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PubMed1996

Acceleration of the alcohol oxidation rate in rats with aloin, a quinone derivative of Aloe.

Aloe contains abundant aloin, a C-glycoside derivative of anthraquinone. Based on recent reports indicating that the water extract of Aloe enhances the ethanol oxidation rate and also that quinones, in general, have a functional role in elevating the alcohol oxidation rate in vivo, we have attempted to identify the quinone derivative contained in Aloe that could increase the alcohol oxidation rate. Upon oral administration of aloin (300 mg/kg) given 12 hr prior to the administration of alcohol (3.0 g/kg), the blood alcohol area under the curve (AUC) was found to be decreased significantly (by 40%). This was supported by increases in the rates of blood alcohol elimination and the disappearance of alcohol from the body by 45 and 50%, respectively. Analysis of hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels revealed that both the ethanol and the aloin treatment alone significantly increased the TG levels in a comparable manner; however, the level obtained by the combined treatment of aloin and ethanol was not statistically different from that produced by either treatment alone. The levels of serum L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (AST) and L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (ALT) activities were not increased by acute alcohol intoxication, aloin alone, or by the combined treatment of alcohol and aloin. Pretreatments with aloe-emodin, the anthraquinone aglycone of aloin, resulted in a significantly decreased blood alcohol AUC and an increase in the rate of ethanol disappearance. These results suggested that when the aloin localized primarily in the skin of Aloe is ingested, aloe-emodin (the quinone aglycone) may be released, and the released quinone may produce acceleration of the ethanol metabolism rate in vivo.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1989

[The concept of "control of an automobile"--simultaneously a comment on the decision by the Federal Court of Appeals of 27 October 1988--blood alcohol 26, 61-63 (1989)].

In reviewing the Federal Court of Appeals's (BGH) decision of Oct. 27, 1988--Blutalkohol 26, 61-63 (1989)--the author considers the court's reasoning--according to which "Führen eines Fahrzeugs" (taking part in traffic with a vehicle) and "Fahren eines Fahrzeugs" (driving a vehicle) are identical terms--not to be convincing. In order to avoid a setback of preventive police work, he stipulates that the lawmaker should penalize the attempt of a person to drive a vehicle in a state of alcoholic intoxication.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1994

Alcohol and managerial performance.

Effects of alcohol intoxication at .05 and .10 breath alcohol concentration upon a number of validated indicators of managerial performance were investigated in a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled simulation design. Managers (N = 48) spent 2 days handling quasi-experimental (partially event-controlled) tasks that permitted realistic managerial decision making under both "normal" and "emergency" conditions. The data showed that speed and frequency of managerial action were affected by alcohol at the .10 but not the .05 level. Strategy and planning deteriorated at both levels. Limited improvement of performance was observed for one simpler component of managerial functioning at the lower intoxication level, possibly due to myopia and/or a motivated "strain" toward better performance induced by the perception of impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Elevated concentrations of acetone and unidentified compounds in the breath of alcohol abusers.

A highly sensitive gas chromatographic assay was used to measure volatile organic compounds in the breath. Samples of breath from three groups of subjects were studied: normal volunteers (n = 15), acutely intoxicated alcohol abusers (n = 11), and abstinent alcohol abusers (n = 13). Acetone levels were significantly higher in the acutely intoxicated subjects than in the normals (p less than 0.05) or the abstinent alcohol abusers (p less than 0.05). Chromatographic peaks arising from 13 unidentified compounds in the breath were observed; two of these unidentified compounds were observed only in the intoxicated and abstinent alcohol abusers. Statistically significance was achieved in only one unidentified peak; elevated levels of this compound were seen in both acutely intoxicated alcohol abusers (p less than 0.01) and in the abstinent alcohol abusers (p less than 0.01) when they were compared to normal subjects.

Acetone↗
PubMed1987

The influence of altered tryptophan availability on ethanol intoxication in normal men.

Because of evidence that altered 5-hydroxytryptamine function may modulate ethanol intoxication, we investigated this in normal social drinkers. Using amino acid mixtures, 5-hydroxytryptamine was influenced by altering levels of its precursor tryptophan. Neither raising nor lowering tryptophan affected alcohol intoxication as measured by a self-report scale and memory and motor tasks. Our data do not support the idea that 5-hydroxytryptamine can modulate alcohol-induced intoxication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Dose-response relationships between blood alcohol concentrations and cognitive potentials (visual P300) in man].

20 healthy male subjects with a mean age of 24 +/- 2.7 years were intravenously administered a mean total dose of ethanol of 1.33 +/- 0.04 g ethanol/kg body weight using a perfusor device. The ethanol kinetic resulted in a "rising phase" of 90.2 +/- 0.9 min. in average. The PFP300 parameter in this phase of acute alcohol intoxication showed the following changes: Along with the increasing blood alcohol level the N250- and PFP300a-latencies of both the A- and B-potentials are progressively prolonged and the ascending PFP300-amplitudes are progressively reduced. The N250-latency of the B-potentials is shown to be the most sensitive parameter of the PFP300-complex already changing at a blood alcohol concentration (= b.a.c.) of 0.59 +/- 0.11% with a mean linear prolongation of 2.5 ms per 0.1 g ethanol/kg body weight. This prolongation reflects the increasing disability of the subjects to discriminate between task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimuli at b.c.a.-levels much below that being presently permitted for driving in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Chronic administration of ethanol does not alter plasma kallikrein hepatic clearance.

1. The clearance of plasma kallikrein by the isolated and perfused liver of rats chronically intoxicated with ethanol was studied. Alcohol was added to the diet as 36% of total calories, and the animals were kept on this diet for 5-7 weeks. 2. The hepatic clearance of plasma kallikrein by these rats (uptake half-life, 15 +/- 2 min; N = 3) was similar to that observed in the control groups (normal diet, uptake half-life, 14 +/- 2 min; N = 5, or normal diet with sucrose added as 36% of total calories, uptake half-life, 16 +/- 3 min; N = 4). 3. These results provided indirect evidence that the endocytosis mechanism of plasma kallikrein by the liver differs from that described for glycoproteins which use the galactosyl receptor, since liver endocytosis via this latter system is reduced by chronic alcohol intoxication.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1984

Effect of alcohol on recall and recognition as functions of processing levels.

Other investigators have suggested that the memory impairments found in alcohol intoxication represent the failure to process information to sufficient depth, i.e., an encoding deficit. The present study employed different processing levels (semantic, phonemic and graphemic) in intentional-learning experiments to examine the effects of two different doses of alcohol on verbal free recall and recognition. Alcohol significantly impaired both recall and recognition. Guiding processing at information input with semantic orienting tasks and at retrieval with recognition testing improved the retention performance of both intoxicated subjects and controls administered a placebo. However, neither procedure corrected the relative decrement associated with the higher of the two doses of alcohol. Alcohol intoxication had no effect on the speed or accuracy of the initial encoding of items at any processing level. The results offer no support for the view that the verbal-retention deficits associated with alcohol intoxication are related either to the spontaneous failure to undertake deep semantic processing or to the inability to do so.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Acute poisonings in Barcelona. Epidemiology and therapeutic considerations (author's transl)].

During the first semester of 1977, 330 patients were admitted with acute intoxication to a general hospital in Barcelona, representing 1.8% of the total admissions through the Emergency Room during that time. The patients with acute intoxication were distributed as follows: 48.2%, voluntary intoxication; 39.1%, household accidents; and 11.8%, acute alcoholic intoxication. While most household accidents occurred in children less than 5 years of age (87.5%), suicidal attempts were seen mostly between ages 13 and 30. Regarding sex distribution, 68.6% of suicidal attempts occurred in females, while males accounted for 82.1% of admissions for acute alcoholism. No seasonal distribution of the different types of intoxication could be detected. Concerning the type of toxic compound implicated, household accidents were due principally to drug ingestion (47.7%) followed by ingestion of caustics, detergents, and other cleansing products (37.1%), while most (88.8%) suicidal attempts were due to drug ingestion. In both cases the drugs more frequently utilized were, in this order, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol, analgesics, and antidepressants. As far as it regards gravity of intoxication, benzodiazepines offered the greatest margins of security. It was observed that gastric cleansing was carried out independently of the age and level of consciousness of the patient and without regards to the time elapsed between ingestion of the offending agent and first evaluation. It was also noted that diuresis was enhanced in 40% of cases without pharmacological justification. Finally, therapeutic plans are discussed and measures to rationalize them are proposed.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1996

Enforcement of drunken driving laws in cases involving injured intoxicated drivers.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of driving while impaired (DWI) charges among alcohol-intoxicated drivers injured in motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) and any differences in the group of those charged compared with those not charged. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of linked data from medical and judicial sources. Our setting was an urban emergency department of a trauma center serving a population of 1 million. We studied consecutive drivers injured in MVCs over a period of 15 months who had measured serum ethanol (BAC) levels of 100 mg/dL or higher. BAC, Trauma Score (TS), demographics, and crash data were linked to court records of charges, outcome, and prior convictions. The group of individuals who were charged with DWI were compared with those who were not charged. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-seven patients were studied; 53 (28%) were charged with DWI, and 32 (17% of total) were convicted. Two (7%) of 29 patients with severe injuries, 9 (28%) of 32 with moderate injuries, and 42 (33%) of 126 with nonsevere injuries were charged (P = .004). Eighteen (16%) of 112 patients with no prior convictions were charged; 20 (56%) of 36 patients with one, 11 (52%) of 21 with two, 3 (25%) of 12 with three, and 0 of 5 with four or more prior DWI convictions were charged (P < .001). There were no significant differences in BAC, demographics, or other measures between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Alcohol-impaired drivers who require ED treatment for injuries sustained in an MVC are infrequently charged with DWI. The likelihood of a DWI charge diminishes with increasing severity of injury. Repeat offenders are charged more often, but the frequency of charges does not increase with increasing number of prior DWI convictions.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2003

Think they're drunk? Alcohol servers and the identification of intoxication.

Despite alcohol server training programs and legal liability aimed at controlling intoxication, server intervention appears to be rare. Given the difficulty in assessing intoxication, it can be assumed that improvement in assessment skills would increase the likelihood of intervention. Unfortunately, little is known regarding practices servers use to identify intoxication. In order to build a more informed base for policy formation and server training, the focus of this inquiry was to examine practices used by servers to assess intoxication. The analysis was based upon questionnaires mailed to a random probability sample of licensed servers from one state (N = 822). Indicators found to be most important were examined in relation to a variety of occupational characteristics. Implications for training curricula, policy formation, and future research are discussed.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2005

Does ethanol explain the acidosis commonly seen in ethanol-intoxicated patients?

OBJECTIVE: Emergency physicians frequently treat ethanol-intoxicated trauma patients. In patients with apparently minor injuries, the presence of metabolic acidosis is often attributed to serum ethanol. We tested whether there is justification for the bias that ethanol reliably explains the acidosis commonly seen in alcohol-intoxicated patients. METHODS: Prospective, observational. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Ethanol-intoxicated patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) following significant trauma mechanisms, in whom diagnostic evaluation revealed only minor injury. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Major trauma (blood transfusions, drop in Hct > 10 points over 24 h, or Injury Severity Score [ISS] >5) or positive urine toxicology screen. DEFINITIONS: Ethanol Intoxication: (Blood Alcohol Level (BAL) > or =80 mg/dl), Acidosis: BD < or = -3.0 mMol/L; Lactic Acidosis (LAC >2.2 mMol/L). Data were reported as mean+/-SD. Data were compared by t-tests or Fishers exact test as appropriate (alpha= 0.05, 2 tails) and correlations by Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: 192 patients were studied (84% male) with a mean age of 31.7+/-15.6 years. Acidosis was observed in 19.3% (CI 95%, 14.5% to 25.0%) of all study patients. We observed significant (p<0.001) difference in prevalence of acidosis in ethanol intoxicated (42%) compared to nonintoxicated (1%) patients. Comparing the two study groups, patients with ethanol intoxication had lower BD (-2.24+/-2.74 vs. -0.05+/-2.35, p<0.001) and higher LAC (2.69+/-1.48 vs. 2.00+/-1.78, p=0.02). However, ethanol levels did not correlate significantly with BD (p=0.50) or LAC (p=0.14). CONCLUSION: Ethanol intoxication is associated with acidosis, which does not correlate with BD or LAC. The complexity of pathogenesis of acidosis in ethanol intoxication justifies further diagnostic evaluation of these patients in order to rule out other causes of acidosis.

Acidosis, Lactic↗
PubMed1989

Alcohol effects on cognitive and personality style in women with special reference to primary and secondary process.

Changes in primary and secondary process functioning as well as in experienced locus of control as indicators of cognitive style were examined as a function of alcohol intoxication. Women subjects drank 1.0 ml of pure alcohol/kg body weight and were compared to a placebo and a control group. Results indicated a significant shift in locus of control toward greater externality and a significant shift in cognitive style from a dominance of secondary process when sober to a dominance of primary process when intoxicated. These shifts were discussed as indicative of the pharmacological properties of alcohol and were related to the disinhibition and the arousal hypotheses. Alternative explanations were also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Alcohol affects eye movements essential for visually guided stepping.

BACKGROUND: To understand how and why alcohol intoxication affects visually guided stepping, the eye movements and performance of 6 subjects (aged 22-35 years) were monitored as they progressed along a pathway of 18 irregularly placed stepping stones before and after consumption of an acute oral dose of alcohol. METHODS: Horizontal eye movements were measured with infrared reflectometry; footfall on or off target was monitored via copper fabric soles stuck to subjects' footwear. Breath alcohol concentration was monitored with an Alco-Sensor III breathalyzer. RESULTS: After alcohol loading, both locomotor and oculomotor deficits were evident. All subjects increased their step cycle duration-with prolonged stance, swing, and double support phases-and occasionally missed footfall targets. A large proportion of saccades made to fixate successive stepping stones were inaccurate and were accompanied by one or more corrective saccades. These problems with looking and stepping to footfall targets tended to occur together and were comparable to those seen previously in cerebellar patients undertaking the same task. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that healthy subjects acutely intoxicated by alcohol show symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction suggests that alcohol acutely and adversely affects the cerebellar contribution to performance of visually guided movements.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of tissue components of the sinoatrial area of the heart in sudden death due to alcoholic cardiomyopathy].

The tissue components of the conducting myocardium of the sinus node (SN) and the working prenodal myocardium of the right atrium (RA) in the sinoatrial area of the heart were quantitatively ultrastructurally analyzed in 8 males who had suddenly died from alcohol cardiomyopathy with (n = 3) or without acute alcohol intoxication at the age of 32 to 56 years. The volume densities of myocytes, connective tissue, capillaries and nerves, as well as the diameters of conducting and working myocytes were measured individually for SN and RA. The findings were compared with those in sudden extracardiac death and sudden coronary death. Whether the results of this study are essential for corrective ultrastructural identification of SN and RA in alcoholic cardiomyocytes and for understanding the role of structural homeostasis of the human cardiac sinoatrial area in this abnormality is discussed in the paper.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of Nigerian citrus (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) honey on ethanol metabolism.

The effect of Nigerian citrus (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) honey on ethanol metabolism was tested using 45 consenting individuals in apparent good health and between the ages of 25 and 35 years. The subjects were moderate social drinkers matched in terms of body weight and build. The results obtained showed that on average, honey significantly (p < 0.05) increased the blood ethanol clearance rate by 68% and decreased the intoxication period by 43%, but insignificantly (p > 0.05) reduced the degree of intoxication by 9%. Honey could be a promising anti-intoxicating agent, but its long-term biochemical evaluation, possibly as a complement in the management of alcohol intoxication, deserves further study.

Administration, Oral↗