SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CATS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources

PubMed1983

Unilateral behavioural thermosensitivity after transection of one lateral funiculus in the cervical spinal cord of the cat.

Cats were trained to discriminate temperature increases or decreases with the paws of one body half in a T-maze. The discriminatory proficiency was found to be inferior compared to cats who may use all four paws. The accomplishments of cats discriminating temperature decreases were superior to those of cats discriminating temperature increases. After transection of one lateral funiculus at the fifth cervical segment all of the cats lost the ability to discriminate temperatures with the contralateral paws. No thermosensory deficiency of the ipsilateral paws was observed. Five out of six cats recovered some ability to discriminate temperature differences with the contralateral paws, but no cat regained its preoperative proficiency within more than one and a half years postoperatively. The findings are taken to indicate the existence of more than one spinal, ascending, thermosensory pathway in the cat.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effects of deprivation of vision and vibrissae on goal-directed locomotion in cats.

The locomotor behaviour of adult cats blinded soon after birth was compared to that of control cats by measuring running time in a maze. The effects of vibrissae deprivation in trained blind and control cats and of visual deprivation in control cats was studied. The performance of the control cats decreased in darkness to the level reached by the blind cats. Deprivation of vibrissae affected the performance of the control cats only in darkness and had no effect on the blind cats. The role played by various sensory systems in locomotion during development and in adulthood is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Brain resuscitation by extracorporeal circulation after prolonged cardiac arrest in cats.

OBJECTIVE: Brain reanimation after prolonged ischemia is limited by post-ischemic reperfusion deficits (no-reflow phenomenon). The present study was undertaken to establish whether after 30 min cardiac arrest extracorporeal circulation is able to restore brain reperfusion and to promote functional and metabolic recovery. DESIGN: Adult normothermic cats were submitted to 30 min cardiac arrest by KCl-induced cardioplegia. Resuscitation was carried out by extracorporeal circulation (ECC) until spontaneous heart function returned. The quality of brain recovery was assessed 3 h later by electrophysiological recording and by imaging of the regional distribution of brain energy metabolites. RESULTS: In 6 of 10 cats cardiac sinus rhythm returned after 32 +/- 15 min. In the other 4 cats cardiac function did not return or only intermittently returned during the 3 h observation period. Cerebral blood flow measured by laser Doppler flowmetry returned to 102% +/- 40% of control immediately after the beginning of resuscitation but then gradually declined to 43% +/- 32% after 3 h despite normotensive perfusion. In all cats pupils started to constrict within less than 5 min of recirculation but in 2 animals they secondarily dilated 1.5 and 2 h later, respectively. Spontaneous EEG activity reappeared in 4 of the 6 successfully resuscitated cats after 111 +/- 40 min but failed to recover in the others. Bioluminescent imaging of ATP after 3 h recirculation revealed near-complete depletion throughout the brain in all 4 cats without cardiac recovery. Of the 6 successfully resuscitated cats 5 exhibited patchy areas of low ATP, glucose and pH in 22%-92% of the cross sectional area of brain; in one cat recovery of energy metabolism and acid-base homoeostasis was homogeneous without any focal deficits. The cross sectional area of ATP recovery correlated directly with CBF and hematocrit and inversely with the plasma lactate level. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates for the first time that ECC is able to restore electrophysiological and metabolic brain function after cardiac arrest of as long as 30 min, but recovery is heavily restricted by delayed post-ischemic disturbances of recirculation. Progress in cardiac resuscitation by ECC requires substantial improvement in the efficiency of cerebrovascular reperfusion.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1991

Age-related differences in phosphonoformate-induced bone toxicity in cats.

Phosphonoformate (PFA), a monophosphonate pyrophosphate analog, caused plasma biochemical and bone histomorphologic abnormalities in cats given 1,000 mg/kg/day as a continuous intravenous infusion for 14 days. Plasma biochemical alterations observed in young cats (10 weeks old) treated with PFA included increased calcium and decreased phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and calcitriol. Young cats treated with PFA developed rickets-like lesions characterized by widened growth plates, increased osteoid, and failure of mineralization. In addition, area of mineralized trabecular bone was decreased. Osteoclast size was increased whereas osteoclast perimeter and number were unaffected in young PFA-treated cats. Plasma alkaline phosphatase was decreased in adult cats (greater than or equal to 1 year old) treated with PFA but changes in calcium, calcitriol, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone were highly variable and not significantly different. Adult cats treated with PFA exhibited osteomalacia characterized by increased osteoid area, perimeter, and width with failure of mineralization. In addition, static resorption indices were increased in PFA-treated adult cats but area of mineralized trabecular bone was not decreased. The monophosphonate PFA inhibited bone mineralization in young and adult cats similar to bisphosphonate treatment in other species. Because PFA is currently in phase I trials for use in AIDS, results of this study suggest a need to evaluate patients treated with PFA for metabolic bone disease.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

Short-term changes in neck muscle and eye movement responses following unilateral vestibular neurectomy in the cat.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in neck muscle and eye movement responses during the early stages of vestibular compensation (first 3 weeks after unilateral vestibular neurectomy, UVN). Electromyographic (EMG) activity from antagonist neck extensor (splenius capitis) and flexor (longus capitis) muscles and eye movements were recorded during sinusoidal visual and/or otolith vertical linear stimulations in the 0.05-1 Hz frequency range (corresponding acceleration range 0.003-1.16 g) in the head-fixed alert cat. Preoperative EMG activity from the splenius and longus capitis muscles showed a pattern of alternate activation of the antagonist neck muscles in all the cats. After UVN, two motor strategies were observed. For three of the seven cats, the temporal activation of the individual neck muscles was the same as that recorded before UVN. For the other four cats, UVN resulted in a pattern of coactivation of the flexor and extensor neck muscles because of a phase change of the splenius capitis. In both subgroups, the response patterns of the antagonist neck muscles were consistent for each cat independently of the experimental conditions, throughout the 3 weeks of testing. Cats displaying alternate activation of antagonist neck muscles showed an enhanced gain of the visually induced neck responses, particularly in the high range of stimulus frequency, and a gain decrease in the otolith-induced neck responses at the lowest frequency (0.25 Hz) only. By contrast, for cats with neck muscle coactivation, the gain of the visually induced neck responses was basically unaffected relative to preoperative values, whereas otolith-induced neck responses were considerably decreased in the whole range of stimulation. As concerns oculomotor responses, results in the two subgroups of cats were similar. The optokinetic responses were not affected by the vestibular lesion. On the contrary, otolith-induced eye responses showed a gain reduction and a phase lead. Deficits and short-term changes after UVN of otolith- and semicircular canal-evoked collic and ocular responses are compared.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Differential sensitivity of culture and the polymerase chain reaction for detection of feline herpesvirus 1 in vaccinated and unvaccinated cats.

The diagnostic sensitivities of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture were compared and correlated with clinical signs in 5 vaccinated cats and 3 unvaccinated cats that were experimentally infected with feline herpesvirus 1. Conjunctival swabs were taken each day from 0 to 14 days and on 21, 28 and 30 days after challenge. PCR (49.3%) was significantly more sensitive than culture (30.1%) as assessed by an adjusted McNemar's test to account for non-independence of results between days within each cat (P = 0.02). PCR was considerably more sensitive (34.1%) than culture (8.2%) in vaccinated cats (P = 0.001), whereas there was no significant difference in sensitivities in the unvaccinated cats, where the sensitivity of PCR was 74.5% and that of culture was 66.7% (P = 0.17). In vaccinated cats showing clinical signs, the sensitivities of culture and PCR were 14.8% and 55.6% respectively (P = 0.03), whereas in unvaccinated cats the sensitivities were 80.6% and 96.8% respectively (P = 0.07). This study suggests that disease due to feline herpesvirus 1 has been significantly underdiagnosed, particularly in vaccinated cats.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Effect of auditory neocortex ablation on identification of click rates in cats.

Six experimental and 3 unoperated cats were trained with a go, no-go shock avoidance procedure to discriminate increases from decreases in the rate of presentation of all auditory cortex between the suprasylvian sulcus and rhinal fissure while 3 cats had bilateral auditory cortex lesions plus ablation of the cortex of the anterior lateral and anterior and middle suprasylvian gyri. A sixth 'naive' experimental cat received the present tests only after recovery from a bilateral auditory cortex ablation. After bilateral lesions, 5 of the experimental cats unexpectedly made no errors on no-go trials during retraining. This contrasts with their preoperative performance, as well as the performance of the 3 unoperated and the 'naive' operated cat, in which training was required for the successful discrimination of the two types of trials. This suggests that the neocortex may be more critical for mediating active 'go' responses to auditory stimuli than in preserving a memory for the difference between go and no-go stimuli. Further testing revealed that the thresholds of the operated cats did not differ from normal cats. All cats discriminated rates of 4/sec versus 6/sec clicks both with and without a neutral 5/sec background at levels significantly above chance.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1982

Spatial and temporal sensitivity of lateral geniculate cells in dark-reared cats.

Electrophysiological recordings were made from single-units in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of normally-reared and dark-reared cats. In agreement with previous studies, significantly fewer Y-cells were encountered in dark-reared cats than in normally-reared cats. In addition, a large number of cells having abnormal receptive field and/or response properties were observed in the dark-reared animals. Included in this latter group were a number of cells that had short latencies to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm, which is indicative of Y-cells, but did not display the nonlinear response component usually observed in Y-cells. Measures of contrast sensitivity across a wide range of spatial and temporal modulation frequencies were made with counterphased grating stimuli. No differences were observed for these measures between X-cells in normally-reared and dark-reared cats. In addition no differences were observed between Y-cells in normally-reared cats and the few Y-cells in dark-reared cats. While previously reported data from monocularly deprived cats indicate that geniculate X-cells can be affected by an abnormal visual environment created through lid-suture, the present data indicate that the X-system can develop normal electrophysiological properties in the absence of light. This observation suggests that the development of the X-system is not necessarily dependent on the influence of normal visual experience. In contrast, it appears that the cat must experience a normal visual environment in order for all of its Y-system to develop properly.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Restoration of paradoxical sleep by cerebrospinal fluid transfer to PCPA pretreated insomniac cats.

In p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) pretreated insomniac cats, the intraventricular (i.v.t.) injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) did not impair the insomnia. CSF transfer from normal cats was followed in 4 out of 9 cats by the restoration of paradoxical sleep (PS). However, CSF transfer from paradoxical sleep deprived cats did result in 12 out of 13 experiments in a significant increase in slow wave sleep (SWS) and the induction of PS. Biochemical analysis of the CSF from normal or PS deprived cat has shown that the highest quantity of indolamines was at least 1000 times smaller than the threshold dose of 5-HTP (200 microgram) which has been shown to be able to restore sleep by i.v.t. injection in PCPA pretreated insomniac cats. These experiments provide evidence that the transfer of a small quantity of CSF (250 microliter) from a previously paradoxical sleep deprived cat can restore paradoxical sleep in an insomniac PCPA pretreated cat in bypassing the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HT). These results suggest that a 'paradoxical sleep inducing factor' may be stored in the central nervous system during sleep deprivation.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Behavioral effects of serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs in cats following chronic amphetamine administration.

Chronic administration of amphetamine to cats (twice daily, in doses increasing from 5 to 15 mg/kg over a 10-day period) elicited a number of behaviors e.g., limb flicking, abortive grooming, and excessive head shaking, which were originally proposed as an animal behavioral model for studying the actions of hallucinogens that depress central serotonergic neurotransmission. This drug treatment produced large decreases (approximately 50%) in central nervous system serotonin (5HT) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and even larger decreases (approximately 90%) in the levels of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine. Administration of the 5HT precursors L-tryptophan (25 mg/kg i.p.) or L-5-hydroxytryptophan (12.5 mg/kg i.p.), a direct-acting 5HT agonist (quipazine, 1 mg/kg i.p.) or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine, 4 mg/kg i.p.) produced no significant changes in these behaviors in cats treated chronically with amphetamine. Administration of a 5HT reuptake blocker (fluoxetine, 5 mg/kg i.p.) produced a small, but significant, decrease in the frequency of occurrence of these behaviors in amphetamine-treated cats. L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA, 20 mg/kg i.p.) greatly potentiated these behaviors in cats chronically treated with amphetamine, but L-DOPA was totally ineffective in eliciting these behaviors in naive animals. The behavioral effects of apomorphine (2 mg/kg i.p.) were also significantly potentiated by chronic amphetamine pretreatment. The amino acid precursor of DA, L-tyrosine (25 mg/kg i.p.), and a DA reuptake blocker, bupropion (5 mg/kg i.p.) were without significant effect on these behaviors in amphetamine-treated cats. The data suggest that these cat behaviors are elicited by an action at central DA receptors and that these receptors become supersensitive following chronic amphetamine administration. Furthermore, there may be a qualitative change in DA receptors, since L-DOPA is very effective in potentiating these behaviors in cats treated chronically with amphetamine, but is totally ineffective in naive cats.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Ocular dominance of cortical cells in cats dark-reared into maturity after short postnatal monocular deprivation.

We studied the preservation of the early monocular deprivation effect by rearing kittens in complete darkness for long periods (9.5 to 20 months) after a monocular deprivation period of 4 weeks that was initiated at the age of 1 month (MDDR cats). For comparison, four groups of kittens were used: monocularly deprived as those described above and then reared in normal light conditions (MDN), monocularly deprived at the age of 1 month (MD), and dark-reared (DR) or normally light-reared (NOR) from birth. Recordings from the visual cortex of MDDR and MDN cats showed that there was a clear preference for cells driven only by the experienced eye compared with the deprived eye. This preference was found whether, subsequent to the monocular deprivation period, these cats were dark- or light-reared (P less than 0.005 for MDDR and MDN compared with NOR cats). The difference between the MDDR, MDN, and MD groups of cats was reflected in the proportions of binocularly driven cells; the largest number of binocularly driven cells was found in the MDDR cats. There was no bias toward either eye in the ocular dominance distribution of cortical cells in cats that were reared in total darkness (DR) or in the light under normal conditions (NOR). We thus conclude that the long-term dark period during development did not erase the effect of early monocular deprivation on the cat visual cortex provided that the latter lasted 4 weeks prior to the dark period.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Changes of epidural pressures after experimental occlusion of one middle cerebral artery in cats.

Epidural pressures (EDP) were measured in 29 cats. Twenty cats had the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occluded; pentobarbital was used for anesthesia for 10 of these, and halothane was used for the other 10. Two cats had sham operations: the MCA was manipulated but not occluded. Seven cats were used for testing the reliability of the EDP devices. EDP was measured successfully and was directly related to the swelling of the brain and to the size of the cerebral infarct resulting from MCA occlusion. Side-to-side pressure gradients were demonstrated in 7 cats with marked increases of EDP after occlusion; in these cats, EDP may have reflected the pressure of compressed cerebral tissue rather than the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid. Cats anesthetized with pentobarbital had greater increases of EDP and died before the end of the period of observation more frequently than cats anesthetized with halothane, probably because of respiratory depression and slower recovery with pentobarbital. Measurements of EDP may be useful for studies of the treatment of cerebral edema in experimental models of acute cerebral ischemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Unique contribution of catecholamine receptors in the brain of the cat underlying feeding.

After a Collison cannula was implanted bilaterally in the cat for intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, individual patterns of food intake were determined. A mixture of dry and canned cat food was provided to the animal every morning at the same time for 1.0 hr. Once intakes had stabilized, either norepinephrine (NE) or an adrenoreceptor blocking agent was infused in one lateral ventricle by gravity flow over an interval of 30-60 sec. NE given ICV in a dose of 25-75 micrograms 15 min before the period of feeding enhanced both the amount of food consumed by the cat and the duration of its feeding for up to 1.0 hr. When phentolamine in a dose of 25-100 micrograms was infused 15 min prior to the feeding interval, the cat's intake of food was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner, again in terms of both the quantity consumed and the interval of eating. Propranolol was essentially without effect on food intake. In the fully satiated cat, NE infused ICV 15-45 min following the termination of its morning feeding episode tended to augment food intake at the highest 100 micrograms dose, but the effect was not significant. The dose-dependent hypothermia typically observed after NE is given ICV to the cat was found to be entirely independent of the feeding response. Overall, these findings show that noradrenergic pathways in the cat's feeding system apparently bias or otherwise modulate the amount of food consumed. As in other species, the feeding mechanism appears to be mediated through alpha-adrenergic receptors presumed to be in the diencephalon of the cat.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Ultrastructural study of tracer permeability through the cat and ferret enamel organ.

The access of exogenous materials to the developing enamel surface has been intensively studied in rodents, but not in other mammalian species. This ultrastructural study investigates the permeability of injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and lanthanum tracers in cat and ferret tooth buds. In cat enamel organs fixed by immersion, lanthanum did not escape the capillaries overlying secretory stage tooth buds, but it did permeate up to the distal junctions of ruffle-ended (RA) and the proximal junctions of smooth-ended (SA) ameloblasts. Perfusion fixation with lanthanum compromised junctional integrity of cat ameloblasts at all stages of development. Similarly, HRP rarely escaped the capillaries associated with cat secretory stage enamel organs. However, unlike lanthanum, HRP was mostly confined to the vasculature of maturation stage enamel organs in immersion fixed cats at all time intervals examined. In ferrets, HRP penetrated up to, but not beyond, the distal junctional complexes of secretory ameloblasts. In maturation stage enamel organs, HRP coated the papillary and RA cells, but did not penetrate the RA distal cell junctions. HRP did permeate the extracellular spaces of SA to reach the underlying enamel surface. Ameloblasts in transitional phases of SA and RA endocytosed HRP at the distal cell surface. This data leads to several conclusions. First, HRP localization in the ferret paralleled that observed in rodents. Second, the results of cat enamel organs substantiate previous studies showing perfusion fixation can increase vascular and intercellular permeability to lanthanum. However, in cats fixed by immersion, both lanthanum and HRP were restricted to capillaries associated with the secretory stage enamel organ, and only lanthanum escaped maturation stage capillaries. It is suggested that variations in the fenestrations and distribution of capillaries associated with the cat enamel organ may differentially retain some materials and permit other materials to escape with relative ease.

Ameloblasts↗

PubMed1984

The toxicity and biotransformation of single doses of acetaminophen in dogs and cats.

The biotransformation of single oral doses of acetaminophen (APAP) was studied in dogs an cats. Each animal received APAP at a no-effect (low), mildly toxic (medium), and severely toxic (high) dosage; dosages for each species were selected to produce similar clinical effects at each respective dosage. For dogs, these dosages were 100, 200, and 500 mg APAP/kg, while for cats, the similar effective dosages were 20, 60, and 120 mg APAP/kg. Plasma half-lives in dogs remained constant at the lower two dosages, but nearly tripled at the high dosage. The plasma half-lives in cats rose with increased dosage. Although the cats were given lower APAP dosages than the dogs, the plasma half-lives of cats were greater than those of the dogs at the medium and high dosages. Both species excreted about 85% of the administered single dose within the first 24 hr. APAP-glucuronide was the principal metabolite excreted in the urine of dogs; its fraction of the total metabolites excreted in urine remained constant at the three dose levels. In cats, APAP-sulfate was the major metabolite in urine at all three dosage levels, but the fraction of the total urinary metabolites represented by APAP-sulfate decreased as the dosage increased. Hepatic centrilobular pathology was seen in dogs, while cats had more diffuse liver pathologic changes. The results indicate that the cat is at increased risk from APAP exposure because of impaired glucuronidation and saturation of its sulfate conjugation pathway.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed1986

Electromyographic, neuropathologic, and functional correlates in the cat as the result of tri-o-cresyl phosphate delayed neurotoxicity.

To investigate the cat as a test animal for organophosphorous compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity, tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) was applied directly on the unprotected back of the neck of young adult cats. Single dermal doses, ranging from 250 to 2000 mg/kg TOCP, or subchronic daily administration of 1 to 100 mg/kg produced delayed neurotoxic effects in the cat. Severity of delayed neurotoxicity depended on the dose and duration. Clinical signs were characterized by hindlimb weakness, ataxia, and paresis. Electromyographic abnormalities resulting from acute denervation were observed in most cats that developed a neurologic deficit. No changes were seen in the motor nerve conduction, thus suggesting that the deficits were in the terminal branch rather than being diffuse lesions in the peripheral nerves. These results correlated well with histopathologic results showing lesions in the most distal portion of the longest tracts in both central and peripheral nervous systems. In the spinal cord, histopathologic studies showed that the ascending tracts of the upper cervical levels and descending tracts of the lumbosacral regions were affected most frequently. Although this study shows that the cat, like the chicken, is susceptible to TOCP-induced delayed neurotoxicity, it demonstrates two differences between the cat and the chicken: greater sensitivity of the cat to the acute effect of TOCP, and greater extent of recovery or improvement of the cat from delayed neurotoxicity. This recovery was demonstrated by: improvement of clinical signs, gain in body weight, disappearance of electromyographic abnormalities, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. Dermal administration of a single 100-mg/kg dose or subchronic 0.5-mg/kg doses of TOCP did not produce delayed neurotoxicity.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1983

Feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen: a viral and not a cellularly coded transformation-specific antigen of cat lymphomas.

The feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) was defined as a tumor antigen common to cat lymphomas and fibrosarcomas induced by feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline sarcoma virus (FeSV), respectively. The antigen was recognized by sera from cats thought to be resistant to leukemogenesis. We report here that a common denominator in the activity of naturally occurring viremic cat antisera to FOCMA is, in fact, their reactivity to FeLV C antigenic determinants. The cat antisera, monoclonal antibodies to FOCMA, and monoclonal antibodies to FeLV C, all reacted in immunofluorescence assays with FeLV C-infected cells and immunoprecipitated a molecule electrophoretically indistinguishable from envelope glycoprotein of FeLV. Viremic cat antisera to FOCMA bound to budding virus particles of FeLV C-infected cells, even though some of them could not be absorbed by mature virion proteins. Thus, the unusual feature of cat antibodies to FOCMA is their binding to nascent but not to mature virus particles. FOCMA-positive cat lymphomas expressed antigenic determinants of FeLV-C gp70, with or without productive infection. FeLV-negative tumors not expressing FeLV C gp70 were also FOCMA negative. Furthermore, most of the viremic cat sera and the monoclonal antibodies to FOCMA did not react with FeSV-transformed nonproducer cells. The absence of FOCMA from these cells and from FeLV-negative lymphoid tumors and its presence in FeLV-C infected fibroblasts indicated that this antigen is virus encoded and not a cellular tumor-specific antigen.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Abnormal spatial frequency channels in esotropic cats.

A noise masking paradigm was used to measure spatial tuning for the deviating and nondeviating eyes of two esotropic cats and for one eye of a control cat. With increasing noise contrast, masking grew more slowly for both the deviating and the nondeviating eyes of the esotropic cats than for the control cat; apparently, contrast coding is impaired for both eyes of the esotropic cats. Masking with band-reject filtered noise indicated that detection channels for either eye of the esotropic cats were twice as broadly tuned as those for the control cat. In a subsequent experiment, the spatial tuning characteristics of two human esotropes were found to be normal, indicating a fundamental difference between human esotropia and esotropia induced in cats by the section of an eye muscle.

Animals↗