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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

The effect of distance and location cues on linear arm positioning by children.

Forty-five boys in each of three age groups learned a 40 cm linear arm movement, without the aid of vision. Fifteen in each age group attempted to reproduce the movement using either distance, location, or distance plus location cues. Analysis of absolute error scores showed a significant effect of movement cue with inferiority in recall using distance cues compared with the other cue conditions. The interaction effect was also significant. The results are discussed in terms of the development of coding systems for movements in short-term memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Scales for measuring subjective distance in children and adults in a large open field.

Five age levels (6, 8, 10, 12 years, and adults, N = 127) estimated distance in a large open field by the fractionation method. Scales for subjective distance were derived for each group. It was found that (a) the adults differed from all the other groups, (b) the 12-year-olds differed from the six-year-olds, (c) all the exponents were smaller than 1, (d) perceived distance in a large open field was characterized by underconstancy, and (e) underconstancy was greater for the younger subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Culture and social distance: a case study of methodological cautions.

The authors presented, as a case study of methodological challenges in cross-cultural research, E. S. Bogardus's (1925) Social Distance Scale, which requires respondents to indicate the social distance between themselves and others. The meaningfulness of the scale depends on the assumption that respondents believe that the magnitude of social distance increases as one moves through the social categories of family member, friend, neighbor, coworker, and citizen. The authors tested this assumption for English Canadian, French Canadian, Jewish, Indian, Algerian, and Greek participants, all 1st-generation immigrants in Montreal. The participants rated their willingness to associate with members of each of the other ethnic groups in 5 social categories. The percentage of respondents in each sample whose data conformed to the prediction ranged from 63.7% to 98.0%, with English Canadian, French Canadian, and Jewish respondents providing responses most consistent with the predicted pattern. The Indian and Algerian respondents' data were the least consistent with the predicted pattern, especially when rating members of their own ethnic groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Speeding up learning: accelerated distance learning in rehabilitation education.

Distance learning in higher education involves a continum of technologies ranging from teleconferencing to video streaming. The United States is approaching a crisis in personnel shortages in rehabilitation counseling and education. Because of these shortages, higher education is called upon to produce counselors in an abbreviated period of time. Thus, distance learning is recognized as an integral part of education, especially for adult learners. This article provides an overview and discussion of the relevance of distance and accelerated learning in rehabilitation and higher education.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2004

Leveling the playing field: the development of a distance education program in rehabilitation counseling.

This article describes the curriculum design and development of an online Master's degree program in Rehabilitation Counseling at the University of South Carolina. The use of Bloom's Taxonomy as a method for selecting distance education techniques and teaching methods to ensure equivalency of the educational experience to traditional classroom teaching is described. The author presents tables to demonstrate the cognitive competencies, traditional and distance education methods, and use of synchronous and asynchronous methods in reaching desired educational objectives. This process has resulted in the creation of a program that offers distance education options, traditional classroom options, or a blend of approaches. The menu of options has met the unique learning needs of all students and has offered students with disabilities a level playing field on which to build rehabilitation counseling competencies.

Communication Devices for People with Disabilities↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of Two Methods for Judging Distances Near Overhead Power Lines.

Sixteen certified crane operators performed several series of boom movements toward a segment of a typical power line using a 100-ton lifting capacity crane equipped with an 18-m boom, a single lifting cable, and a hard ball hook. The operators were instructed to stop the crane movement when the lifting cable reached the edge of the danger zone located 3 m from the power line. To achieve each maneuver, they evaluated the distance between the nearest wire and their crane using two methods: free sighting and the use of highly visible markers delineating the edge of the danger zone. The dependent measure was the distance between the lifting cable and the edge of the danger zone. Results showed that operators were generally unreliable when judging the distance between their crane and the power line when sighting the power line directly, but the use of markers proved to be much more precise and reliable in targeting the edge of the danger zone.

crane↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between public causal beliefs and social distance toward mentally ill people.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the nature of the relationship between public causal beliefs and social distance toward people with mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia and depression. METHOD: In total, three representative surveys were carried out in Germany, Russia and Mongolia using personal, fully structured interviews. RESULTS: Despite the subjects' different cultural backgrounds, their responses show similar trends with regard to attributing depression and schizophrenia to psychosocial causes: 'acute stress' (life event) was most frequently endorsed as the cause for these two disorders. The biological causes ('brain disease' and 'heredity') were less frequently selected for depression than for schizophrenia. Irrespective of place and type of mental disorder, endorsing biological factors as the cause of schizophrenia was associated with a greater desire for social distance, the same relationship applies to depression in half the instances. CONCLUSIONS: It would be premature to draw conclusions with regard to interventions aimed at reducing discrimination based on stigma. However, our study provides stimulus for re-considering the assumptions underlying antistigma interventions: that promulgating biological concepts among the public might not contribute to a desired reduction in social distance toward people with mental disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Distance underestimation in virtual space is sensitive to gender but not activity-passivity or mode of interaction.

Four groups of undergraduates (half of each gender) experienced a movement along a corridor containing three distinctive objects, in a virtual environment (VE) with wide-screen projection. One group simulated walking along the virtual corridor using a proprietary step-exercise device. A second group moved along the corridor in conventional flying mode, depressing a keyboard key to initiate continuous forward motion. Two further groups observed the walking and flying participants, by viewing their progress on the screen. Participants then had to walk along a real equivalent but empty corridor, and indicate the positions of the three objects. All groups underestimated distances in the real corridor, the greatest underestimates occurring for the middle distance object. Males' underestimations were significantly lower than females' at all distances. However, there was no difference between the active participants and passive observers, nor between walking and flying conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A synchronous communication experiment within an online distance learning program: a case study.

Student-teacher and student-student interactions in purely asynchronous distance learning courses are much lacking compared to similar interactions found in face-to-face teaching, causing learners to experience feelings of isolation, thus reducing motivation and increasing dropout rates. We used PalTalk, an Internet text and audio chat client from AVM Software, Inc. (New York, NY), to offer our students live virtual classroom sessions within a unit of our online distance learning M.Sc. program in Healthcare Informatics. On-demand replays of audio excerpts from the sessions were also provided to accommodate absenteeism and for student review. Five students completed an evaluation questionnaire. Our results highlighted the potential merits of using synchronous conferencing to assist in fostering a sense of belonging to one supportive learning community among distance learners and improve educational outcomes. Students were very positive toward the real-time human interaction and voted for a 95/5 (asynchronous/synchronous percentages) blended delivery approach for a typical unit in our program. They also praised PalTalk's voice quality and ease of use. This paper presents educational and technological perspectives about this experiment in the form of a state-of the- art review, without intending to be statistically rigorous. However, robust research evidence is still required to convince educators fully about the benefits of synchronous communication tools and help them decide on the most suitable solutions for their particular circumstances.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed2001

Prejudice, social distance, and familiarity with mental illness.

In this study, the paths between two prejudicial attitudes (authoritarianism and benevolence) and a proxy measure of behavioral discrimination (social distance) were examined in a sample drawn from the general public. Moreover, the effects of two person variables (familiarity with mental illness and ethnicity) on prejudice were examined in the path analysis. One hundred fifty-one research participants completed measures of prejudice toward, social distance from, and familiarity with mental illness. Goodness-of-fit indexes from path analyses supported our hypotheses. Social distance is influenced by both kinds of prejudice: authoritarianism (the belief that persons with mental illness cannot care for themselves, so a paternalistic health system must do so) and benevolence (the belief that persons with mental illness are innocent and childlike). These forms of prejudice, in turn, are influenced by the believers' familiarity with mental illness and their ethnicity. We also discuss how these findings might contribute to a fuller understanding of mental illness stigma.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Is neuronal encoding of subject-object distance dependent on learning?

Recordings were made in the intermediate and medial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale of behaving domestic chicks which had been imprinted (trained) by being exposed to a training stimulus. Neurons were tested for responsiveness to the training stimulus and to an alternative stimulus at each of three distances (d = 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m) from the chick. For responses to the training stimulus 24/78 (31%) responsive neurons were d-sensitive, i.e. responses changed with distance. For responses to the alternative stimulus, a similar proportion of neurons was d-sensitive (16/57, 28%). Six d-invariant neurons responded similarly at each distance: four to the training and two to the alternative stimulus. Thus no effect of learning on d-sensitive or d-invariant neuronal responsiveness was found.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Indicators of success in distance education.

Distance education offers many advantages to students, faculty, and educational institutions. Despite these advantages, distance education classes historically have higher dropout rates than do the courses taught in the traditional, face-to-face setting. Current research includes information related to technology, teaching tips, and resources for these extended learning opportunities. However, information related to student success in distance education is limited and success indicators are poorly defined. Current studies on success indicators often lack a defining framework that provides an opportunity for study replication and strengthens the credibility of study findings. An empirical model developed by Powell et al divides potential determinants of success into three categories. This literature review identifies indicators in each category and indicates a need to revise the current framework to include technology as a fourth category. The revised framework should provide a basis for additional research in this rapidly growing area.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Examining the impact of a distance education MPH program: a one-year follow-up survey of graduates.

This article addresses the critical issue of measuring impact of a distance education Master of Public Health degree program on public health practitioners. It is based on an online survey of the 49 graduates of the Public Health Leadership Program at the School of Public Health of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The survey was carried out 1-year postgraduation and had a 73% response rate. Results indicated that graduates continued to have a high level of satisfaction with the program; 97% of respondents indicated they would recommend the program to others, and 75% said that their overall opinion about the program had increased since graduation. On a scale of 1 to 10, 79% of respondents rated the program with a score of 8 or higher in terms of the impact of the program on their ability to do their current job. Regarding new opportunities, 75% of respondents reported that they had new professional affiliations or service commitments, and 31% had job promotions since graduating. The methodology and results reported here may be a model for assessing the impact of a distance learning degree program for mid-career professionals. These results support the viability of a distance-education format for providing necessary training at the master's level for the public health workforce.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2004

Models of social networks based on social distance attachment.

We propose a class of models of social network formation based on a mathematical abstraction of the concept of social distance. Social distance attachment is represented by the tendency of peers to establish acquaintances via a decreasing function of the relative distance in a representative social space. We derive analytical results (corroborated by extensive numerical simulations), showing that the model reproduces the main statistical characteristics of real social networks: large clustering coefficient, positive degree correlations, and the emergence of a hierarchy of communities. The model is confronted with the social network formed by people that shares confidential information using the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption algorithm, the so-called web of trust of PGP.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Factors influencing social distance from people with schizophrenia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of the relationship between public causal beliefs and social distance from people with schizophrenia. Regression analysis of the results of a vignette-based opinion survey was conducted on a representative population sample in Erzincan (n = 856). The findings of this study suggest that there is a positive relationship between biological causal beliefs (i.e. 'brain and disease' and 'heredity') and social distance from people with schizophrenia. It would be premature to draw conclusions with regard to interventions aimed at reducing discrimination based on stigma. However, our study provides stimulus for reconsidering the assumptions underlying biological concepts among the public, which might not contribute to a desired reduction in social distance from people with schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Spatial distance and mental construal of social events.

Construal-level theory proposes that increasing the reported spatial distance of events leads individuals to represent the events by their central, abstract, global features (high-level construal) rather than by their peripheral, concrete, local features (low-level construal). Results of two experiments indicated that participants preferred to identify actions as ends rather than as means to a greater extent when these actions occurred at a spatially distant, as opposed to near, location (Study 1), and that they used more abstract language to recall spatially distant events, compared with near events (Study 2). These findings suggest that spatially distant events are associated with high-level construals, and that spatial distance can be conceptualized as a dimension of psychological distance.

Cognition↗
PubMed2005

Distance vergence adaptation is abnormal in subjects with convergence insufficiency.

It is well known that in convergence insufficiency (CI) prism adaptation is reduced in response to base-out (BO) prisms at near. There have also been some suggestions in the literature that adaptation is reduced at other distances as well. The present data show that in CI adaptation is not only reduced in response to BO at near, but also in response to base-in (BI) at near and for both BI and BO at distance. This raises the interesting question whether distance adaptation becomes reduced because of reduced near adaptation or whether these subjects have a generally reduced horizontal adaptation mechanism.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preparing public health nurses for pandemic influenza through distance learning.

As a global influenza pandemic appears imminent with the spread of avian influenza, the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) and the California Distance Learning Health Network (CDLHN) presented a live 90-min satellite broadcast and subsequent 2-hr small group problem-solving tabletop exercise to practice interventions needed to minimize the consequences of a pandemic event. Public health nurses (PHNs), managers, and other staff in laboratories, clinical care, veterinary medicine, environmental health, public information and safety, emergency management, and transportation down linked the program, broadcast by satellite from the CDHS Richmond Laboratory Campus, to view on-site locally. PHNs represented the professional category with the highest number of participants for those conducting the program outside of California. For those in California, PHNs represented the professional category with the second highest number of participants. Participants and distance-learning facilitators completed a training evaluation survey. Continuing education credits were provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to participants who completed the satellite broadcast evaluation. This distance-learning-by-satellite method of education paired with an activities-based tabletop exercise, and a focus on local rather than State-based responsibility, marks an innovative method of training PHNs and other staff in emergency preparedness response.

California↗