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PubMed1990

Use of a composite polyfunctional model electrophile as a probe to analyze the performance of an artificial intelligence structure-activity method.

The CASE structure-activity relational method was applied to the model polyfunctional electrophile proposed by Ashby and associates. The predicted activities from data bases of 'structural alerts', mutagenicity in Salmonella and rodent carcinogenicity were compared. It was thus found that the predictive efficacy of CASE was increased when it employed a combination of human and artificial intelligence, as exemplified by the CASE analysis of 'structural alerts.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Vasotocin improves intelligence and attention in mentally retarded children.

In mentally retarded (MR) prepubertal children, investigated both before and after six months of treatment, synthetic arginine vasotocin (AVT) (10(-6) mg/day/0.1 ml, intranasally), but not oxytocin or saline alone, significantly increased the intelligence quotient (IQ) and improved the attention parameters without affecting the short-term memory. Taking into account both the psychometric results and the clinical observations, the effects of AVT could be mainly explained by assuming the improvement of attention. Since there was a significant inverse correlation between the pretreatment levels of the IQ and attention scores and their increase after AVT, and since the AVT effects tend to be more intense in autistic children, we hypothesize that the more affected the attention mechanisms, the more they are sensitive to AVT. The present results are tentatively explained by the paradoxical sleep-enhancing properties of AVT, mechanisms by which AVT could improve the brain plasticity in MR subjects and by this, the attention performance.

Attention↗
PubMed1984

Blood lead, behaviour and intelligence test performance in preschool children.

A variety of measures of behaviour and cognitive performance were taken on a group of preschool children together with a sample of venous blood. The relationship between blood lead and intelligence was small and statistically non-significant after controlling for other factors influencing cognitive performance.

Behavior↗
PubMed1991

The changing parent-child relationship, self-esteem, and intelligence as determinants of orientation to the future during early adolescence.

In order to study how parent-child interaction, self-esteem and intelligence influence adolescents' orientation to the future, 57 11-year-old and 56 15-year-old adolescents were interviewed about their hopes for the future. The content and extension of each hope, as well as the levels of internality, optimism and realization, were estimated from the answers. The results showed that a high level of family discussion increased interest in a future family. The influences of parental control and family discussion, however, change as adolescents grow older: the more 11-year-olds reported parental control, the less optimistic they were about the future but the more steps they had taken to realize their hopes. On the other hand, the higher the level of family discussion adolescents reported at the age of 15, the more optimistic they were and the more they had realized their hopes. Adolescents with high self-esteem were more internal in their thinking about the future than those with low self-esteem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

New concepts for a microprocessor oriented long term intelligent monitoring of newborns.

This paper is based on the utilization of the very elementary principle of linear regression used in a recursive way. This technique tested on electrophysiological signals readily leads to the conception of a monitoring system built on a biprocessor unit. In a clinical context, the use of microprocessors leads then to the design of very compact devices including the capability of distributed processing which embrances the concept of intelligent monitoring. Finally, a proposal is given for the realization of a complete monitoring control desk (MCD) devoted to the survey of eight patients.

Cardiography, Impedance↗
PubMed1980

Pediatric speech intelligibility test. I. Generation of test materials.

Normal children between 3 and 7 years of age generated word and sentence messages for use in a new speech intelligibility test. Word materials did not differ as a function of chronological age, vocabulary skills, or receptive language ability. Sentence materials, however, did reflect differences in chronological age, vocabulary skills, and receptive language skills. Older children, approximately 5-10 years, responded with complete, adult-like sentences. Younger children, approximately 3-10 years, responded with either a proform substituted for the noun phrase subject of a sentence or by omitting the auxiliary verb "be" in forming the present progressive verb tense of the sentence. To represent the differences in the children's responses, two different types of test sentences were formed. In one construction, the test sentence is composed of (noun phrase/verb-ing/noun phrase), preceded by the carrier phrase "show me", e.g., "Show me a bear brushing his teeth". In the other construction, the test sentence is composed of (noun phrase/auxiliary verb-ing/noun phrase), e.g., "A bear is brushing his teeth". The two different sentence forms are proposed as a means of equating differences in normal language development among children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Pediatric speech intelligibility test. II. Effect of receptive language age and chronological age.

Performance for Pediatric Speech Intelligibility (PSI) Format I and Format II sentences was significantly different in children between the ages of 3 and 6 years. Performance differences were related to chronological age (CA) and receptive language (RL) ability. However, performance for Format I sentences in children with relatively low RL age and performance for Format II sentences in children with relatively high RL age were equivalent. This observation yielded an algorithm that determines the sentence format as a function of the child's RL age in order to yield 'language equivalent' norms for speech audiometry. Performance for PSI word materials was not influenced by differences in RL skill. CA developmental trends were noted for all speech materials.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of performance of intelligence tests.

Any relationship between measures of cognitive function and brain electrical activity would be of considerable importance in the objective assessment of patients suspected of intellectual impairment. In healthy subjects, we have found a strong correlation between the event-related potentials evoked by a digit probe identification task and scores on intelligence tests (WAIS). Responses from subjects with higher performance on IQ tests are significantly 'more negative' than those from subjects with lower IQ. The characteristics of these IQ-dependent electrophysiological features suggest that they may be related to the subject's ability to focus on a task.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Structure design: an artificial intelligence-based method for the design of molecules under geometrical constraints.

This study presents an algorithm that implements artificial-intelligence techniques for automated, and site-directed drug design. The aim of the method is to link two or more predetermined functional groups into a sensible molecular structure. The proposed designing process mimics the classical manual design method, in which the drug designer sits in front of the computer screen and with the aid of computer graphics attempts to design the new drug. Therefore, the key principle of the algorithm is the parameterization of some criteria that affect the decision-making process carried out by the drug designer. This parameterization is based on the generation of weighting factors that reflect the knowledge and knowledge-based intuition of the drug designer, and thus add further rationalization to the drug design process. The proposed algorithm has been shown to yield a large variety of different structures, of which the drug designer may choose the most sensible. Performance tests indicate that with the proper set of parameters, the method generates a new structure within a short time.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1983

Exponential evolution: implications for intelligent extraterrestrial life.

Some measures of biologic complexity, including maximal levels of brain development, are exponential functions of time through intervals of 10(6) to 10(9) yrs. Biological interactions apparently stimulate evolution but physical conditions determine the time required to achieve a given level of complexity. Trends in brain evolution suggest that other organisms could attain human levels within approximately 10(7) yrs. The number (N) and longevity (L) terms in appropriate modifications of the Drake Equation, together with trends in the evolution of biological complexity on Earth, could provide rough estimates of the prevalence of life forms at specified levels of complexity within the Galaxy. If life occurs throughout the cosmos, exponential evolutionary processes imply that higher intelligence will soon (10(9) yrs) become more prevalent than it now is. Changes in the physical universe become less rapid as time increases from the Big Bang. Changes in biological complexity may be most rapid at such later times. This lends a unique and symmetrical importance to early and late universal times.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Smoking and intelligence in Australia.

It is difficult to test the link between intelligence and smoking directly. A hypothetico-deductive approach is therefore used and it is hypothesized that members of the Mensa club will have low rates of smoking. A postal survey of 402 Australian Mensa members revealed incidence rates of 22% for males and 15% for females. This is roughly half the general population incidence rate in both Australia and the U.K. It is concluded that the results do support the view of smoking as a sign of general social disadvantage.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Consistency of hand preference: predictions to intelligence and school achievement.

Gottfried and Bathurst (1983) reported that hand preference consistency measured over time during infancy and early childhood predicts intellectual precocity for females, but not for males. In the present study longitudinal assessments of children previously classified by Gottfried and Bathurst as consistent or nonconsistent in cross-time hand preference were conducted during middle childhood (ages 5 to 9). Findings show that (a) early measurement of hand preference consistency for females predicts school-age intellectual precocity, (b) the locus of the difference between consistent vs. nonconsistent females is in verbal intelligence, and (c) the precocity of the consistent females was also revealed on tests of school achievement, particularly tests of reading and mathematics.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Artificial intelligence approach in analysis of DNA sequences.

We present an approach for designing a knowledge-based system, called Sequence Acquisition In Context (SAIC), that will be able to cooperate with a biologist in the analysis of DNA sequences. The main task of the system is the acquisition of the expert knowledge that the biologist uses for solving ambiguities from gel autoradiograms, with the aim of re-using it later for solving similar ambiguities. The various types of expert knowledge constitute what we call the contextual knowledge of the sequence analysis. Contextual knowledge deals with the unavoidable problems that are common in the study of the living material (eg noise on data, difficulties of observations). Indeed, the analysis of DNA sequences from autoradiograms belongs to an emerging and promising area of investigation, namely reasoning with images. The SAIC project is developed in a theoretical framework that is shared with other applications. Not all tasks have the same importance in each application. We use this observation for designing an intelligent assistant system with three applications. In the SAIC project, we focus on knowledge acquisition, human-computer interaction and explanation. The project will benefit research in the two other applications. We also discuss our SAIC project in the context of large international projects that aim to re-use and share knowledge in a repository.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1989

Self-organisation and living systems: Is DNA an 'artificial intelligence'?

There seems little doubt that the maintenance and development of living systems is crucially dependent on an internal organisation of monumental complexity--particularly in higher living species. It is suggested that current thinking--particularly relating to the role of DNA in the total process cannot explain the underlying mechanisms and that a radical rethinking will be necessary. To this end it is proposed that DNA has a unique molecular electronic structure enabling it to operate as a computer analogue system for the highly efficient storage of information and as a type of artificial intelligence through which the information is translated and implemented to organise and control all aspects of the construction and activity of living systems.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1996

An automated intelligent diagnostic system for the interpretation of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry.

The objective is to develop an automated intelligent diagnostic system for the interpretation of umbilical artery velocity waveforms. An ultrasound instrument with pulsed-wave Doppler is connected to a microcomputer by means of a frame grabber. After data acquisition, umbilical Doppler velocimetry is handled as a pattern recognition (feature extraction and classification) and decision-making problem. Automated image processing (enhancement, smoothing/ thresholding and edge detection) and analysis are used for feature extraction. Six waveform indices obtained by feature extraction are used as input layer to vector quantization which classifies waveforms into six groups. A clinical decision is assigned to each group by the medical expert. Our system is trained by 278 and 380 waveform images of 94 normal and 157 high risk pregnancies, respectively. The system was tested with 193 and 61 images of normal and risky pregnancies; it was demonstrated that sensitivity and specificity of the system are 54.1% and 80.3%, respectively.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1995

Memory and intelligence in lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia.

Recent neuroimaging studies of patients with schizophrenia have suggested structural and functional abnormalities of mesial temporal lobe structures. We compared the intelligence and memory test performance of 70 patients with schizophrenia and 72 patients with focal, lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy (30 left, 42 right temporal lobe) in order to examine the adequacy of a temporal lobe model of schizophrenic cognitive deficits. The groups did not differ in age, education, or Full Scale IQ. The right temporal lobe group had better overall memory performance than either the left temporal or schizophrenic patients. Unlike the schizophrenic patients, the memory impairment of the left temporal group was most evident with verbal materials and was amplified by delayed testing. Both epilepsy groups had better visual memory than the schizophrenic group. The clear differences in performance pattern between groups suggests that lateralized temporal lobe dysfunction does not by itself provide an adequate model of schizophrenic cognitive impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

An intelligent system for the diagnosis of complex images.

An intelligent system suitable to perform a computer aided diagnosis of complex images should have a knowledge base containing all information related both to the images to be interpreted and to their symbolic description. In this paper, a system able to classify unknown medical digital images into four classes is proposed (searched pathology recognized, searched pathology absent, different pathology from the searched one recognized, unknown pathology). A main component of this system is a knowledge base that, startling from information deduced from sample images, can be processed to create synthetic reference models that, in turn, permit the interpretation of real scenes. The system has been tested on digitized plain film of the thorax, in order to perform a computer-aided diagnosis of pneumothorax cases.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

An intelligent tutoring system for visual classification problem solving.

OBJECTIVE: This manuscript describes the development of a general intelligent tutoring system for teaching visual classification problem solving. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The approach is informed by cognitive theory, previous empirical work on expertise in diagnostic problem-solving, and our own prior work describing the development of expertise in pathology. The architecture incorporates aspects of cognitive tutoring system and knowledge-based system design within the framework of the unified problem-solving method description language component model. Based on the domain ontology, domain task ontology and case data, the abstract problem-solving methods of the expert model create a dynamic solution graph. Student interaction with the solution graph is filtered through an instructional layer, which is created by a second set of abstract problem-solving methods and pedagogic ontologies, in response to the current state of the student model. RESULTS: In this paper, we outline the empirically derived requirements and design principles, describe the knowledge representation and dynamic solution graph, detail the functioning of the instructional layer, and demonstrate two implemented interfaces to the system. CONCLUSION: Using the general visual classification tutor, we have created SlideTutor, a tutoring system for microscopic diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of skin.

Artificial Intelligence↗