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PubMed1988

Different neurophysiological mechanisms underlying delayed reaction and trace conditioned reflex.

Electrophysiological study of functional interactions of the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the head of the caudate nucleus and the thalamic medio-dorsal nucleus in 2 monkeys in conditions of the trace reflex and delayed reaction has revealed various morphofunctional systems for these types of memory. The morphofunctional system of the trace CR is characterized by greater stability and a small number of functional connections (21%) in contrast to the dynamic morphofunctional system with a considerable percentage of functional contacts (54%) in case of the delayed reaction. This difference can be very likely related to the different dynamics of functional connections between brain structures rather than to the involvement of various brain structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Activity of neurons of the motor cortex of the cat during inhibition of a postural change conditioned reflex].

Spike reactions were recorded from motor cortex neurons in cats in the forelimb projection area during external and internal inhibition of the conditioned postural adjustment (transfer of the body weight) of the same limb. Spike responses evoked by external stimulation were of the same character as the responses during conditioned stimulation. As a rule, they were determined by the state of the animal and its habituation to the applied stimulus. Duration of the responses during external stimulation was shorter in trained cats than in untrained ones. Late after-discharges of units and associated conditioned movements disappeared simultaneously during external and internal inhibition. Sometimes the external stimuli were able to depress after-discharges even when the conditioned movements appeared. External stimuli of various modalities inhibited the reflex in different manners. The changes of spike reactions during conditioned posture adjustment resembled those during well learned local conditioned events.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Training-induced changes in neuromuscular performance under voluntary and reflex conditions.

To investigate training-induced changes in neuromuscular performance under voluntary and reflex contractions, 11 male subjects went through heavy resistance (high loads of 70-120% of one maximum repetition) and 10 male subjects through explosive type (low loads with high contraction velocities) strength training three times a week for 24 weeks. A large increase (13.9%, p less than 0.01) in voluntary unilateral maximal knee extension strength with only slight and insignificant changes in time of isometric force production were observed during heavy resistance strength training. Explosive type strength training resulted in a small insignificant increase in maximal strength but in considerable shortening (p less than 0.05) in the time of force production. A significant increase (p less than 0.05) noted in the averaged maximal integrated electromyogram (IEMG) of the knee extensors during heavy resistance strength training correlated (p less than 0.01) with the increase in maximal strength. No changes were noted during training in reflex time components, but significant decreases (p less than 0.05) occurred in the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the reflex electromyograms (EMG) in both groups. The individual changes during training in the reflex EMG/force ratio were related (p less than 0.01) to the respective changes in IEMG/force ratio in voluntary contractions. The present observations support the concept of specificity of training, and suggest that specific training-induced adaptations in the neuromuscular system may be responsible for these changes in performance.

Adult↗