[Population statistics] as of January 1, 1995.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Asia↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Contraceptive Distribution”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
FPA disappointed in Great Britain.
The Family Planning Association of Great Britain has released a statement on the role of family planning within the reorganized system of the National Health Service (NHS). The statement is critical of the limitations placed on availability of birth control means to NHS patients. It had been hoped that contraceptives would be free to all people covered by the NHS. The government, however, made the advice on family planning free to all, but the prescriptions and supplies would be given free only in cases of social or financial need or to women within 12 months after a birth or an abortion. Thus, the effect upon the decrease of the number of abortions and unplanned pregnancies will not be as great as it was hoped it would be if contraceptive means would be supplied freely.
Contraception↗
Thailand (Country/Area Statements).
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Asia↗
Fertility in the Netherlands.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Birth Rate↗
Free contraceptives in Great Britain.
An amendment to the National Health Service (NHS) Bill has been submitted to the Parliament of Great Britain recommending free contraception within the NHS. Free contraceptive pills and devices for both men and women who would desire them, would cut down the number of unwanted pregnancies and would decrease the number of abortions presently performed under the Abortion Law of 1969. Many doctors resent the legalization of abortion since the patients seeking abortions crowd the hospitals and take away the physician's time and hospital bed availability from patients with diseases needing immediate attention. Also, a great number of young girls undergo abortions, the consequent trauma of which endangers their future emotional and physical health. Prevention rather than termination of pregnancy would be more desirable. Besides there is a need for population control. Parliament will most likely act favorably on this proposed amendment.
Contraception↗
Characteristics of abortion patients in the United States, 1979 and 1980.
An analysis of the characteristics of women who obtained abortions in 1980 indicates that as in previous years, they were mainly young, white and unmarried. Thirty percent were under age 20 and one percent were under 15; 70 percent were white; 79 percent were unmarried; 58 percent were childless; and 67 percent had had no previous abortions. Ninety-one percent of abortions occurred within the first 12 weeks of gestation, and fewer than one percent occurred past 20 weeks. Between 1977 and 1980, abortion rates rose for unmarried women and white women, but remained about constant or fell among women aged 35 and over, married women and nonwhites. Compared to other Western industrialized countries for which complete abortion data are available, the United States has a high concentration of abortions among younger women and unmarried women. These are the groups toward whom efforts should be directed to increase the prevalence and effectiveness of contraceptive practice. On average, U.S. women aged 35 and over have fewer abortions than women of these ages in the comparison countries, possibly because a larger proportion of U.S. couples who have achieved their desired family size are protected by contraceptive sterilization, the most effective method. According to data from nine states, about 14 percent of U.S. women aged 20 and over obtaining abortions are college graduates, and another 24 percent have attended college. When age differences are taken into account, it appears that women at all educational levels above the eighth grade have abortions at about the same rate. Women aged 20 and over who have had no more than eight years of education have fewer abortions than better educated women. The nonwhite abortion rate is more than twice the white rate because nonwhites have more unintended pregnancies. When faced with an unintended pregnancy, however, nonwhites choose abortion only slightly more often than whites. In spite of their higher abortion rate, nonwhites have a fertility rate 37 percent higher than that of whites. Although hospital abortions are usually more expensive and less convenient than abortions performed in clinics and physician's offices, and the proportion of abortions performed in hospitals has declined, hospitals are still an important source of abortion services for nonwhite women and women with little education, particularly in states which pay for Medicaid abortions. In these states, a large proportion of hospitals offer abortion services, and many low-income women utilize these services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Abortion Applicants↗
[Reference values of lipoprotein(a) in a French population].
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work is to study the effect of different biological factors that could affect Lp(a) level in a presumably healthy population and to establish reference limits. METHODS: We selected 723 subjects (367 men and 356 women) for the age interval 4 to 64 years for evaluation. RESULTS: The distribution of Lp(a) is not Gaussian; 50.5% of subjects had Lp(a) concentrations under 0.10 g/l and the value for the 75th percentile was 0.27 g/l and 0.57 g/l for the 90th percentile. No relationship was observed between Lp(a) concentration and cholesterolaemia, triglyceridaemia, glycaemia, inflammatory proteins (orosomucoide and CRP), overweight, tobacco consumption and oral contraceptive use. The menopause state in women was a factor correlated with increased Lp(a) but this increase was not significant. Moreover, alcohol consumption (more than 44 g per day in men and more than 22 g per day in women) was associated with lower Lp(a) values. Among familial cardiovascular risks, only paternal listing of hypertension was associated with Lp(a) concentration in men. CONCLUSION: The measurement of Lp(a) in a young subject could be used as a genetic marker of cardiovascular risk associated with abnormal lipid metabolism and thrombosis phenomena.
Adolescent↗
Prednisolone disposition and protein binding in oral contraceptive users.
Combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (OC) have been shown to alter the metabolism of certain drugs, including corticosteroids, as well as affect circulating protein concentrations. To assess these effects with regard to prednisolone, the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of this steroid were evaluated in eight female OC users and compared with results from eight male and five female non-OC users. All volunteers received 40 mg prednisolone, iv, and steroid concentrations were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma clearance of total prednisolone in females on OC was 96 +/- 9 (SD) ml/min X 1.73 m2, significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than those in both male and female controls (205 +/- 46 and 187 +/- 22 ml/min X 1.73 m2). The prednisolone half-life and mean residence time were longer, while the steady state volume of distribution was smaller for OC users. Unbound prednisolone was measured by equilibrium dialysis, and pharmacokinetic and protein binding parameters were calculated from free prednisolone concentrations. A significantly higher (2-fold) concentration of transcortin was found in OC users. Evaluation of free prednisolone parameters showed a significantly lower clearance and decreased volume of distribution, without alteration of the mean residence time for the OC users. Dual OC effects on binding and elimination of prednisolone occur with the net result of a 2-fold increase in the area under the free concentration-time curve, indicative of a marked reduction in the biotransformation rate of the steroid.
Adult↗
The male antifertility activity of 6-chloro-6-deoxyglucose.
6-Chloro-6-deoxy[U-14C]glucose is not metabolised by mature boar spermatozoa nor has it any specific inhibitory action on their metabolic activity in vitro. The compound is metabolised by the male rat and the identification of two urinary metabolites as alpha-chlorohydrin and 3-chlorolactate confirmed that (S)-3-chlorolactaldehyde is produced by this species in vivo. A tissue distribution study revealed that radioactivity from 6-chloro-6-deoxy[U-14C]glucose was more concentrated in rat caudal spermatozoa than in any other of the major tissues.
Animals↗
Drug absorption in gastrointestinal disease and surgery. Clinical pharmacokinetic and therapeutic implications.
Drug absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the impact of GI surgery and disease on drug absorption are discussed. Recommendations are made to manage problems of drug malabsorption. Absorption from the GI tract is a first-order process described by its rate and extent. GI surgery changes the anatomy of the GI tract and alters important variables in the absorption process. In the wake of procedures which diminish small bowel surface area, the extent of absorption of phenytoin, digoxin, cyclosporin, aciclovir, hydrochlorothiazide and certain oral contraceptives is reported to be reduced. The underlying cause of the reduction is unknown. When gastric emptying time or pH are altered by surgery, the rate of drug absorption appears to be reduced. However, it is not clear which variable is more important in determining therapeutic effects. The effects of coeliac and inflammatory bowel diseases on the distribution and clearance of drugs must be considered before attributing abnormal serum concentrations of drugs to malabsorption. GI disease may slow gastric emptying and delay the complete absorption of drugs when their rate of absorption depends on gastric emptying time. Other inflammatory GI diseases such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) of the gut, Behçet's syndrome and scleroderma involving the GI tract may directly reduce absorption of drugs such as cyclosporin, amitriptyline, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and penicillamine. GI diseases which alter gut pH affect the absorption only of drugs with limited water solubility and pH-dependent dissolution such as ketoconazole. Clinicians should be aware of the variable absorption seen after GI disease and surgery and monitor their patients accordingly.
Gastrointestinal Diseases↗
[Sensitisation about condom use in Gabon (1999): evaluation of the impact of a comic book].
The authors report the evaluation of the impact of a comic book about condom use distributed to Gabonese high school students in Libreville and Lambarene in 1999. This evaluation was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire completed by 954 students in 11 high schools immediately before distribution of a comic book about condoms and by 771 students 15-30 days afterwards. The anonymous questionnaire contained multiple-choice and open questions about knowledge, attitudes and practices. During the second survey (same schools and same classes), the questions tested knowledge about AIDS and about the stories in the book. The student populations who responded to the two questionnaires were homogeneous for sex, age, school class, and province of residence. Knowledge about the modes of HIV/AIDS contamination improved substantially between the two questionnaires, with knowledge about the mother-child transmission pathway increasing from 47% to 75% of responders. At the same time, and without any significant difference by sex, class or province, individual adhesion to the role of the condom as a means of prevention against AIDS progressed from 64% to 95%. The students questioned wanted AIDS prevention information to be better integrated into their curriculum and, in particular, they wanted educational activities in this area in their school, either by their teachers or in special information areas. Thus, the 48-page comic book by young Gabonese artists was perceived as a good method of condom education for the young (75%) and as an excellent method for inducing awareness about it among them (89%). The book's contents had been absorbed, and the students found that the stories and the message were well matched. Moreover, the extension of the readership beyond the initial distribution at the first evaluation (7.5 readers reported per copy) showed that the messages in the book spread well beyond the student group.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study.
Of 47,000 women followed since 1968, those who had used oral contraceptives (ever-users) had a significantly higher incidence rate of cervical cancer than never-users. After standardisation of rates by age, parity, smoking, social class, number of previously normal cervical smears, and history of sexually transmitted disease, the excess was 41 per 100,000 woman-years for carcinoma-in-situ and 8 per 100,000 woman-years for invasive cervical cancer. Incidence increased with increasing duration of use: the standardised incidence rate for cervical cancer in women who had taken the pill for more than 10 years was four times than in never-users. Ever-users had a lower incidence of other uterine cancers (deficit 5 per 100,000 woman-years); a lower incidence of ovarian cancer was also found (deficit 4 per 100,000), but was not statistically significant. Overall, ever-users had an excess incidence for genital tract cancers 37 per 100,000 woman-years. This excess was mainly from carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix; the excess incidence of invasive cervical cancer was offset by the deficits in other uterine and ovarian cancers. Standardised mortality rates from genital cancer were similar in ever-users and never-users. Of relevance to clinical practice is the substantially different distribution of primary cancer sites: cervical cancer accounted for 75% of the invasive genital cancers and 74% of deaths from genital cancer in ever-users, but only 31% of the invasive cancers and 30% of deaths in never-users.
Adolescent↗
Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on bioactivity of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and microstructure of FSH, luteinizing hormone and sex hormone-binding globulin in a testosterone-based contraceptive trial: evaluation of responders and non-responders.
Only a proportion of normal men participating in testosterone-based contraceptive trials develop azoospermia (responders). This study analyzed whether serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) are qualitatively different between responders and non-responders. Determination of in vitro bioactive FSH after stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and analysis of molecular heterogeneity of serum FSH, LH and SHBG was carried out by chromatofocusing and concanavalin-A affinity chromatography in eight men who had participated in a previous contraceptive study with testosterone buciclate. Blood was withdrawn at 15-min intervals on two basal occasions and 30, 45 and 60 min after i.v. administration of GnRH (100 micrograms). Pools of sera were separated by chromatofocusing in the pH range 3-6 and by lectin chromatography on concanavalin A. Immunoreactive FSH, LH and SHBG were assayed in the eluates. Bioactive FSH was analyzed by the rat Sertoli cell bioassay. Serum bioactive FSH increased after GnRH stimulation, without significant differences between responders and non-responders. The chromatofocusing profiles of serum FSH showed a significant shift towards the less acidic region after GnRH. The isoform distribution was similar in responders and non-responders. No significant differences were found in the relative proportion of FSH, LH and SHBG retained by concanavalin A. It is concluded that the extent of suppression of sperm production by androgen administration cannot be foreseen either on the basis of the response of bioactive FSH to GnRH administration or from the glycosylation pattern of serum FSH, LH and SHBG.
Adult↗
Adolescent pregnancy: black and white.
According to recent data from the Alan Guttmacher Institute, the United States leads nearly all other developed nations of the world in rates of teenage pregnancy, abortion and child-bearing even though it has comparable rates of sexual activity. Data show that this top-ranked status is not due to the high rates of pregnancy and parenthood among minority teens alone. Pregnancy rates for white teenagers are twice as high as those of Canada, France, and England. Moreover, the maximum difference in birth rates by race occurs among girls under 15, the most vulnerable teenagers. International data make it clear that the enormous costs of adolescent parenthood for teen parents, their children and society are not the inevitable outcomes of increased adolescent sexual activity. These costs represent inability as a society to deal in a preventive way with the implications of that increase, to provide adequate and comprehensive sex education, and to give sexually active teens easy access to family planning services and counseling. Many object to giving teenagers the capacity to delay parenthood while unsuccessfully imploring them to delay sexual activity. Withholding sex education and family planning services has not led to less teenage sexual activity in the U.S. Conversely, the provision of needed information and services in Europe and Canada has not resulted in increased sexual activity, but in heightened sexual responsibility. The costs of adolescent parenthood fall disproportionately on those least able to support them, teens from low-income/minority families and teens with poor basic skills and poor employment potential. They initiate sexual activity earlier than more advantaged teens and have poorer access to information and services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abortion, Legal↗
The policy of the Save the Children Fund UK.
The choices available to people deciding on family size are determined by cultural, economic and social considerations. Before any realistic and acceptable action can be advised, which might influence family size and population growth, it is necessary to understand the balance between resource availability and consumption, access to contraceptive technology, and the social and cultural influences under which people live. Any intervention should seek to increase the range of choices available to people and to create the conditions which enable them to afford those choices. It is in the poorer parts of the world that population growth is greatest and choices are most limited. Inequitable resource distribution globally is at the root of high population growth rates in poorer areas. Excessive consumption patterns in the industrialized countries pose as great a threat to the development of a sustainable global environment as do the high growth rates in the developing countries. There is no technological short cut to limiting population growth. For any service, including family spacing, to have a significant impact over a long period of time, it must be delivered through a secure, reliable and effective system to families who fully understand the benefits and the implications, and whose choice is informed and made freely.
Charities↗
Benign ovarian teratomas: a population-based case-control study.
We attempted to identify all cases of benign ovarian teratoma which occurred in two health districts in the UK during a 56 month period. The crude incidence was 8.9 cases/100,000 women. One hundred and twenty cases and 119 age-matched controls were interviewed to identify risk factors for this disease. In addition, 137 mothers completed postal questionnaires. Cases were older at leaving school, had higher social class occupations, were more often unmarried or married late, and had fewer children than controls. Oral contraceptive use was similar for both. Cases reported more exercise at all ages, and more alcohol consumption 1 year before diagnosis. Cases' mothers reported slightly less nausea during pregnancy than controls' mothers, and none of the mothers reported exogenous hormone exposure during the index pregnancy. In this study benign ovarian teratomas strongly resemble testicular cancer in their age distribution in the population. They also resemble testicular cancer in their association with educational status and marital status. There was, however, no similarity regarding prenatal hormone exposure. The increased risks associated with exercise and alcohol use were unexpected; we need further information about how these exposures affect the ovary, and whether they affect the testis.
Adult↗
Usage of antifungal drugs for therapy of genital Candida infections, purchased as over-the-counter products or by prescription: 2. Factors that may have influenced the marked changes in sales volumes during the 1990s.
BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and such recurrent infections (RVVC) has been difficult to study as the majority of episodes of these conditions are self-treated by the women affected. In Sweden, all pharmacies are owned by the state and all prescriptions and over-the-counter (OTC) products, such as antifungals, are registered in a database, which offers unique possibilities to study the epidemiology of VVC/RVVC. OBJECTIVES: To analyze all prescriptions and OTC products purchased for therapy of VVC/RVVC and to establish reasons for any observed variation in the sales figures. METHODS: Sales figures in the Swedish county of Skåne of antifungal drugs for therapy of VVC/RVVC were analyzed by the aid of the 'ACS' database of the National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies for the years 1990--1999. The size of the female population in the county is approximately half a million. RESULTS: The study showed that 93% of all antifungal drugs for VVC/RVVC were sold as OTC products. An increase in sales of the drugs occurred until mid- 1993/94, followed by a decrease until end of the study period in 1999. Demographic factors (e.g. the number of female inhabitants in the county, pharmacies and health-care units), the pregnancy rate and pharmacy-dependent factors (such as the introduction of shelves for self-selection of antifungal products) did not explain the observed variations in sales. Distinct short-term variations in the number of prescriptions of fluconazole and itraconazole could be explained by drugs company sales campaigns and logistics factors in drug distribution. The sales volumes in the 33 municipalities in the county correlated with the density of the population, which was not the case for the total number of prescriptions made in the county during the 1990s. The variation in antifungal drug sales was similar to that of hormonal intrauterine devices, but this was not the case for oral contraceptives. The total Swedish usage of antibiotics showed a similar variation to that of the antifungal drugs analyzed. CONCLUSION: The study stresses the limited impact on the treatment of VVC/RVVC by the medical community. Behavior-related factors in the female population are the most likely explanation for the marked variations found in the usage of drugs for the two conditions.
Adolescent↗