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At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Brucellosis in children: clinical observations in 115 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Brucellosis is endemic in Saudi Arabia. This report summarizes the epidemiology of brucellosis in children. METHOD: A retrospective review was made of medical records of all patients admitted to King Fahad National Guard Hospital with brucellosis during the period from 1984 to 1995. RESULTS: Children < or =12 years constituted 115/545 (21%) of the total brucellosis admissions. The mean age was 5.8 years and 64% of the patients were males. Consumption of unpasteurized milk (often from camel) was the main source of infection. In 70% the clinical picture was dominated by arthritis, 20% of patients presented with a non-specific febrile illness without localizing signs, and 10% had a febrile illness with uncommon presentations. Brucella serology was most helpful in making an early diagnosis. Initial titers of >1:640 were found in 90% of the cases. Bacteremia was observed in 45% and of the isolates speciated, 96% were Brucella melitensis. No increase in resistance to commonly used antimicrobials was noted during the 12-year study period. A combination of rifampin plus co-trimoxazole with or without streptomycin was used in two thirds of the patients. The overall rate of relapse was 9% and one patient died from neurobrucellosis. CONCLUSION: Brucellosis presents in various ways and should be included in the differential diagnosis of arthritis in endemic countries. Prevention should rely on education including on boiling raw milk.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Purification and characterization of three proteins isolated from the proteose peptone fraction of bovine milk.

Three major proteins from the proteose peptone of bovine milk were purified by Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography, Q-Sepharose ion-exchange and additional Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography in the presence of urea. From their mobility in a gradient SDS-PAGE, the proteins were found to have molecular masses of 17, 28 and 60 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 17 kDa protein was found to be homologous with a camel whey protein. This protein has not previously been described in bovine milk. From the SDS-PAGE results, the 28 kDa protein was judged to be the major protein of proteose peptone, contributing approximately 25% of the total. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed no homology to any known protein sequence, but the amino acid composition indicated that the 28 kDa protein is identical with the PP3 component from the proteose peptone fraction of bovine milk, or part of it. The 60 kDa protein was found to be bovine osteopontin, a very highly phosphorylated protein with an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence which mediates cell attachment.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Sequence analysis of Camelus dromedarius milk caseins.

Alpha s1-, alpha s2-, beta- and kappa-caseins from Somali camels (Camelus dromedarius) were purified by acid precipitation at pH 4.4, crudely separated into an alpha-CN and a beta-CN fraction and further purified by reversed-phase HPLC. Fragments of tryptic digests were sequenced. Amino acid patterns obtained were used to screen a cDNA library constructed from mRNA from lactating udder tissue. Full length clones corresponding to the four caseins were sequenced. The numbers of residues in the sequences deduced were alpha s1-CN 207, alpha s2-CN 178, beta-CN 217, kappa-CN 162. Percentage similarity to bovine proteins was alpha s1-CN A 39, alpha s2-CN 56, beta-CN 64, kappa-CN 56. Acid-precipitated casein of pooled milk was separated by reversed-phase HPLC and monitored at 220 nm, and its composition, estimated from peak integration, was (g/kg total casein) alpha s1-CN 220, alpha s2-CN 95, beta-CN 650, kappa-CN 35. Degrees of phosphorylation and glycosylation were determined by laser ionization mass spectrometry and sequence pattern analysis. Molecular masses determined were (kDa) alpha s1-CN A, 24.755 and 24.668; alpha s1-CN B, 25.293; alpha s2-CN 21.993; beta-CN, 24.900; kappa-CN 22.294-22.987. The pH values of the most probable isoelectric points were: alpha s1-CN A 6P 4.41, alpha s1-CN B 6P 4.40, alpha s2-CN 9P 4.58, beta-CN 4P 4.66, kappa-CN 1P, with ten sialic acid residues bound, 4.10.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

Taeniasis, cysticercosis and echinococcosis/hydatidosis in Nigeria: II--prevalence of bovine and porcine cysticercosis, and hydatid disease in slaughtered food animals based on retrospective analysis of abattoir records.

A retrospective analysis of slaughterhouse records during the pre-veterinary-organized meat inspection era (before 1970) for cysticercosis and hydatidosis in food animals showed that parasitic cysts were documented but not identified and that the numbers of slaughtered animal species harbouring various parasitic cysts were not recorded. Since the various parasites which the meat inspectors observed were not identified, the prevalence of species encountered could not be determined. An analysis of abattoir records during the veterinary meat inspection era showed that Cysticercus bovis and C. cellulosae infections were documented in cattle and pigs respectively. Moreover, hydatid cysts were detected in cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and camels. The data obtained from this survey cannot be wholly relied upon as accurate, but it can be used as a baseline for the proper evaluation of the status of these zoonotic parasitic diseases in future co-ordinated researches.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1986

Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs in Tambool, Sudan.

In the Tambool area (Central eastern Sudan) a survey was made of the infection rate of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. From the total of 49 dogs shot by the police authority, 25 (51%) had E. granulosus in their intestines. The range of worm recovery was 7 to 28,400. These high infection and recovery rates could be explained by the rate of infection in the intermediate host (camel) slaughtered in the area.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

The epidemiology of Echinococcus infection in Kuwait.

Infection of dogs with E. granulosus is recorded for the first time in the State of Kuwait and observations on 204 dogs from different suburbs showed an infection rate of 23.039%. Cattle, sheep, goats and camels killed for public consumption in the period 6th April to 6th May, 1975, in a slaughter house were inspected and the rate of infection with E. granulosus cysts was recorded. The possible methods of transmission from animals and dogs to man is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Biochemical profiles of hydatid cyst fluids of Echinococcus granulosus of human and animal origin in Libya.

A comparative study on the biochemical parameters in hydatid cyst fluids of sheep, goats, camels, cattle and human cystic forms of Echinococcus granulosus has been made in Libya. Quantitative variations in the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, cholesterol, glucose, urea, creatinine and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT) were found in the cystic fluids of different host origins although these differences were statistically insignificant compared with the hydatid fluids of sheep. However, the concentration of triglycerides and proteins were significantly elevated in the cyst fluids of sheep compared with the other fluids studied. Similarities in the biochemical composition of different hydatid cyst fluids suggest the existence of sheep strains of E. granulosus in human and other domestic animal intermediate hosts in Libya.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Characteristics of a Kenyan camelpox virus.

A virus was isolated from pock-like vesicular eruptions of camels in Northern Kenya. This virus was shown to be a pox virus with many characteristics of members of the Orthopox group. It appears to be identical with camelpox strains from Iran and has similar properties to certain East African variola strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Isolation, identification and characterization of camelpox virus in Iraq.

A virus was isolated from pox-like lesions in camels during an outbreak of camelpox disease which occurred in December 1977 in an area near the Iraqi-Iranian border. It was identified serologically as a virus of the Orthopoxvirus group. The biological properties of the isolate indicated that it was probably identical with strains of camelpox virus isolated from Iran, Egypt, Kenya and the U.S.S.R.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A study of the host range and distribution of antibody to Akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae) in Kenya.

Serum neutralizing antibody to Akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae) was found in a high proportion (50-95%) of cattle sampled in Kenya, while sheep and goats had fewer positive (13-33%). Camel and horse sera also contained antibody to the virus (70% and 50% respectively). The antibody was found in animals from the high altitude temperature type of grasslands, drier bushed and wooded grasslands and the semi-desert. No arthrogryposis nor hydranencephaly has been encountered in Kenya which might be related to this widespread virus infection. A wide range of Kenyan wild ruminants had antibody to Akabane virus in their sera, as also did zebra.

Altitude↗
PubMed1984

Preliminary survey of domestic animals of the Sudan for precipitating antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus.

In a preliminary seroepidemiological survey a total of 780 serum samples derived from various domestic animals of the Sudan were examined for Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus precipitating antibodies. The incidence was approximately 34.3% in sheep, 33.2% in cattle, 22% in goats, 7.9% in camels and 4% in donkeys. The findings indicated that RVF is mainly prevalent in the rich savanna areas of the south as well as the irrigated areas close to the Nile in the north. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the detected antibodies were induced by a long-standing cryptically cycling infection and that resurgence of extensive epizootics is unlikely although limited outbreaks may occur. It is concluded that RVF virus circulates across the country in a south-north range along the Nile Valley with little or no extension to the drier lands to the east and west, and that ruminants are the primary species involved in virus maintenance. These species evidently serve as main amplifiers of infection during epizootics, but whether or not they also serve as sole virus reservoirs in inter-epizootic periods has yet to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Molecular genetic characterization of the cervid strain ('northern form') of Echinococcus granulosus.

We have used a number of molecular genetic approaches to characterize the cervid strain ('northern form') of Echinococcus granulosus. PCR-RFLP analysis of the nuclear ITS1 region of the rDNA repeat can readily distinguish the cervid form from other strains of E. granulosus. The complexity of the RFLP patterns obtained suggests that a number of distinct ITS1 types are present in this strain which may represent an inter-strain E. granulosus hybrid. Mitochondrial CO1 sequence of the cervid genotype was ambiguous at 18 positions and closely resembles a cluster of previously characterized E. granulosus genotypes, G1 (common, domestic sheep)/G2 (Tasmanian sheep)/G3 (buffalo). In contrast, mitochondrial ND1 sequence, although unique, suggests that the cervid form is most similar to strains represented by the G6 (camel)/G7 (pig) genotypes. We assume that the CO1 and ND1 sequences obtained for the cervid genotype are linked in a single mitochondrial genome although this is difficult to explain if conventional molecular genetics of mitochondrial DNA are assumed. Based on its unique ND1 sequence and ITS1 PCR-RFLP pattern, the cervid strain appears to represent a distinct genotype (designated G8) of E. granulosus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Echinococcus granulosus: intraspecific genetic variation assessed by a DNA repetitive element.

A 186 bp Echinococcus granulosus-specific repetitive element, TREg, was used to assess genetic variation between strains. In G7 genotype (pig strain) it has the characteristics of a satellite DNA element with a copy number of 23000 per haploid genome. Analysis, by sequencing of TREg monomers, showed a great degree of identity within them. In the G1 genotype (common sheep strain) TREg-like repetitive elements were found in an interspersed distribution throughout the genome and in only 120 copies. The sequences of these monomers showed a great degree of variation between them and with TREg of G7 origin. The G6 genotype (camel strain) showed a pattern of distribution and copy number similar to the G7 genotype, and the G2 genotype (Tasmanian sheep strain) similar to the G1 genotype. Isolates from the G5 (cattle strain) and G4 (horse strain) genotypes also showed unique hybridization patterns in Southern blot experiments. The genomic plasticity of E. granulosus, which may have important consequences in the epidemiology and control of cystic hydatid disease is reflected in the results of this work.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Molecular epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis.

Echinococcus granulosus exhibits substantial genetic diversity that has important implications for the design and development of vaccines, diagnostic reagents and drugs effective against this parasite. DNA approaches that have been used for accurate identification of these genetic variants are presented here as is a description of their application in molecular epidemiological surveys of cystic echinococcosis in different geographical settings and host assemblages. The recent publication of the complete sequences of the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of the horse and sheep strains of E. granulosus and of E. multilocularis, and the availability of mt DNA sequences for a number of other E. granulosus genotypes, has provided additional genetic information that can be used for more in depth strain characterization and taxonomic studies of these parasites. This very rich sequence information has provided a solid molecular basis, along with a range of different biological, epidemiological, biochemical and other molecular-genetic criteria, for revising the taxonomy of the genus Echinococcus. This has been a controversial issue for some time. Furthermore, the accumulating genetic data may allow insight to several other unresolved questions such as confirming the occurrence and precise nature of the E. granulosus G9 genotype and its reservoir in Poland, whether it is present elsewhere, why the camel strain (G6 genotype) appears to affect humans in certain geographical areas but not others, more precise delineation of the host and geographic ranges of the genotypes characterised to date, and whether additional genotypes of E. granulosus remain to be identified.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Molecular genetic characterization of the Fennoscandian cervid strain, a new genotypic group (G10) of Echinococcus granulosus.

The northern biotype of Echinococcus granulosus occurs in North America and northern Eurasia in life-cycles involving cervids. Previously, cervid isolates of E. granulosus from North America have been characterized using molecular genetic techniques as the G8 genotype. In this study, 5 isolates of E. granulosus were collected from 4 reindeer and 1 moose in north-eastern Finland. DNA sequences within regions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase I (NI)I) genes and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) fragment of the ribosomal DNA were analysed. The mitochondrial nucleotide sequences were identical in all isolates, but high sequence variation was found in the ITS-1 region. Mitochondrial and nuclear sequences of the Finnish cervid E. granulosus and the camel strain (G6) of E. granulosus resembled closely each other. According to phylogenetic analyses, the Finnish isolates have close relationships also with the pig (G7) and cattle (G5) strains. Although some similarities were found with the previously published North American cervid strain (G8), particularly in the NDI sequence and some of the ITS-1 clones, the Finnish E. granulosus form represents a distinct, previously undescribed genotype of E. granulosus. The novel genotype is hereby named as the Fennoscandian cervid strain (G10).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Echinococcus granulosus strain differentiation based on sequence heterogeneity in mitochondrial genes of cytochrome c oxidase-1 and NADH dehydrogenase-1.

Genetic analyses of Echinococcus granulosus isolates from different intermediate host species have demonstrated substantial levels of variation for some genotype (strain) clusters. To determine the range of genetic variability within and between genotypes we amplified and cloned partial cox1 and nadh1 genes from 16 isolates of E. granulosus from 4 continents. Furthermore, we sequenced different clones from a PCR product to analyse the intra-individual genetic variance. The findings showed a moderate degree of variance within single isolates and a significant degree of variance between the cluster of genotypes G1-G3 (sheep, Tasmanian sheep and buffalo strain), genotypes G4 (horse strain) and G5 (cattle strain) and the cluster of the genotypes G6 (camel strain) and G7 (pig strain). The variance of up to 2.2% within genotypes was relatively low compared with that of 4.3-15.7% among genotypes. The present results indicate that a re-examination of the classification of 5 genotypes of Echinococcus is warranted. Hence, our data highly support a re-evaluation of the taxonomy of the clades G1-G3, G4, G5, G6/7 and G8 (cervid strain) within the genus Echinococcus.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular characterization of Echinococcus isolates of cervid origin from Finland and Sweden.

The species Echinococcus granulosus is made up of several genotypic strain groups, whose taxonomical classification is still undetermined. Genotypes in the cervid-wolf life-cycle are poorly known, especially in Europe. In this study, 33 Echinococcus isolates from cervids from Finland and Sweden were characterized using mitochondrial ND1 gene sequencing. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of E. granulosus strains using the mitochondrial ATP6, ND1, ND3 and CO1 genes was performed using maximum likelihood, neighbour-joining and maximum parsimony methods. The Finnish and Swedish cervid isolates were found to represent the genotype G10. In the phylogenetic analyses, the camel (G6), pig (G7), cervid (G8) and Fennoscandian cervid (G10) strains clustered in a well-supported monophyletic group. This group differed clearly from the common sheep (G1) and horse (G4, 'E. equinus') strains, but was closely related to the cattle strain (G5, 'E. ortleppi'). Our results support the previous studies suggesting that the genotypes G6-10 should be separated from the species E. granulosus sensu stricto. However, additional morphological studies are needed, and the relationship to the cattle strain ('E. ortleppi') should be thoroughly evaluated before a final decision of the taxonomical status of the G6-10 group can be made.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes.

Taxonomic revision by molecular phylogeny is needed to categorize members of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae). We have reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of E. oligarthrus, E. vogeli, E. multilocularis, E. shiquicus, E. equinus, E. ortleppi, E. granulosus sensu stricto and 3 genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato (G6, G7 and G8) from their complete mitochondrial genomes. Maximum likelihood and partitioned Bayesian analyses using concatenated data sets of nucleotide and amino acid sequences depicted phylogenetic trees with the same topology. The 3 E. granulosus genotypes corresponding to the camel, pig, and cervid strains were monophyletic, and their high level of genetic similarity supported taxonomic species unification of these genotypes into E. canadensis. Sister species relationships were confirmed between E. ortleppi and E. canadensis, and between E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus, regardless of the analytical approach employed. The basal positions of the phylogenetic tree were occupied by the neotropical endemic species, E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli, whose definitive hosts are derived from carnivores that immigrated from North America after the formation of the Panamanian land bridge. Host-parasite co-evolution comparisons suggest that the ancestral homeland of Echinococcus was North America or Asia, depending on whether the ancestral definitive hosts were canids or felids.

Animals↗