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Evolution of practice nursing in Australia.

AIM: This paper describes the evolution of Australian practice nursing and documents seminal events in crystallizing the importance of the nursing role in general practice. BACKGROUND: Internationally, the potential for nurses to improve health in primary care settings is acknowledged. The general practice setting is a focal point for primary care in many health systems. Despite the important role played in the delivery of primary health care by nurses working in general practice in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, the role of nurses in Australian general practice is much less clearly defined, as reflected by the paucity of research and scholarship in this area. Fuelled by the increasing challenges of workforce shortages and the increasing need for multidisciplinary care, interest in the developing role of the Australian practice nurse among clinicians, researchers and policy makers is increasing. DISCUSSION: Australian practice nursing has reached a critical point in its evolution. It is imperative for the promotion of nursing in general practice that knowledge from descriptive, exploratory research be used to inform strategic decision-making in terms of professional development issues, policy, research and scholarship. These data also need to inform systematic outcome studies. To date, the embryonic nature of practice nursing as a discrete professional entity in Australia has inhibited its representation in nursing curricula and professional bodies. CONCLUSION: In order to advance the Australian practice nurse movement and demonstrate its important contribution to primary health care, nurses need to take the lead in strategic planning of this emerging specialty. As well as leadership from an academic, research and policy perspective, clinical leaders need to be fostered among the ranks of practice nurse clinicians to drive clinical practice development and the delivery of evidence-based primary care.

Australia↗

The spatial urban hierarchy in Turkey: its structure and some of its determinants.

"This paper gives a detailed description of the Turkish spatial hierarchy, tests certain aspects of the central place theory, and identifies the principles by which the hierarchy is organized. From the results of a country-wide survey, a seven-level hierarchy is identified....Regression analysis reveals that different factors operate at different levels and with varying intensities in ordering the structure of the system with no one factor being predominant. Income per capita, the density of the road network, the nature of the terrain, the degree of spatial mobility, the structure of economic activity in rural areas, and the distribution of labor force by type of activity emerge as ordering the frequency of centers and the sizes of their nested tributary areas."

Asia↗

American fertility and industrial restructuring: a possible link.

Despite the fact that economic and demographic factors conventionally are considered to be integrally related, researchers have overlooked recent changes in the structure of the American economy that may have affected fertility in the US. This article seeks to raise questions and explores the possibility that recent processes of industrial restructuring have created new employment patterns and socioeconomic conditions which have influenced American fertility positively. Specifically, conditions of underemployment and unemployment, generated by the service and manufacturing sectors, may be conducive to increased fertility.

Americas↗

Maternal-child health in Brazil.

An overview of the social and economic climates and the healthcare delivery systems of Brazil is presented. The Brazilian healthcare system is discussed, with particular attention directed to the status of nursing and to the perinatal health-care delivery system. Examples of Brazilian perinatal health-care practices are provided.

Brazil↗

Advanced practice psychiatric mental health nursing, finding our core: the therapeutic relationship in 21st century.

TOPIC: Increasingly, students from various professional backgrounds are enrolling in Psychiatric Mental Health (PMH) Nursing graduate programs, especially at the post-master's level. Faculty must educate these students to provide increasingly complex care while socializing them as PMH advanced practitioners. PURPOSE: To present how one online program is addressing these issues by reasserting the centrality of the relationship and by assuring it has at least equal footing with the application of a burgeoning knowledge base of neurobiology of mental illness. SOURCES: Published literature from nursing and psychology. CONCLUSIONS: The PMH graduate faculty believes that they have developed strategies to meet this challenge and to help build a PMH workforce that will maintain the centrality of the relationship in PMH practice.

Clinical Competence↗

Developing a strategic plan for school health services in Massachusetts.

School health service programs underwent rapid changes to meet the health needs of today's students. These needs stem largely from: a) increased number of students with special health care needs attending school, b) increased stress and time pressure on families, c) rapid restructuring of the health care system serving children, and d) recognition that schools provide opportunities to identify students with health risks. This paper describes seven components of a statewide Massachusetts plan to develop school health services by: a) setting standards, b) reviewing and revising statutes and regulations, c) promoting credentialing of school health personnel, d) providing continuing education on subjects pertinent to school health, e) exploring reimbursement systems and new funding sources, including funds from the tobacco settlement, f) exploring new models of care, and g) implementing data systems. The plan focuses on developing school nurse-managed school health services within a public health model.

Credentialing↗

AHEC in West Virginia: a case study. Area health education centers.

This case study describes the area health education centers (AHEC) program in West Virginia, spanning 30 years from a first-generation project at Charleston in 1972 (AHEC 1) to a newly funded statewide program (AHEC 2). The outcome is an evolving university-community partnership designed to meet changing work-force and community health needs in the heart of rural Appalachia. West Virginia University's (WVU's) application of the original Carnegie Commission AHEC recommendations (1970) resulted in the Charleston AHEC, now part of the Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center of WVU. AHEC today trains more than 135 residents and interns, and one-third of the third-year and fourth-year WVU medical students. Charleston offers clinical and continuing education for nurses, dentists, pharmacists, and allied health professionals. A health sciences library, distance learning, and a network of primary care clinics help define Charleston's unique AHEC role. This AHEC hub continues to meet the classic Carnegie goals of recruiting and retaining health professionals, and providing access to care in the original service area and statewide. Based on the Charleston experience, four new federally funded AHECs are being developed to link rural primary care residencies with the state-funded West Virginia rural health education partnerships. These rural consortia AHECs are applying the concept of community competency, a performance-based methodology, to integrate learning while achieving the goals of Healthy People 2010.

Academic Medical Centers↗

SerVet.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Africa↗

A nutrition support team quality assurance plan.

The Nutrition Support Team at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center is responsible for the development of guidelines related to the provision of both total parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition support. A Quality Assurance plan which was approved by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of HealthCare Organizations was implemented by the Nutrition Support Team. This plan addresses: nutritional assessment and consultation, indications for enteral and parenteral nutrition support, provision of optimal nutrition support including attainment of nutritional goals, and the prevention, detection, and management of complications. The indicators and criteria for each aspect of care are described. This program has provided documentation of the activities of the Nutrition Support Team as well as data defining the patient population requiring specialized nutrition support, and has helped identify areas where improvement is required.

Dietary Services↗

Turning points in labor migration: the case of Hong Kong.

"The Hong Kong experience of emigration and immigration does not fit neatly into models of migration transition. As a city-state with a small rural population, it has exhibited different developmental characteristics from the larger Asian newly industrialized economies. Geopolitical factors have also played a key role in 'patterns' of migration, such as restrictive immigration policies in receiving countries. Also significant are individual considerations of political and economic risk, as evidenced by the current rise in the emigration of skilled and professional workers prior to the return of Hong Kong to China. The author concludes that, rather than a simple turning point in labor migration, there may be multiple turning points in a complex sequence of change."

Asia↗