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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

[Use of medicines by children attending nursery schools].

In order to study the pattern of the use of medicines by children, 1,382 children seen at 15 of the 16 day-care centers of Pinheiros, S. Paulo city (SP) (Brasil), were followed-up for 2 months. Of these, 37% received 1,409 drugs. Average drug use was 50.9 medicines/100 children/month and the number of medicines used by each child ranged from 0 to 13. Younger children (0-2 years) received more medicines and more frequently than older children; over 80% of the younger children received one or more medicines, and more than 20% received 5 or more medicines vs. less than 45% and 5%, respectively, in the group of children aged 2-7 years. The medications most frequently employed were anti-infective, respiratory medicines and antipyretics used by, respectively. 20.1%, 19.0% and 14.0% of the children studied (usually for respiratory problems). Physicians prescribed 93% of medicines, but there were many inappropriate therapies for benign conditions, such as bronchitis and common colds. Antibiotic measure was observed (66%) including an excessive number of cloramphenicol prescriptions. Also, there were many prescriptions of doubtful value (decongestants, expectorants, vitamin and mineral supplements) and usage of as yet un approved medications for children (diclofenac, benzidamin, iodides).

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of antibiotics in upper respiratory infections on patients under 16 years old in private ambulatory medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To assess antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections (URI) treatment on patients under 16 years-old who are beneficiaries of a pre-paid health care scheme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A database containing the record of all the medical prescriptions for URI treatment, from May 1997 to April 1998 was analyzed. Patients were under 16 years old and had been diagnosed with common colds, pharyngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis, and other unspecified upper respiratory tract infections. Three hundred and fifty-one physicians of seven different specialties who attended 25,300 beneficiaries wrote such prescriptions. RESULTS: A total of 30,889 assorted medications were prescribed to 5,533 patients with the above diagnoses. Antibiotics were prescribed for 77.5% of all diagnoses, ranging from 58% for pharyngitis to 91% for laryngitis. The most frequently used antibiotics were: penicillin, cephalosporins, and macrolides. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the information of antibiotics prescription practices for URI in a pre-paid health plan in Mexico. These findings may be used to support specific campaigns for rational use of antibiotics among children attended at private ambulatory health care practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pulmonary lymph node in acute juvenile paracoccidioidomycosis (a case report)].

The primary complex like Ghon was observed in a child's clinical roentgenographic study. C.S., white, male, 6 years old, was born in Curitiba (PR), Brazil and living in Guaratingueta (SP), Brazil, developed "common cold", bimodal diary fever, chills, shake and sweats. Dyspnea, cough with general lymphadenopathy. Foot and right shoulder arthralgias. Six months ago visited a cave, equitation practice, dog and cat contacts and no transfusion, frontal sweats, fever (38.4 degrees C). T.A. was 8/6, tachycardia in generalized lymphadenopathy. Cardiopulmonary system was normal, mesogastric tumoral mass, hepatosplenomegaly and no ascites. Bone marrow with eosinophilia; nodule demonstrated presence of P. brasiliensis, hypoalbuminemia; hyperglobulinemia; anemia; leukocytosis with eosinophilia. Immunodiffusion with exoantigen 43 kd of P. brasiliensis was 1/32. Primary complex like Ghon was observed in interstitial pneumonia followed by mediastinal and mesogastric mass (35 to 40 days). Clavicular osteolytic lesions (45 to 60 days) appeared during paracoccidioidomycosis therapy. Recovery was observed 2 months after treatment of acute infantile paracoccidioidomycosis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

A clinical profile of insulin-dependent diabetes with islet cell cytoplasmic and cell surface antibodies.

Both islet cytoplasmic and cell surface antibodies (ICA and ICSA) were studied from the onset of diabetes to the honeymoon in an insulin-dependent diabetic patient. The patient, a 24-year-old male, was admitted to the hospital because of ketoacidotic hyperglycemic precoma. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of a small dose of insulin was carried out for a couple of days followed by NPH-insulin injection. The dose was gradually decreased and on the 45th day after the onset, an oral hypoglycemic agent was substituted for insulin. The patient was followed up after discharge from the hospital and his disease was controlled well by diet and a hypoglycemic agent until he caught a common cold. He was then admitted again to the hospital because of hyperglycemia, and insulin injection was performed. Both ICA and ICSA were found independently of each other during the course of the disease. The ICSA, which was quantitatively determined by immunoassay using 125I-protein A, closely paralleled the clinical profile. However, the levels of quantitative ICSA were higher than normal, even though the patient's diabetes reached the honeymoon stage. These results suggest that quantitative ICSA has a strong association with the clinical profile in IDDM, and it may be a "marker" of islet cell damage during the diabetic period or a parameter for diabetic prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pathogenesis and management of virus infection-induced exacerbation of senile bronchial asthma and chronic pulmonary emphysema.

The number of senile patients with therapy resistant bronchial asthma, chronic pulmonary emphysema increases due to the habit of smoking and increased number of older people, and these inflammatory pulmonary diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide. Rhinoviruses cause the majority of common colds, and provoke exacerbations of bronchial asthma and chronic pulmonary emphysema. Here, I review the pathogenesis and management of rhinovirus infection-induced exacerbation of senile bronchial asthma and chronic pulmonary emphysema.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Regulatory decisions in a globalised world: the domino effect of phenylpropanolamine withdrawal in Latin America.

Rapid drug regulatory decisions regarding phenylpropanolamine (PPA)-containing common cold remedies and diet pills were taken in some Latin American countries following a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decision in the US. This situation is described as one that illustrates the important changes that regulatory decisions are experiencing as a consequence of globalisation. The evidence for the efficacy of PPA as a nasal decongestant and as an appetite-suppressant is very limited, at least by modern standards. Its potential to increase blood pressure and induce haemorrhagic stroke was described soon after its marketing. Although this poor benefit/risk ratio had been known for more than 20 years, regulatory action was taken in Latin America only after the US FDA withdrew the drug in the US on the basis of the results of a case-control study which added limited new evidence to the already known risk of stroke, but which, on the other hand, had attracted much attention from the media.

Appetite Depressants↗
PubMed1978

Drug interactions with antihypertensive drugs.

Drug interactions with antihypertensive drugs can be either beneficial or hazardous. The hazardous interactions are relatively infrequent but must be shown so they can be avoided. Those of most importance involve interaction with guanethidine-type agents and tricyclic antidepressants, amphetamine-type anorexiants or phenolpropanolamine-type common cold remedies; combined use of potassium retaining diuretics with potassium supplements; and incautious use of diuretics with cardiac glycosides. The beneficial interactions are the basis for modern antihypertensive therapy and can be of major help if logically applied to therapeutic problems.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1981

Nasal decongestants.

When a patient presents with nasal obstruction a correct diagnosis must be made. Treatment may not always be required, and the need for intervention should be balanced against the risks of therapy. If the patient has an acute problem, such as the common cold or sinusitis, a topical decongestant may be the most immediately effective remedy, but this should never be continued for more than a few days and the patient should be warned against buying similar proprietary products. In more chronic cases, such as allergic or vasomotor rhinitis, or when decongestion of mucosa away from the nose (Eustachian tube) is required, oral treatment is best. A sympathomimetic administered orally (pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine) may be sufficient, or an antihistamine alone may be helpful in allergic rhinitis. Combination products are frequently effective, possibly more so than the individual ingredients, but when using such products the prescriber must remember the contraindications and precautions for each ingredient.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Retention of specific yolk IgY in the human oral cavity.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria emphasises the need for new treatments that can replace traditional antibiotics. Oral immunotherapy with yolk antibodies from hyperimmunised hens is a new promising treatment strategy, primarily for infections in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Several studies show that bacterial and viral infections can be prevented with egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) in a dose-dependent manner. Oral treatment could potentially be used against many frequently encountered diseases (e.g. common cold, tonsillitis and caries). GROUP STUDIED: Healthy volunteers. STUDY DESIGN: We studied the presence of yolk anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibodies in saliva from healthy volunteers over time after 1 or 2 minutes' mouth rinse, performed in the evening, with an aqueous IgY antibody preparation. The test persons rinsed the mouth with 8.0ml phosphate buffered saline before gargling with the antibody preparation 8 and 24 hours later. Statistical analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney U test. METHODS: The antibody titres in the mouth rinses were tested for their specific activity against P. aeruginosa by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The next morning there were still active antibodies detected in the saliva from 18 of 19 subjects. After 24 hours, active antibodies could be detected in saliva from only a few of the subjects. A 2-minute mouth rinse resulted in higher mean ELISA absorbance values than a 1-minute rinse.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Thiol-dependent enzymes and their inhibitors: a review.

Biological thiol-dependent enzymes have recently received extensive attention in the literature because of their involvement in a variety of physiopathological conditions. The active thiol groups of these enzymes are derived from the cysteine residues present. Hence, in a biological system, the selective reversible or irreversible inhibition of the activity of these enzymes by modification of the thiol moiety may potentially lead to the development of a chemotherapeutic treatment. Despite all the research efforts involved in the attempt to develop potential chemotherapeutic treatments for the major diseases involving cysteine proteases, there are in fact no such treatments available yet. However, AG7088 (1) an inhibitor of rhinovirus-3C is in phase II/III clinical trial for the treatment of common cold and VX-740 (2, pralnacasan) an inhibitor of caspase-1 is in phase II clinical trial as an anti-inflammatory agent for rheumatoid arthritis. Several other cysteine protease inhibitors (i.e., cathepsin K, and S) are in pre-clinical evaluation or pre-clinical development. Structure-based drug design approaches have been instrumental in the development of these inhibitors. Intensive biochemical studies on the cysteine proteases have shed some light on some potential targets for therapeutic development. In addition, new techniques and new ideas are constantly emerging. As such, an up-to-date review of the literature on thiol-dependent enzymes as potential targets and their inhibitors designed from peptidic, modified peptidomimetic scaffolds and from small heterocyclic molecules is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Neuroimaging appearance of pituitary abscess complicated with close inflammatory lesions--case report.

A 13-year-old girl with a pituitary abscess complained of continuous headache and bitemporal hemianopsia after a common cold. However, she had no inflammatory reactions on admission. Computed tomography showed a low-density sellar mass lesion extending to the suprasellar cistern with a peripheral low-density area, and ring enhancement of the capsule with a particularly thick region. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the mass lesion as a low- and high-intensity area on the T1- and T2-weighted images, respectively. The iso-intense rim of the lesion and the left frontal mass lesion adjacent to the capsule were enhanced by gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid. Magnetic resonance imaging also indicated only mild sphenoidal sinusitis which may be representative of the inflammatory process. Careful assessments of neuroimaging findings and preceding trivial inflammatory signs are necessary for the correct diagnosis of a pituitary abscess.

Abscess↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nasal mucosal endorgan hyperresponsiveness.

Nonspecific hyperresponsiveness of the upper and lower airways is a well-known characteristic of different inflammatory airway diseases but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been satisfactorily explained. In attempts to elucidate the relation of hyperresponsiveness to disease pathophysiology we have particularly examined the possibility that different airway endorgans may alter their function in allergic airway disease. The nose, in contrast to the bronchi, is an accessible part of the airways where in vivo studies of airway mucosal processes can be carried out in humans under controlled conditions. Different endorgans can be defined in the airway mucosa: subepithelial microvessels, epithelium, glands, and sensory nerves. Techniques may be applied further in the nose to determine selectively the responses/function of these endorgans. Topical challenge with methacholine will induce a glandular secretory response, and topical capsaicin activates sensory c-fibers and induces nasal smart. Topical histamine induces extravasation of plasma from the subepithelial microvessels. The plasma exudate first floods the lamina propria and then moves up between epithelial cells into the airway lumen. This occurs without any changes in the ultrastructure or barrier function of the epithelium. We have therefore forwarded the view of mucosal exudation of bulk plasma as a physiological airway tissue response with primarily a defense function. Since the exudation is specific to inflammation, we have also suggested mucosal exudation as a major inflammatory response among airway endorgan functions. Using a "nasal pool" device for concomitant provocation with histamine and lavage of the nasal mucosa we have assessed exudative responses by analyzing the levels of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin alpha 2-macroglobulin) in the returned lavage fluids. A secretory hyperresponsiveness occurs in both experimental and seasonal allergic rhinitis. This type of nasal hyperreactivity may develop already 30 minutes after allergen challenge. It is attenuated by topical steroids and oral antihistamines. We have demonstrated that exudative hyperresponsiveness develops in both seasonal allergic rhinitis and common cold, indicating significant changes of this important microvascular response in these diseases. An attractive hypothesis to explain airway hyperresponsiveness has been increased mucosal absorption permeability due to epithelial damage, possibly secondary to the release of eosinophil products. However, neither nonspecific nor specific endorgan hyperresponsiveness in allergic airways may be explained by epithelial fragility or damage since nasal absorption permeability (measured with 51CR-EDTA and dDAVP) was decreased or unchanged in our studies of allergic and virus-induced rhinitis, respectively. Thus, the absorption barrier of the airway mucosa may become functionally tighter in chronic eosinophilic inflammation.

Blood Vessels↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of body posture to Eustachian tube function.

The function of the Eustachian tube was tested by sonotubometry in 34 adult, otologically healthy persons in different body postures. The relation of tubal function to body posture was analysed statistically. The horizontal position (lying dorsally or face down) and the elevation of the patient's head by 20 degrees had no significant effect on the tubal patency as compared with the sitting position. Similar results were obtained from 2 subjects with a common cold. In spite of the small mean values of the air flow through the tube, which were tested previously, while the patients were in a horizontal position, the Eustachian tube opens normally. The earlier, contrary results obtained by the pressure equalization method may be erroneous, due to a locking phenomenon or a tubal obstruction, which the act of swallowing was unable to overcome. The postural effect on the tubal function is slight and the advice to place the patient's head during bed rest in a position of at least 20 degrees above the horizontal level has hardly any significance in the prevention or treatment of acute or secretory otitis media.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Formation of new blood vessels in the nose after exposure to dicumylperoxide at a chemical plant.

Eighteen workers exposed to dicumylperoxide in a chemical plant were subjected to examination of the nose by rhinoscopy, mucociliary function test and rhinomanometry. Eight other workers at the plant and 20 hospital workers were used as controls. The mucociliary function and nasal air flow were the same in subjects exposed and those not exposed to peroxide. Nine of the workers exposed to dicumylperoxide had visible blood vessels in the mucosa on the anterior part of the nasal septum. Only 2 persons in the other groups had visible blood vessels. Both had a common cold at the time of the examination. The possibility that dicumylperoxide may initiate formation of new blood vessels is discussed. To test this hypothesis, experiments on laboratory animals will be done with airborne dust containing peroxides.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two versus seven days penicillin treatment for acute otitis media. A placebo controlled trial in children.

103 children between 1 and 10 years of age participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial testing the effect of penicillin-V, 55 mg/kg/day, for two days versus seven days in acute otitis media. No significant differences could be demonstrated with regard to earache, healing of the tympanic membrane, tympanometry, fever or common cold symptoms. 76% in the group treated for seven days had a satisfactory course of the disease, compared to 71% in the group treated for two days (p greater than 0.1). In spite of the relatively small number of patients, it is concluded that the effect of penicillin for additional five days in acute otitis media after the initial treatment for two days, can at most be marginal. The advantages of a shortened treatment period are several; the authors have outlined a new treatment modality, consisting of masterful inactivity for 8-12 hours, penicillin-V for two days, and myringotomy in refractory cases, after a new evaluation by the otologist. We believe hereby to be able to reduce penicillin consumption in children with acute otitis media to about 15% of the previous level, without increasing the risk of serious complications.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Olfactory and trigeminal thresholds and nasal resistance to airflow.

Nasal congestion associated with the common cold or allergy is associated with a decreased sensitivity of the sense of smell. This study was designed to detect any relationship between nasal resistance to airflow and the ability to detect odors presented to the nose. In particular we were interested to determine if the asymmetrical nasal resistance to airflow associated with the nasal cycle influenced nasal thresholds to menthol which is detected by trigeminal nerves and vanillin which is detected by olfactory nerves. Nasal resistance to airflow and the thresholds for L-menthol and vanillin were measured for each nasal passage in 17 normal volunteer subjects. Nasal resistance to airflow was asymmetrical due to the nasal cycle with a resistance on the high side of 0.94 +/- 0.15 Pa/cm3 s (mean +/- S.E. n = 17). and 0.48 +/- 0.04 Pa/cm3 s on the low side. The range of unilateral nasal resistances varied from 0.31-2.55 Pa/cm3 s. Despite these variations in nasal resistance to airflow no relationship was found between nasal resistance to airflow and thresholds for menthol or vanillin. Since threshold and nasal resistance are not related in normal subjects this may indicate that it is not the level of nasal congestion that affects the sense of smell in nasal infection and allergy, but some other factor related to the inflammatory response of the nasal mucosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Vestibular neuronitis: epidemiological survey by questionnaire in Japan.

An epidemiological survey on vestibular neuronitis in Japan was conducted by means of a questionnaire filled in by major neuro-otology clinics (otolaryngologists) during 1988-1990 (3 years). The diagnostic criteria of vestibular neuronitis settled on in 1986 by the Standardization Committee of the Japan Society of Equilibrium Research were applied. Gross analysis of questionnaire answers showed that i) there was no sexual difference, ii) the peak of age distribution was between 40-50 years, iii) about 30% of all cases had had common colds prior to the disease, the rate being highest among children below 10 years, iv) disappearance of positional and positioning nystagmus appeared in about 60% of all cases within 3 months, and that v) caloric CP was observed in about half of the cases at the follow-up test. Progress was not as favorable when compared to previous studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A case of Bickerstaff's encephalitis. With special reference to neurotological findings.

The case of a 60-year old male with prodromal common cold symptoms and progression of brain stem involvement with no cardiac or respiratory complications is described. This conformed to the criteria of Bickerstaff's encephalitis. Neurotological examinations, including the OKN test, the caloric test, and the GBST were performed from onset to recovery of the disease. The results of these tests closely reflected the central nervous system disorders each time, but there was a discrepancy in the results of the two test batteries of equilibrium function, the caloric test and the GBST. The caloric test showed bilateral canal paresis while the GBST showed normal responses. These results suggested that the involved area of the vestibular nucleus was localized to the superior portions. Form our clinical observations, we can conclude that neurotological examinations provide more vital information for localized diagnosis and follow-up of the brain stem lesion in Bickerstaff's encephalitis.

Brain Stem↗