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At least 1,675 records · Page 93Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Effect of chlorhexidine-containing varnish (Cervitec) on microbial vitality and accumulation of supragingival dental plaque in humans.

The effect on local plaque formation of a varnish containing 1% chlorhexidine and 1% thymol (Cervitec) was evaluated. Ten volunteers with clinically healthy oral conditions were asked to refrain from any kind of oral hygiene measures for three periods of three days. Undisturbed plaque formation was recorded during the first experimental period. At the beginning of the second period, the varnish was applied to six vestibular enamel surfaces and removed after 1 h. The third experimental period was initiated 12 weeks after varnish application to assess a potential long-term effect. During each period of plaque formation, samples were collected from the vestibular surfaces after 24 h (from teeth 15/25), after 48 h (from teeth 14/24) and after 72 h (from teeth 13/23), respectively, and evaluated for total microscopic bacterial counts (BC) and colony forming units (CFU). Microbial vitality was assessed by the plating efficiency [PE = (CFU/BC) x 100] and directly by a vital fluorescence (VF) technique. VF of 48- and 72-hour plaque was significantly reduced after Cervitec application. An inhibitory effect by Cervitec could not be discerned 12 weeks after varnish treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Traditional and emerging methods for analyzing cell activity in cell culture.

The selection of appropriate techniques to assay for markers of cell activity is important for obtaining optimal results in cell culture-based research. This paper is intended as a guide to many of the assays currently available and new techniques that have been recently introduced in the literature. This paper addresses both manual assay techniques, including the use of hemocytometers, phase contrast microscopy, cell staining, and the immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA), and automated assays for cell activity, including stained optical density, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, creatine kinase assay, DNA quantification, electronic cell counting, flow cytometry, magnetic cell sorting, image analysis, chemiluminescence, radioisotope labeling, precursor incorporation, in-situ hybridization/ligand binding, and enzyme-linked immuno-culture assay (ELICA). Advantages/disadvantages and applicability of these assays to different areas of cell culture research are discussed, and guidelines for selecting an appropriate assay are suggested.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1979

Effects on man of 30-day exposure to a PICO2 of 14 torr (2 %): application to exposure limits.

Pulmonary function, acid-base balance, renal electrolyte excretion, hematology, biorhythms and psychomotor test results were studied in six men during 30 days of exposure to a PICO2 of 14 torr (FICO2 = 0.02) with pre- and postexposure periods on air. Alveolar and arterial PCO2 increased and remained constant throughout the CO2 exposure (delta PACO2 = delta PACO2 = 2.5 torr); the rise in expiratory minute volume (delta VE = 60%) was related to the increased tidal volume. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output increased about 10% because of the ventilatory work overload. Physiological dead space increased 8% without an alveolar-arterial PCO2 difference. Respiratory acidosis was mild (delta pH approximately or equal to 0.01) and the renal response was slight. There was no variation in plasma electrolytes, except a slight decrease in potassium. Red blood cell count decreased, showing a confinement effect. Adaptation to exercise was slightly impaired. Results of electrobiological and psychomotor tests and biorhythm evaluations showed no variation; application of these findings to CO2 exposure limits is discussed.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2004

Automatic classification of interference patterns in driven event series: application to single sympathetic neuron discharge forced by mechanical ventilation.

This study proposes a method for the automatic classification of nonlinear interactions between a strictly periodical event series modelling the activity of an exogenous oscillator working at a fixed and well-known rate and an event series modelling the activity of a self-sustained oscillator forced by the exogenous one. The method is based on a combination of several well-known tools (probability density function of the cyclic relative phase, probability density function of the count of forced events per forcing cycle, conditional entropy of the cyclic relative phase sequence and a surrogate data approach). Classification is reached via a sequence of easily applicable decision rules, thus rendering classification virtually user-independent and fully reproducible. The method classifies four types of dynamics: full uncoupling, quasiperiodicity, phase locking and aperiodicity. In the case of phase locking, the coupling ratio (i.e. n: m) and the strength of the coupling are calculated. The method, validated on simulations of simple and complex phase-locking dynamics corrupted by different levels of noise, is applied to data derived from one anesthetized and artificially ventilated rat to classify the nonlinear interactions between mechanical ventilation and: (1) the discharges of two (contemporaneously recorded) single postganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating the caudal ventral artery in the tail and (2) arterial blood pressure. Under central apnea, the activity of the underlying sympathetic oscillators is perturbed by means of five different lung inflation rates (0.58, 0.64, 0.76, 0.95, 1.99 Hz). While ventilation and arterial pressure are fully uncoupled, ventilation is capable of phase locking sympathetic discharges, thus producing 40% of phase-locked patterns (one case of 2:5, 1:1, 3:2 and 2:2) and 40% of aperiodic dynamics. In the case of phase-locked patterns, the coupling strength is low, thus demonstrating that this pattern is sliding. Non-stationary interactions are observed in 20% of cases. The two discharges behave differently, suggesting the presence of a population of sympathetic oscillators working at different frequencies.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1992

[Reduction of leukocytes and loss of erythrocytes in production of erythrocyte concentrates using the "top and bottom" principle, a comparison between the equipment combinations Biopack-U/Biotrans Separator and Optipac/Optipress].

Using four different centrifugation methods, we compared the combinations of top and bottom bags and blood component separators made by Biotrans and Baxter. Compared with the cell counts of the donated blood, there remained 25% of the leukocytes and 88% of the red blood cells in the red cell preparations following application of the Biotrans system; the respective values for the Baxter system were 20% leukocytes and 85% red cells. The results were not influenced by the centrifugation method used. Thus, febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions and immunization against leukocyte antigens can be avoided by neither system.

Blood Component Removal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Precision and accuracy of an ankle-worn accelerometer-based pedometer in step counting and energy expenditure.

BACKGROUND: Walking is a widely used approach to increase physical activity levels in obese patients. In this paper, we investigate the precision and accuracy of an ankle-worn dual-axis accelerometer (Stepwatch) and investigate its potential application as a predictor of energy expenditure. METHODS: Twenty healthy subjects (10 lean, 10 obese) wore spring-levered (Accusplit), piezoelectric (Omron HF-100), and Stepwatch pedometers. Subjects walked on a treadmill at 1, 2, and 3 mph and in a hallway at 1 and 1.85 mph, during which energy expenditure was measured. RESULTS: The Stepwatch counted 99.7 +/- 0.67% (mean +/- SEM) of the manual counts. In comparison, the Omron pedometer counted 61 +/- 3.3% and the Accusplit counted 26 +/- 2.8% of the manual counts at 1 mph although all pedometers were accurate (> 98% of counts) at 3 mph. In repeated measures, the Stepwatch produced negligible variance (SD = 0.36) over all speed whereas the other pedometers showed a large amount of variance at all speed (SD = 4-13). Stepwatch counts were predictive of walking energy expenditure corrected by weight (r2 > 0.8). CONCLUSION: The counts from the Stepwatch were virtually identical to the manual counts from a trained investigator and provided a reliable predictor of walking energy expenditure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dorzolamide and timolol saves retinal ganglion cells in glaucomatous adult rats.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a dorzolamide-timolol combination or dorzolamide on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density and intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucomatous eyes of adult rats. METHODS: Glaucoma was induced in the right eye of adult Wistar rats by episcleral venous occlusion. One experimental group was administered dorzolamide 2%-timolol 0.5% combination eye drops, while the other experimental group was administered dorzolamide 2% eye drops. Control groups had surgery without drug administration. Drug application was initiated either 2 weeks before surgery (Group A), from the day of surgery (Group B), 2 weeks after surgery (Group C), or 4 weeks after surgery (Group D). RGCs were labeled by intratectal Fluorogold injections and counted from flat-mount preparations, and IOP was measured using Tonopen. RESULTS: Both dorzolamide-timolol combination and dorzolamide, when applied topically, significantly reduced IOP and improved RGC densities in experimental eyes when compared to control eyes. Earlier initiation, as well as longer duration of drug application, resulted in higher RGC densities. CONCLUSIONS: Topical application of a dorzolamide-timolol combination or dorzolamide saved RGCs to a significant extent and reduced IOP in glaucomatous rat eyes.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of fluconazole on viable cell count in experimental intraperitoneal Candida abscesses.

We investigated the effects of fluconazole in experimental intraperitoneal Candida abscesses in neutropenic mice treated with cyclophosphamide to assess a clinically appropriate method for the application of fluconazole in fungal infections in patients with neutropenia. The efficacy of fluconazole in fungal infection was investigated in treatments started immediately after Candida albicans inoculation and before C. albicans inoculation (preventive use of fluconazole). In this intraabdominal fungal abscess model, it was confirmed that fungi in already formed abscess were not reduced in number by fluconazole, even when those fungi were susceptible to fluconazole. Fluconazole was effective with both administration methods. We conclude from this study that the effect of the preventive use of fluconazole was equivalent to the effect when treatment was started immediately after fungal inoculation.

Abdominal Abscess↗
PubMed1983

A comparative study of surgical skin preparation methods.

Analysis of a randomized study of preoperative skin preparation techniques in thoracic and general surgical patients revealed that the use of a one minute alcohol cleansing and application of an antimicrobial film provides equivalent bactericidal activity to a five minute iodophor scrub and paint. Initial bacterial kill is greater with a one minute alcohol cleansing than a five minute iodophor scrub. There were fewer patients with high bacterial counts at the time of closure in the groups treated with the antimicrobial film than in the traditional iodophor scrub group. Saving in preoperative operating room time can be achieved using a one minute alcohol cleansing plus application of an antimicrobial film with equal antibacterial efficacy to that of conventional methods.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with HIV serostatus, CD4 cell counts, and human papillomavirus test results.

CONTEXT: Recent cervical cancer screening guidelines state that the interval between screenings can be safely extended to 3 years in healthy women 30 years or older who have normal cytology results and have negative test results for oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) in HIV-seropositive women with normal cytology results, by baseline HPV DNA results. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Participants were HIV-seropositive (n = 855; mean age, 36 years) and HIV-seronegative (n = 343; mean age, 34 years) US women with normal baseline cervical cytology who were enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), a large, multi-institutional prospective cohort study. Since their recruitment during 1994-1995, WIHS participants have been followed up semi-annually with repeated Pap smears for a median of 7 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The cumulative incidence of any SIL and high-grade SIL or cancer (HSIL+) was estimated according to baseline HPV DNA results, stratified by HIV serostatus and CD4 T-cell count. RESULTS: Development of any SIL in women with negative HPV results (both oncogenic and nononcogenic) at 2 years was as follows: in HIV-seropositive women with CD4 counts less than 200/microL, 9% (95% CI, 1%-18%); with CD4 counts between 200/muL and 500/microL, 9% (95% CI, 4%-13%); and with CD4 counts greater than 500/microL, 4% (95% CI, 1%-7%). The CIs for these estimates overlapped with those for HIV-seronegative women with normal baseline cytology who were HPV-negative (3%; 95% CI, 1%-5%), indicating that at 2 years, there were no large absolute differences in the cumulative incidence of any SIL between groups. Furthermore, no HPV-negative participants in any group developed HSIL+ lesions within 3 years. Multivariate Cox models showed that on a relative scale, the incidence of any SIL among HIV-seropositive women with CD4 counts greater than 500/microL (hazard ratio [HR], 1.2; 95% CI, 0.5-3.0), but not those with CD4 counts less than or equal to 500/microL (HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-7.1), was similar to that in HIV-seronegative women. CONCLUSION: The similar low cumulative incidence of any SIL among HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive women with CD4 counts greater than 500/microL and who had normal cervical cytology and HPV-negative test results suggests that similar cervical cancer screening practices may be applicable to both groups, although this strategy warrants evaluation in an appropriate clinical trial.

Adult↗