progesterone significantly stimulated synthesis of PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and TXB2 by eggshell gland mucosa homogenate. 5. Progesterone treatment also induced the synthesis of the biotin-binding protein, avidin. 6. A microsomal fraction prepared from the eggshell gland mucosa had a high affinity for binding PGE2. 7. Progesterone treatment reduced the KD value of this binding without affecting the maximal number of binding sites. 8. Progesterone did not change the total calcium content of shell gland mucosa. 9. The role progesterone plays in prostaglandin formation and calcium transport in the eggshell gland mucosa is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

An antigen detection immunoassay for big liver and spleen disease agent.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) able to detect an antigen associated with infection with big liver and spleen (BLS) agent was developed. The assay is a capture ELISA (C-ELISA) procedure using ELISA plates coated with mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb 1H4) for antigen capture and a polyclonal chicken Ig preparation, extracted from yolk of BLS antibody positive birds, for detection of captured BLS antigen. mAb 1H4 was produced to a partially purified antigen preparation from liver suspensions of naturally BLS infected birds. The C-ELISA was evaluated for specificity and sensitivity in naturally and experimentally BLS infected and uninfected broiler and layer breeds of domestic fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Ventilatory and cardiovascular responses of the unanaesthetized chicken, Gallus domesticus, to the respiratory stimulants etamiphylline and almitrine.

The ventilatory and cardiovascular effects of i.v. administration of the respiratory stimulants etamiphylline and almitrine were investigated in conscious or decerebrate adult female domestic fowl. Infusion of etamiphylline (100 mg . kg-1) or injection of almitrine (2 mg . kg-1) evoked a potent long-lasting stimulation of ventilation in both conscious and decerebrate fowl. The pattern of the respiratory response was characteristically different to that observed in mammals in that the increased minute volume of ventilation was attained by large increases in respiratory frequency accompanied by a reduction in tidal volume. The pattern of respiration following drug-induced stimulation was, in some birds, typical of thermal panting although neither etamiphylline nor almitrine caused significant increases in body temperature. Differences in the pattern of responses of the rate and depth of breathing may be attributed in part to the differences in pulmonary receptor systems involved in the control of breathing in birds and mammals.

Almitrine↗
PubMed1990

The distribution of calmodulin in the mucosa of the avian oviduct and the effect of p-p'-DDE on some of its metabolic parameters.

1. Since calmodulin or some closely related peptide may activate the Ca2(+)-transporting system in the avian eggshell gland, the calmodulin content in different parts of the oviduct mucosa was determined in egg-laying birds killed at 1600 hr. 2. The highest content was noted in the shell gland mucosa both in egg-laying ducks and hens. The calmodulin content was high even in the isthmus part, where the shell formation begins. 3. Treatment of ducks (Indian runner variety) with DDE (40 ppm for 45 days) did not influence the calmodulin content of the shell gland, however. 4. The content of the protein avidin, the formation of which is stimulated by progesterone, was increased significantly in the oviduct. The carbanhydrase activity did not change significantly. 5. The dry weight of the shell gland was reduced by DDE administration in ducks but not in domestic fowls. 6. These and earlier observations indicate that DDE can act as an partial agonist which is able both to stimulate and to inhibit reactions in the shell gland and other parts of the oviduct. 7. In vivo DDE in the dose used probably acted on higher centres, influencing the activity of the shell gland and probably other parts of the oviduct. 8. A regulation centre which influences several sexual functions is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal region, but the endocrine function of the ovary has also been considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Osseous malrepair in calcium-deficient states.

A primary body tissue involved in metabolic change under the influence of gravity is bone. Osseous integrity is obviously essential for normal musculoskeletal activity; this is of particular importance in long manned space flights where some evidence suggesting calcium loss from bone exists. Studies in our laboratory, utilizing an avian model, have been on the effects of chronic calcium deficiency (or "nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism"), particularly on bone repair. Quantitative methods to determine both the rate and quality of osseous defects have been developed. A calcium-deficient synthetic diet (0.002% calcium by weight, but otherwise nutritionally complete) has been formulated to permit the induction of true calcium deficiency states in adult, skeletally mature, male domestic fowl. This report is concerned with the effects of long-term calcium depletion on bone repair. It has been classically taught that bone injury repair is always preferentially treated by the body, despite skeletal calcium depletion. For the first time, we have been able to demonstrate that this is incorrect; in the chronic calcium-deficient state, an osseous defect will not be preferentially calcified at the expense of an already-decalcifying skeleton. Quantitative data demonstrate that healing patterns in bone vary in response to the duration of the calcium deficiency. In adult male fowl, calcium-deficient for ten months, bone repair is almost completely absent; in those calcium-deficient for six months, bone repair is both retarded and imperfect; repair is absent even when supplemental calcium is administered at the time of osseous injury induction and thereafter. The conclusions to be drawn from this study are that (i) bone repair is adversely affected in the calcium-deficient state, (ii) the rate and quality of bone repair are directly related to the duration of the calcium-deficient state, and (iii) supplemental calcium administration in chronic calcium-deficient states initially retards, rather than enhances, bone repair. These conclusions have direct relevance to long-term manned space flight.

Animals↗