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PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of changes in the central visual field in early computer-assisted diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma].

The authors analyze the value of automated static perimetry for the early diagnosis of glaucoma. A total of 232 patients were examined, in 74 of them with primary open-angle glaucoma belonging to two age groups a reliable reduction was revealed of the mean retinal light sensitivity (p < 0.0001 vs. control and in suspected glaucoma in subgroups 1 and 2 p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Diffuse and local depression of light sensitivity in the central visual field was found in glaucoma patients and subjects with the condition suspected. Kinetic perimetry revealed narrowing of the peripheral borders of the visual field in 20% of glaucoma patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Computer analysis of visual field loss and optimization of automated perimetric test strategies.

Preliminary investigations of optimal target distribution patterns of automated perimetry were conducted. In the first study, frequency distributions of visual field defects were determined in glaucoma (260 scotomata) and optic nerve disease (110 scotomata) for approximately 30,000 visual field locations. The frequency distributions in glaucoma and optic nerve disease were different, and suggest guidelines for development of target distribution patterns to achieve optimal detection rates. The second study included computer simulation of 20 target distribution patterns currently used in manual and automated perimetry. Each distribution pattern was processed through the 370 glaucoma and optic nerve disease scotomata to assess detection performance. Both the density and distribution of target locations affected overall detection rates. In addition, some target configurations were more susceptible to false alarms than others. These data provide qualitative information for optimization of target distribution patterns in automated perimetry, and serve as a foundation for future quantitative studies.

Automation↗
PubMed1993

Is visual field reduction a component manifestation of osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis?

A girl with fully expressed osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis (OS) was also found to have a contraction of the two visual fields, a sign never previously described in OS syndrome. We suggest that the visual field defect is a component manifestation of OS syndrome, whose pathogenesis is represented by distortion of the optic canal and narrowing of the optic foramina.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed1975

Mother-infant attachment: the importance of the mother's visual field.

The purpose of this study was to answer 2 questions: (1) how important to 2-year-old children is fact-to-face contact with the mother, and (2) do attachment behaviors, such as looking at, talking to, and being close to mothers, interact in a compensatory fashion? 24 male and female children, 18 to 30 months, were observed with their mothers for 15 minutes in 3 conditions: (1) mother facing tethered toys, (2) mother facing away from toys, and (3) mother behind a partition and not visible from toys. Observations were made by time-lapse photography techniques. Results indicated that the potential for face-to-face contact was important: children spent 94% of their time in mother's visual field when she faced the toys and 50% of their time in her visual field when she either faced away or was behind the partition. Overall, they established face-to-face contact about 12% of the time. Some compensation was observed: talking and physical proximity increased as visual contact decreased.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1988

Significance of attentive fixation for the selection of saccade targets in different parts of the visual field of the rhesus monkey.

Two monkeys were presented with a task in which they were free to make a saccade to one of two simultaneously presented targets. The data from both animals show that the preference for one of the targets depends on at least two factors: (i) active and attentive fixation of the central fixation point at the time when the two targets occur; (ii) relative position of the two targets in the visual field. The results were different for the two monkeys with respect to the role of stimulus position in the visual field. However, both animals changed their preference systematically when the fixation point was turned off before the two targets occurred as compared to the case in which the fixation point remained visible. With respect to the paradigm (fixation point off versus fixation point on) the stimulus selection of either animal was constant throughout the several weeks of testing.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Quantitative relationship between cupping of the optic disc and visual field loss in chronic simple glaucoma.

The extent of cupping was measured from optic disc photographs of 300 patients with ocular hypertension and suspected or established chronic simple glaucoma, and their visual fields were recorded. The incidence of field defects increased as the vertical cup:disc ratio increased, a value of 0-70 for this ratio being a particularly useful guide to the presence or absence of field loss. There was a significant correlation between the extent of cupping and the size of the visual field. The vertical cup:disc ratio was the most useful quantitative index of cupping.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2001

Superior performance for visually guided pointing in the lower visual field.

The superior hemiretina in primates and humans has a greater density of ganglion cells than the inferior hemiretina, suggesting a bias towards processing information in the lower visual field (loVF). In primates, this over-representation of the loVF is also evident at the level of striate and extrastriate cortex. This is particularly true in some of the visual areas constituting the dorsal "action" pathway, such as area V6A. Here we show that visually guided pointing movements with the hand are both faster and more accurate when performed in the loVF when compared to the same movements made in the upper visual field (upVF). This was true despite the fact that the biomechanics of the movements made did not differ across conditions. The loVF advantage for the control of visually guided pointing movements is unlikely to be due to retinal factors and may instead reflect a functional bias for controlling skilled movements in this region of space. Possible neural correlates for this loVF advantage for visually guided pointing are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Visual fields at the wheel.

PURPOSE: "Looked-but-failed-to-see" errors are a common cause of accidents, but it has never been determined whether obstructive elements within an automobile (e.g., window posts or the interior rearview mirror) have actually been an obstacle to vision. This work describes a technique that can easily be used to determine the available visual field of drivers at the wheel and illustrates its potential in a number of applications. METHOD: The technique involves calibrating a minicamera for use as a device for perimetry and then mounting it on spectacles so that it lies between the eyes of the subject who wears them. With the spectacle-mounted camera worn by a driver, snapshots were taken when the automobile was parked and the driver looked in different directions, and video sequences were recorded during natural driving in an urban area and on a winding mountain road. RESULTS: All of the automobiles studied place obstacles to vision for any given direction of gaze, although the resultant scotomata have different sizes and are placed in different regions of the visual field for each combination of car and driver. These regions encroach into central vision as drivers turn their head and eyes as required by the characteristics of the road or the urban area during natural driving, in some cases resulting in very poor visibility regardless of the good vision of the driver and the certification of the automobile. CONCLUSION: Our technique is useful for determining what parts of a given scene are visible to a given driver on a given automobile and, hence, it is useful not only as a tool for accident investigation and in visual ergonomics, but also as an aid for the design of automobiles and road environments.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Visual field status in the management of chronic angle-closure glaucoma.

A retrospective analysis of the case histories of 40 patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma yielded 31 eyes without visual field loss and 26 eyes with field loss. Peripheral iridectomy was highly successful in cases without field loss. Trabeculectomy was significantly more successful (93%) than iridectomy (64%) in treating cases with field loss. It is suggested that the choice of surgical procedure in this syndrome be dictated in part by the character of the visual field.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1994

Longterm visual field follow-up of glaucoma patients treated with beta-blockers.

In a prospective, randomized, double-masked study, 44 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were treated either with 0.5% betaxolol or 0.5% timolol in both eyes twice daily. Twenty-nine patients could be followed up for 48 months. Seventeen of these patients were treated with betaxolol and 12 with timolol. Each examination included visual field measurements with an Octopus automated perimeter 201 (Program G1), intraocular pressure measurement, funduscopy, as well as pulse and arterial blood pressure measurements. Both drugs lowered in the intraocular pressure. This reduction was slightly but not statistically significantly higher in the timolol-treated group. However, the visual fields improved more in the betaxolol group. Patients treated with betaxolol had significantly smaller averaged mean defects (p < 0.05) and higher averaged mean sensitivities (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank score text) than did timolol-treated patients at months 3, 6, 12, and 18. Thereafter, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant in this relatively small sample size. For betaxolol patients the cumulative area-under-the-curve analysis for the worse eye yielded significantly larger mean sensitivities beyond month 12 (exception: month 30; p < 0.05) and significantly smaller mean defects beyond month 6 (p < 0.05).

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Visual field survival: the response to timolol therapy in open-angle glaucoma.

A simple method for quantifying visual field survival was devised to assess the progress of chronic simple glaucoma in 36 patients treated with timolol maleate over a 3-year period. Routine tonometric monitoring of the intraocular pressure (IOP) was carried out in conjunction with these Goldmann field studies. Statistical analysis revealed that field survival measurement provided a more consistent clinical guide to the progress of glaucoma under treatment than did IOP (p much less than 0.001). Timolol therapy was associated with sustained IOP reductions of 24.3-34.5%, and 63% of those treated who were monitored for field survival showed no significant field loss. The observed relationships of IOP to field survival are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Retrobulbar hemodynamics in normal-tension glaucoma with asymmetric visual field change and asymmetric ocular perfusion pressure.

PURPOSE: To investigate retrobulbar hemodynamics by means of color Doppler imaging in normal-tension glaucoma with asymmetric visual field change and asymmetric ocular perfusion pressure. METHODS: Forty-nine consecutive patients who met the enrollment criteria were enrolled in a prospective study. We measured intraocular pressure at 2-hour intervals for 24 hours and performed color Doppler imaging of the orbital arteries, 48-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and visual field testing. Color Doppler parameters were compared between subjects with higher ocular perfusion pressure in the eye that had a better mean deviation (concordant group) and worse mean deviation (discordant group). RESULTS: In the eyes with the better mean deviation, the end-diastolic velocity of the ophthalmic artery was significantly slower in the discordant group (P=.0145), while in the eyes with the worse mean deviation, the peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities of the ophthalmic artery were significantly slower and the resistance index of the ophthalmic artery was significantly higher in the discordant group (P=.0395, P=.0088, and P=.0324, respectively). In the concordant group, the end-diastolic velocity of the central retinal artery was slower in eyes with a worse mean deviation. CONCLUSION: Retrobulbar hemodynamics are significantly altered in patients with normal-tension glaucoma who have better ocular perfusion pressure in the eye that has a worse mean deviation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Classification of visual field abnormalities in the ocular hypertension treatment study.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To develop a classification system for visual field (VF) abnormalities, (2) to determine interreader and test-retest agreement, and (3) to determine the frequency of various VF defects in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. METHODS: Follow-up VFs are performed every 6 months and are monitored for abnormality, indicated by a glaucoma hemifield test result or a corrected pattern SD outside the normal limits. As of January 1, 2002, 1636 patients had 2509 abnormal VFs. Three readers independently classified each hemifield using a classification system developed at the VF reading center. A subset (50%) of the abnormal VFs was reread to evaluate test-retest reader agreement. A mean deviation was calculated separately for the hemifields as an index to the severity of VF loss. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A 97% interreader hemifield agreement. RESULTS: The average hemifield classification agreement (between any 2 of 3 readers) for 5018 hemifields was 97% and 88% for the 1266 abnormal VFs that were reread (agreement between the first and second classifications). Glaucomatous patterns of loss (partial arcuate, paracentral, and nasal step defects) composed the majority of VF defects. CONCLUSION: The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study classification system has high reproducibility and provides a possible nomenclature for characterizing VF defects.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1991

[Detection of progressive glaucomatous papilla changes before onset of visual field defects].

Computerized disc analysis was used for the longitudinal monitoring of patients with moderate intraocular pressure elevation. 44 patients (80 eyes) were monitored for at least 18 months; 25 patients (47 eyes) were monitored for at least 12 months; 15 patients (25 eyes) were monitored for at least 18 months. On average, one computerized disc analysis was performed every 4 months. Eight eyes showed a progressive decrease in their neuroretinal rim area. Seven of them were monitored for more than 18 months, one was monitored for 15 months. In all cases, the progressive decrease in neuroretinal rim area was significant, p less than or equal to .1. It is non-physiological and has to be interpreted as a serious sign of ongoing glaucoma damage. In addition, it obviously precedes the onset of visual field defects. Seven out of 8 eyes with progressive decrease in their neuroretinal rim area have normal visual fields up to now. In one case a progressive decrease in neuroretinal rim area was found at first and small visual field defects developed subsequently.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Mode of progression of visual field defects and risk factors in glaucoma patients].

A study of glaucoma was conducted at 17 institutions to clarify the mode of progression of visual field defects in specific types of glaucoma, including primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Staging of glaucoma was done by the Kosaki Classification or the Aulhorn Classification and the mode of progression was assessed by life-stable method. The progressive and non-progressive groups of patients in each glaucoma stage were compared with respect to age, intraocular pressure, refraction, and optic disc cupping. A total of 656 eyes were investigated in 656 patients (301 men and 355 women) with a mean age of 58.0 years. The average follow-up period was 5.8 years for the study using the Kosaki Classification and 4.0 years for that done with the Aulhorn Classification. The progression of visual field defects was rapid in the early stage but slow in the middle and late stages in the study by the Kosaki Classification, and it was slow in the late stages in the study by the Aulhorn Classification. The time for progression from stage Ia to stage VI was 43.3 years in the study by the Kosaki Classification and the time for progression from stage 0 to stage 6 was 47.2 years in the study by the Aulhorn Classification. The progressive and non-progressive groups differed significantly with respect to intraocular pressure at various stages.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm fast for following visual fields in prepubertal idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the reliability of Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm Fast (SITA Fast) visual fields (VFs) in prepubertal idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and to compare whether age, gender, or severity of visual outcome influenced the reliability of VF tests. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six prepubertal children (<11 years of age; mean age, 7.2 years) with IIH. TESTING: Children were prospectively followed up using a child-oriented program, which included SITA Fast VF tests. Age, gender, and severity of visual outcome were correlated with reliability of performance on SITA Fast VFs using a 1-way analysis of variance, point-biserial correlation, and the chi-square test for independence of observation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Statistical analyses results that correlated the reliability of SITA Fast VFs with age, gender, and visual outcome. RESULTS: Three children were treated at the age of 2 years and were unable to perform automated VF tests. Four children were treated at the age of 4 years, 3 of whom were able to perform repeatable reliable SITA Fast VF tests. Forty-two eyes of 21 children had an average SITA Fast test time of 4.5 minutes for each eye, compared with 8 minutes using the Fastpac strategy. Age was not associated with reliability scores of SITA Fast tests (F = 0.971, not significant [ns]). Gender did not influence the reliability of SITA Fast VF tests (chi-square((1)) = 0.669, ns), nor did severity of visual outcome (chi-square((2)) = 3.348, ns). Visual deficits were observed in 55% of patients at presentation and in 27% of patients after resolution of papilledema. CONCLUSIONS: The SITA Fast VF tests can be performed from age 4 years and offer a reliable method for shortening test time. A child-oriented follow-up program, which entails a shortened testing time, may improve outcome in prepubertal IIH.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

The effect of flicker rate on nasal and temporal measured visual field extent in infants.

PURPOSE: To explore the effect of peripheral stimulus flicker rate on measured visual field extent (MVFE) in young infants. METHODS: Three hundred sixty infants (180 each at 3.5 and 7 months of age) were tested monocularly with a light-emitting diode static perimetry procedure using a double-arc perimeter with arms at 45 degrees , 135 degrees , 225 degrees , and 315 degrees . Each subject was tested with one of six flicker conditions: no flicker, 1 Hz, 3 Hz, 10 Hz, 20 Hz, and 40 Hz. An interpolated estimate of the location at which 50% of subjects detected the peripheral stimulus (corrected for spontaneous eye movements) and the mean location of the farthest spot seen were calculated across subjects for each perimeter arm for each flicker condition for each age group. RESULTS: Nasally, MVFE was larger for 7-month-old than for 3.5-month-old infants. Across both ages, infants showed larger MVFE for 10-Hz stimuli than for nonflickering stimuli, but MVFE did not differ between any other flicker conditions. Temporally, response to flicker varied with age. For 3.5-month-old infants, MVFE was smaller for the no flicker condition than for the 3-Hz, 10-Hz, and 20-Hz conditions, but there were no other differences across flicker conditions. For 7-month-old infants, MVFE was larger for 3-Hz stimuli than for the no flicker, 1-Hz, 20-Hz, and 40-Hz conditions, but there were no other differences across flicker conditions. Additional analyses showed that the effect of flicker rate on the percentage of subjects looking at a peripheral stimulus at a single eccentricity (29 degrees ) was similar to the effect of stimulus flicker across eccentricities, as reflected in MVFE. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral stimulus flicker can enhance the MVFE in 3.5- and 7-month-old infants. However, the effect depends on flicker rate and is consistent with previous data indicating that 10 Hz and perhaps 3 Hz are especially effective in enhancing MVFE in older infants and young children.

Eye↗
PubMed1990

[The role of myopic ametropia in visual field examination].

The author examined 30 myopic patients to determine the influence of myopic refractive anomaly and adequate correction of close and far vision on the visual field findings established by Goldmann kynetic perimetry in photopia and on the interpretation of the results obtained. The hypothesis was statistically tested by a variance between the two arithmetic mean values. The results have shown that the logarithmic model was the most appropriate one. It has been found that there are virtually no visual field changes in patients with up to---2.50 diopters and without the correction of ametropia, while in patients with---3.0 diopters incipient changes in the form of a narrowed internal isopter were seen.

Humans↗