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PubMed1994

Effects of antianginal therapy with atenolol and slow-release nifedipine on respiratory gas exchange and on the ventilatory requirements for aerobic exercise.

The effects of atenolol and nifedipine on gas exchange were studied in 27 patients with effort angina in a randomized cross-over trial. Semi-supine bicycle exercise tests (ramp program, 20 W/min) with measurement of gas exchange were carried out after consecutive 2-week treatment periods with atenolol (50 mg b.i.d.) and slow-release nifedipine (20 mg b.i.d.). In the range of subthreshold exercise, the slope of the VO2 workload line was lower with atenolol than with nifedipine (8.64 +/- 1.59 vs 10.28 +/- 1.74 ml.min-1.W-1, p < 0.005) as determined by linear regression analysis excluding the initial 30 W. The intercept of the curve on the VO2 axis was higher with atenolol than with nifedipine (366 +/- 111 vs 299 +/- 113 ml.min-1, p < 0.05). VO2 was higher (p < 0.05) with nifedipine than with atenolol for workloads above 65 W. A similar pattern was seen if the drug effects on the slope of the VCO2-workload relation were analyzed (7.11 +/- 1.92 vs 8.54 +/- 1.85 ml.min-1.W-1, p < 0.02). The intercept on the VCO2 axis was not different among the treatments. VCO2 was higher (p < 0.05) with nifedipine than with atenolol for workloads above 55 W. Minute ventilation was higher (p < 0.05) with nifedipine than with atenolol at all points of the analysis. The data suggest that the ventilatory requirements and the energy cost for aerobic exercise are higher with nifedipine than with atenolol. This may become relevant in cardiovascular patients with concomitant pulmonary disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of the Cholestech L.D.X. desktop analyser for cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triacylglycerols in heparinized venous blood.

The analytical performance of the Cholestech L.D.X. lipid analyzer for total and HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols in heparinized venous blood was evaluated, using two Cholestech L.D.X. analysers and two reagent cassette lots. Within-day and day-to-day precision were checked with commercial quality control sera. Within-day coefficients of variation (CVs) were 2.0 to 4.7% for total cholesterol, 3.4 to 5.5% for HDL-cholesterol, and 2.1 to 4.8% for triacylglycerols. Between-day CVs were < or = 6.0% for triacylglycerols, and < or = 7.0% for HDL-cholesterol. A method comparison study, according to the NCCLS EP9-P guidelines, was performed for all three analytes. Cholestech whole blood values (y) were compared with serum values (x) generated by a standardized enzymatic method for cholesterol, and by current state-of-the-art methodology for HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols. Correlation coefficients were all > 0.98. Mean slopes and intercepts for the Passing & Bablok regression equations of total and HDL-cholesterol were not significantly different from one and zero, respectively. Overall, the Cholestech means differed by < 1.8% for total cholesterol, and < 5% for HDL-cholesterol versus the comparison method means. For total cholesterol the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) requirements for accuracy and precision of < or = 3% were met. For triacylglycerols, significant negative intercepts ranging from -0.26 to -0.33 mmol/l were observed, with slopes significantly greater than one.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed1993

Pharmacokinetics of and serum thromboxane suppression by flunixin meglumine in healthy foals during the first month of life.

Age and species reportedly affect the pharmacokinetic variables of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We determined the effect of age on flunixin pharmacokinetic variables in foals during the first month of life. We also estimated the physiologic activity of the drug in neonatal foals by determining the effect of flunixin on thromboxane production during clotting of blood taken from the foals. Flunixin disposition and clearance were determined after IV administration of 1.1 mg of drug/kg of body weight to 5 healthy foals when they were 24 to 28 hours, 10 to 11 days, and 27 to 28 days old. The area under the curve (2,471 micrograms.min/ml), mean residence time (477 minutes), and zero-time intercept of the elimination phase (4,853 ng/ml) were significantly (P = 0.05) greater, the elimination half-life (339 minutes) and slope of the elimination phase (0.002 L/min) were significantly (P = 0.05) longer, and total body clearance (0.482 ml/min/kg) and zero-time intercept for the distribution phase (2,092 ng/ml) were significantly (P = 0.05) lower at 24 to 28 hours. At each age, a biexponential equation was best fitted to the plasma flunixin concentration from each foal. Thromboxane B2 production during clotting of blood was significantly (P = 0.05) suppressed for 12 hours after flunixin meglumine administration at all ages. Therefore, it appears that although age does alter the disposition and elimination of flunixin in neonatal foals, this effect may be of little consequence because the drug's physiologic activity in foals appears similar to that in mature horses.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Lung structure and elastic recoil properties in hereditary diabetes mellitus in KK-mice, C57 black mice, and F1 hybrids.

To separate the effects of diabetes and inheritance on morphometric characteristics of the lung and on the variables of the pressure-volume relationship, the lungs of KK mice--a genetic model of adult-onset diabetes--were compared with the lungs of normal C57 black mice and of F1 hybrids by multivariate analysis. Hybrid mouse lungs contain more air per gram of lung tissue at total lung capacity (TLC) than the lungs of other mice (p < 0.0002) and have a lower recoil pressure at 30% to 70% of TLC. Morphometric data revealed that both the mean linear intercept and the number of alveoli per unit volume in hybrid mice fell between those in KK and C57 mice. However, the total number of alveoli per lung in hybrid mice was 155% of that in KK mice and 148% of that in C57 mice, reflecting the larger lung volume of hybrid mice. The alveolar wall thickness of the hybrids was similar to that of C57 mice, whereas KK mice had thicker alveolar walls than the other two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that body weight, wet lung weight, volume density of blood vessels, mean linear intercept, and transpulmonary pressure at 90% TLC were affected by diabetes alone; however, the following parameters were affected by both inheritance and diabetes: lung volume, specific lung volume, femur length, volume density of alveolar air, surface area, surface to volume ratio, number of alveoli per lung, lung air per gram of lung tissue, and transpulmonary pressure at 20% to 80% TLC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Optical zone centration in keratorefractive surgery. Entrance pupil center, visual axis, coaxially sighted corneal reflex, or geometric corneal center?

PURPOSE: To study the differences in optical zone marking using the geometric corneal center, entrance pupil center, visual axis, and the coaxially sighted corneal reflex as centration points. METHODS: A modified autokeratometer was used to photograph the cornea in 50 volunteers under standardized levels of illumination, with the subject fixing on the keratometer target. These photographs enabled us to mark the above-mentioned centration points and measure the direction and degree of decentration. RESULTS: From the corneal intercept of the visual axis, the entrance pupil center was found up to 0.75 mm (mean, 0.34 mm) temporally, the corneal reflex was found up to 0.62 mm (mean, 0.02 mm) nasally, and the geometric corneal center was found up to 1.06 mm (mean, 0.55 mm) temporally. CONCLUSION: The ideal physiologic centration point is the corneal intercept of the visual axis. The decentration from the visual axis was least if the coaxially sighted corneal reflex was used for centration.

Cornea↗
PubMed1993

Role of amino acids and enhancement cardioplegia in routine myocardial protection. Experimental results.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the addition of amino acids to blood cardioplegic solution and the value of terminal cardioplegia enhancement techniques in routine myocardial protection. Forty-five open-chest adult dogs were instrumented with sonomicrometry crystals to measure left ventricular long axis, midequatorial short axis, and wall thickness. The aorta was clamped for 120 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass. Animals were randomly separated into four myocardial protection groups: (1) blood cardioplegic solution with amino acids and no terminal cardioplegia (n = 12); (2) blood cardioplegic solution with amino acids and warm amino acid terminal cardioplegia (n = 11); (3) blood cardioplegic solution with amino acids and cold amino acid terminal cardioplegia (n = 12); and (4) blood cardioplegic solution plus cold terminal cardioplegia (no amino acids, n = 10). Data for preload recruitable stroke work were obtained by inflow occlusion before bypass (baseline) and at 30 and 60 minutes after reperfusion and analyzed for changes in x-intercept and slope. A significant rightward shift in x-intercept did not occur in any group. When cardiac function was expressed as a percentage of baseline preload recruitable stroke work slope, improved functional recovery was seen at both 30 and 60 minutes in groups 2 (88.6% and 91.8%), 3 (85.8% and 86.9%), and 4 (88.6% and 92.6%) compared with group 1 (77.3% and 79.2%, p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the degree of functional recovery among groups 2, 3, and 4. These results suggest that for myocardial protection of 2 hours in nonischemic hearts, a terminal dose of blood cardioplegic solution before unclamping is beneficial, but this positive effect is independent of amino acid supplementation and temperature.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

[Fatty and muscular areas of the arm: indicators for the nutritional evaluation of pre-school children].

The assessment of skinfold thickness has been used to estimate protein reserve through arm muscle area (AMA) and through arm fat area (AFA) it can assess caloric reserve. The aim of this paper is to compare trends of AMA in pre-school children living in Tijuana with american children of the same ages. This study has been accomplish in pre-school children attending to the Federal Education System. Through a randomly sample it was chosen 30 school, afterwards in systematic was done to assess 900 children aged 48 to 78 months old. This studied variables were: weight, height, arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness, obtained according to accepted techniques at the international literature. From which were created AMA and AFA, according to formulas already described. A multiple regression model was obtained from AMB to height, between expected and experimental values. Using analysis of variance to determined differences between slopes and intercepts. In this paper are shown the statistics and distributions for AMA and AFA. Correlations for reference and experimental values were linear and no significant differences were observed between the slopes and intercepts of the set of data. These results suggest that form the point of view considering AMA, growth rate between Tijuana children and American similars are apparently the same at this ages.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of technetium-99m-ECD to Xenon-133 SPECT in normal controls and in patients with mild to moderate regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities.

Technetium-99m-1,1-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) has been proposed as a "chemical microsphere" for SPECT measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). However, its distribution has not yet been compared in humans to an established rCBF measure. Therefore, we compared the uptake and distribution of ECD with rCBF measured by 133Xe SPECT in subjects with mild to moderate flow abnormalities and in normal volunteers. Blood and urine chemistries and vital signs were unchanged from pre-ECD values up to seven days postinjection. Profile plots demonstrated pattern agreement between rCBF ratios (133Xe) and ECD count density ratios. A significant correlation of rCBF ratios to ECD count density ratios was observed (r = 0.77), with a slope of 0.64 and intercept of 0.36. To explore whether or not the relationship between rCBF and ECD was dependent on absolute flow, ECD region of interest data were expressed in units of ml/min/100 g by equating global CBF (133Xe) and ECD global count density. A closer correlation (r = 0.88) was found for these data than for the count ratio data. The slope was closer to one (m = 0.83) and the intercept was closer to zero (b = 8.2). Also, a significant correlation was observed between ECD-derived rCBF and 133Xe rCBF in the lesion area (r = 0.92) for patients with well-demarcated rCBF lesions. The slope (0.80) suggested a slight underestimation of lesion flow by ECD. Finally, ECD clearance from cortical gray matter ROIs derived from high-resolution scans from 1 to 4 hr postinjection was slow (2.4%/hr). In summary, ECD is a safe and effective marker of regional cerebral perfusion. The distribution of ECD is linearly related to rCBF measured by 133Xe SPECT, although our data suggest a mild underestimation of flow at the high end of the normal range.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

How do patients with either asthma or COPD perceive acute bronchodilation?

The purpose of this study was to assess the perception of bronchodilation, as a change in shortness of breath on a bipolar visual analogue scale (VAS), in 16 asthmatics and 20 subjects with COPD. Bronchodilation was gradually induced by five consecutive terbutaline inhalations (cumulated dose 800 micrograms). The subjects were categorized into high and low perceivers, on the basis of a cut-off of 25% VAS line length (after the fifth inhalation). The quality of perception was studied on a within-subject basis by linear regression analysis of VAS ratings against changes in lung function, and was characterized in terms of strength of correlation (squared correlation coefficient, r2), slope, and VAS axis intercept. Fourteen out of 16 asthmatics, and 13 out of 20 COPD subjects, were high perceivers. In the COPD group, the high perceivers had a larger objective response--particularly in inspiratory vital capacity--than the low perceivers. The strongest correlation between subjective and objective response was obtained in asthmatics when the improvement in shortness of breath was evaluated against the decrease in specific inspiratory resistance (median r2 = 0.831). In COPD low perceivers, subjective and objective response were unrelated, while COPD high perceivers differed from the asthmatics by larger intercepts. The perceptual characteristics were unrelated to the degree of baseline obstruction, whilst a modest relationship (r = 0.51) was found between the increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and r2 of the VAS/delta FEV1 analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Asthma↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of fixation disparity curve variables measured with the Sheedy Disparometer and the Wesson Fixation Disparity Card.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest differences in the fixation disparity curves obtained with the Sheedy Disparometer and the Wesson Fixation Disparity Card, the two most commonly used methods for measuring fixation disparity. In one study the investigators proposed that the differences do not exist for subgroups divided by phoria. The purpose of this paper is to try to clarify this issue by use of two large sets of data. METHODS: Dissociated phorias were measured by the von Graefe method. Fixation disparity curves were plotted using the Disparometer and the Wesson card. RESULTS: Type I fixation disparity curves were most common with the Wesson card. Type II curves were found more often with the Disparometer than with the Wesson card. The x-intercepts were shifted in the base-in (BI) direction with the Wesson card compared to the Disparometer. The y-intercepts were shifted in the exo direction with the Wesson card compared to the Disparometer. The differences were statistically significant regardless of whether the dissociated phoria was exo or eso. The slope of the fixation disparity curve was steeper with the Wesson card than with the Disparometer. The difference was statistically significant for exophores but not for esophores. The differences between results obtained with the two instruments are not consistent from one subject to another as shown by high standard deviations of the differences. CONCLUSIONS: The fixation disparity curves measured with these two instruments are different. Fixation disparity parameters obtained from one of these instruments cannot be used with normative findings from the other.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1995

Statistical considerations regarding the use of ratios to adjust data.

OBJECTIVE: The use of ratios to adjust data (i.e. 'index' variables) is common in obesity and related research. The rationale for the use of ratios often seems to be the desire to control or eliminate the influence of the variable in the denominator. The purpose of this paper is to gain a greater appreciation of the statistical assumptions underlying ratios and their impact on data interpretation. RESULTS: We demonstrate the limitations of the indiscriminant use of ratios to adjust data. Specifically, we show that: (1) given linearity, a zero intercept between the numerator and denominator are necessary and sufficient conditions for a ratio to remove the confounding effects of the denominator; (2) seemingly minor departures from a zero intercept can have major consequences on the ratio's ability to control for the denominator; (3) the ratio of two normally distributed variables cannot be normally distributed, and this may violate the assumptions of subsequent parametric statistical analyses; (4) the use of ratios affects the error distribution of the data which may also violate the assumptions of subsequent parametric statistical analyses; (5) the use of ratios cannot easily take nonlinear effects between the numerator and denominator into account; (6) the use of ratios can introduce spurious correlations among the ratios and other variables; (7) the use of ratios can create interpretive difficulties. We also clarify that the mean of ratios is not necessarily equivalent to the ratio of the means of the numerator and denominator. Finally, we present and discuss formulae for the reliability of ratios and residuals. CONCLUSION: Because of the above issues, we question the indiscriminant use of ratios and advocate that investigators consider regression-based approaches as alternatives.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1995

Application of recent stereological tools for unbiased three-dimensional estimation of number and size of nuclei in renal cell carcinoma samples.

New stereological methods have appeared in recent years that allow an unbiased and efficient estimation of quantitative characteristics of three-dimensional biological structures. The aim of this study is to apply the new stereological tools on renal tissue and investigate the changes in the number and size of nuclei in renal cell carcinomas. The simple and easy use of the disector, point-sampled intercepts and selector methods on kidney biopsies is demonstrated. Using these approaches, the mean number of nuclei per unit reference volume: NV(nucl/tis), the volume-weighted mean nuclear volume: nu V(nucl) and the number-weighted mean nuclear volume: nu N(nucl) were estimated in histological sections from 20 renal cell carcinomas. The study was performed on 10 grade 2 and 10 grade 3 renal cell carcinomas previously diagnosed by the pathologist on the basis of nuclear size increase, irregularity and nucleolar prominence. Basically, serial optical kidney sections from a 25-millimicrons thick slice were used for stereological study. The size estimations of the individual particles nu V(nucl) and nu N(nucl) obtained by the 'point-sampled intercepts' and 'selector' methods, respectively, turned out to be the most adequate parameters employed in discriminating between renal carcinoma grades (P less than or = 0.001).

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed1996

Neurogenic modulation of urethral resistance in the guinea pig.

PURPOSE: The resistance offered to urinary flow by the urethra is one of the factors determining the course of micturition. It was the aim of the present work to study the dependence of urethral resistance on the degree of relaxation of the urethra. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were done in the guinea pig. Ten animals were used. In 5 animals saline was forced through the (unrelaxed) urethra at imposed flow rates in the range of 1.1 to 43.0 ml. per minute while the urethral pressure was measured. Second degree polynomials were fitted to the pressure/flow data. In the other 5 animals micturition contractions were evoked and pressure/flow plots were derived from the measured signals. A straight line was fitted to the lowest pressure values at each flow rate in these plots. These pressure values represent the most relaxed state of the urethra in these voidings. RESULTS: The pressures measured in the unrelaxed urethra were much higher than the pressures measured during voiding in the same flow rate range, but the intercepts of the mathematical equations fitted to the pressure/flow data on the pressure axis were not significantly different in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The unrelaxed urethra has a much "steeper" pressure/flow characteristic than the relaxed urethra. However, the urethral closing pressure, that is, the intercept of the pressure/flow characteristic on the pressure axis, does not depend on the state of relaxation of the urethra.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

ELISA for thyroglobulin in serum: recovery studies to evaluate autoantibody interference and reliability of thyroglobulin values.

An ELISA for measuring thyroglobulin (Tg) in serum was developed with polyclonal antibodies to Tg on the solid phase and two monoclonal antibodies to Tg as the second antibodies. The assay has a detection limit of 1 microgram/L, a within-run imprecision (CV) of <7%, and a between-run CV of < 10%. Parallelism of the assay was shown in dilution studies, in which the percent observed/expected values for n = 5 autoantibody-containing samples gave a mean of 99% (SD 13.1 %); for n = 5 samples with undetectable autoantibody concentrations, the mean was 103% (SD 11.8%). The correlation of the ELISA with an RIA for Tg in 46 normal samples was ELISA = 1.11(RIA) + 0.52, S y/x = 2.23, SD intercept = 0.54, SD slope = 0.03, range = 0 to 53 micrograms/L, r = 0.980. Comparison of the ELISA with a reference laboratory RIA for 29 clinical samples gave a correlation of: ELISA = 1.53(RIA) - 0.48, S y/x = 9.00, SD intercept = 2.19, SD slope = 0.10, range = 0 to 98 micrograms/L, r = 0.950. To provide additional information concerning the reliability of the Tg measurement in samples containing autoantibodies to Tg, we developed a procedure for determining the percent recovery. A percent recovery greater than or equal to 80% indicates minimal interference by autoantibodies in this assay. The assay is straightforward to perform, results can be posted within 8 h, and the routinely good recovery of Tg in the presence of Tg autoantibodies indicates minimal autoantibody interference in this assay.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

EPR studies on the kinetics of quenching singlet oxygen.

The specific reaction between singlet oxygen (1O2) and 2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl-piperidine (TEMP) was utilized to investigate the kinetics of singlet oxygen quenching. Rose bengal was used for the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2). The deuterium isotope effect (rho) was found to be 22.1. The rate constant (kT) of the reaction of TEMP with 1O2 in H2O, D2O and ethanol were found to be 9.0 x 10(5) M-1s-1, 1.5 x 10(6) M-1s-1 and 7.3 x 10(5) M-1s-1, respectively. The intercept of the plot of [TEMPO]-1 at different H2O/D2O ratios was found to be constant, indicating the lifetime of 3Sens is independent of solvent deuteration. The quenching of 1O2 by azide and the sensitizer itself were confirmed by the constant intercept on the kinetic plots. Thus, the quenching rate constants for azide anion in ethanol solution (96%) and for ground state rose bengal in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), were found to be 8.36 x 10(8) M-1s-1 and 1.72 x 10(4) M-1s-1, respectively. These studies not only verify the specificity of the reaction between TEMP and 1O2 but also provide a sensitive and specific assay for 1O2.

Cyclic N-Oxides↗
PubMed1995

Selectivity of maxi chloride channels in the L6 rat muscle cell line.

A method is described for the determination of reversal potentials (EREV) from variance of single-channel currents vs. membrane potential in ramp pulse mode. The variance-voltage relationship is represented by a parabola with a minimum of the best fit curve corresponding to the value of EREV. The reversal potential of the maxi-Cl channels changes according to the activity of Cl ions at the internal side of the excised (inside-out) patch membrane as expressed by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation with PA/PCl = 0.15, indicating the anion nature of the channel. The relative permeabilities (PA/PCl found for halide anions, were 1.15 for iodide and 1.18 for bromide. The relative permeabilities measured (PA/PCl) for other anions were 1.13 for nitrate, 0.59 for bicarbonate, 0.60 for methanesulfonate, 0.40 for SO42-, 0.44 for propionate, and 0.10 for glutamate. No significant differences in PA/PCl of the investigated anions were observed between proliferating myoballs and quiescent myoblasts. This may mean that the newly formed channels possess full-grown selective filters. A close correlation (r = 0.89) was found between the calculated Stokes diameters of the anions under investigation and their relative permeabilities (PA/PCl). The intercept of the best fit line with the abscissa is 7.2 A (7.2 x 10(-10)m), which may correspond to the diameter of the selectivity filter of the maxi-chloride channel in L6 myoblasts. A similar value of the channel size was obtained from the relationship between the minimum cross-sectional areas of the anions and their relative permeabilities, PA/PCl. The best fit line intercepts the abscissa at 27.5 A2, indicating a pore size approximately 6 A. The minimum areas were obtained by computer from molecular models of the anions.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Comparability of a new turbidimetric digoxin test with other immunochemical tests and with HPLC--a multicenter evaluation.

A new turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay for digoxin (Tina-quant [a] Digoxin, Boehringer Mannheim) was evaluated in seven laboratories. It can be performed without sample pretreatment with ready-to-use reagents on nondedicated analyzers in combination with routine clinical chemistry. The studies revealed a good analytical performance: lower limit of detection 0.12 microg/L (3 SD from mean of blank); linearity up to 7.5 microg/L; median between-run CVs 8.1% (0.6 microg/L), 2.8% (1.5 microg/L), 1.9% (3 microg/L); mean analytical recovery in control sera 98-102%; slopes from 0.97 to 1.09 and intercepts from -0.28 to 0.10 microg/L in comparison with four immunoassays; and a high resistance to common interferents. The test was more resistant to digoxin-like immunoreactive factor (DLIF) interference than other methods, showing cross-reactivity only in some intensive care patient samples. Among 192 patients in whom DLIF is expected (e.g., pregnant women, patients with renal failure, newborns), 90% of results were < or =0.26 microg/L digoxin. Cortisol showed no cross-reactivity and digoxigenin had a low reactivity. An interlaboratory survey revealed a good comparability of the Tina-quant [a] test with the median of all methods (slope 0.99, intercept -0.06 microg/L). An HPLC method for digoxin based on isocratic separation of samples on an RP-18 column followed by detection by an immunoassay yielded a reasonable comparability with the immunochemical tests with noncritical samples. Divergent results of immunoassays caused by DLIFs or different cross-reactivities with digoxin metabolites or derivatives can be explained by the use of this HPLC method.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nucleolar volume in breast carcinomas.

The prognostic value of histopathological typing of breast carcinomas is relatively good. The determination of cell size has been a common and useful parameter in the diagnosis of various malignancies. With modern stereologic methods it is possible to obtain unbiased estimates of nucleolar volume. The aim of this study was to present our data regarding the nucleolar size in breast carcinoma. Patients treated for breast carcinoma (n = 39) were retrieved and randomly selected from the files of the University Institute of Pathology, Nis. Histological sections (4 microns) were cut from each of the routinely processed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A Carl Zeiss NU-1 microscope equipped with a x 100 oil-immersion lens (N.A. = 1.25) and eyepiece graticule was used for stereological measurements. A total magnification of x 1600 was used. A simple grid was used for point sampling of nucleolar intercepts, which were measured in one arbitrary direction. By multiplying the averaged, cubed intercept length by pi/3, an unbiased estimate of volume-weighted nucleolar volume was obtained. The nucleolar volume was significantly larger in invasive ductal carcinoma (12.34 +/- 3.48 microns3) than invasive lobular carcinoma (5.6 +/- 2.73 microns 3) and mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma (0.88 +/- 0.42 micron 3). Various histological types of breast cancer exhibit differences with regard to nucleolar volume.

Adult↗