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PubMed2000

Detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in dental plaque samples from children 2 to 12 years of age.

The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in plaque samples from 104 children, collected from their toothbrushes using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The age range of all subjects was 2-12 years. 21, 73 and 10 children with healthy gingiva, gingivitis and periodontitis respectively were selected. Plaque samples were collected from all erupted teeth sites using a sterile toothbrush. The mean concentration of DNA recovered from brushing plaque samples was approximately 660 microg/ml, which was sufficient for performing a PCR-based survey. Both A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were detected in the primary and mixed dentition. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in healthy subjects was 4.8%, and those with gingivitis and periodontitis was 6.8% and 20.0% respectively, while the prevalence of P. gingivalis was 4.8% in healthy subjects, and 9.6% and 20.0% in those with gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively. Our survey, using a toothbrush, indicated that A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis are rarely present in oral cavities of healthy children.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed1994

The effect of mouthrinses containing zinc and triclosan on plaque accumulation and development of gingivitis in a 3-week clinical test.

Experimental mouthrinses containing 0.4% zinc sulphate and 0.15% triclosan were compared with a chlorhexidine and a negative control mouthrinse in a 3-week clinical trial. The zinc/triclosan mouthrinses 1 and 2 differed in their ethanol and humectant contents used to deliver the triclosan. The experimental protocol employed the partial mouth gingivitis design, whereby participants wear a toothshield during toothbrushing. Gingival health at baseline was established by professional cleaning, oral hygiene instruction and effective toothbrushing 3 x per day during a pre-experimental period of 2 weeks. The mouthrinses were subsequently used 2x daily following normal toothbrushing during 3 weeks. The pre-experimental oral hygiene phase very effectively reduced plaque levels and gingival bleeding. During the rinsing period, in the absence of mechanical removal of plaque from the protected teeth, gingival bleeding rose to above the prestudy level in the negative control group. The increments (change from baseline to 21 days) of plaque and bleeding scores for the zinc/triclosan mouthrinse 1 were significantly lower than those in the negative control group. As expected, plaque and gingivitis scores were lowest in the group that rinsed with chlorhexidine. The results extend previous observations on the efficacy of the zinc/triclosan system to maintain gingival health.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Dental knowledge, attitude and behavior in 12-year-old Dutch suburban children.

A questionnaire on dental knowledge, attitude and behavior was presented to Dutch suburban children in the 6th grade (n = 399). The mean age was 12.3 years. The children scored relatively high on knowledge and attitude. Girls scored better on knowledge and attitude than boys. However, the differences were small. Between socioeconomic classes no differences were found in knowledge scores. The attitude of the higher socioeconomic classes was more positive than that of the lower classes. With regard to behavior more than 90% of the children reported that they have their own toothbrush, use toothpaste containing fluoride and visit the dentist every 6 months. Further it was found that 69% eat sweets several times a day, 53% offer sweets in school when they celebrate their birthday, 28% brush their teeth less than twice a day, 45% sometimes forget to brush their teeth and 44% use fluoride tablets. No clear differences in behavior between boys and girls were found. The higher the socioeconomic class of the children the higher the toothbrushing frequency, the more fluoride tablets are used and the lower the sweet consumption frequency. Although almost all children stated that their parents consider toothbrushing important, 24% were not supervised. It is also suggested that effectiveness of dental health education on behavior should not be evaluated in short term studies.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Prevention of early childhood caries--results of a fluoride toothpaste demonstration trial on Chinese preschool children after three years.

OBJECTIVES: This field demonstration trial evaluates the long-term effects of introducing daily toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste in a Chinese kindergarten (test group) compared to caries development in children who had no organized preventive program (control group). METHODS: In the test group teacher-supervised toothbrushing was initiated with 1,000 ppm MFP toothpaste in addition to oral health education activities. Test and control children were examined at baseline (n = 289, aged 3 years) and annually thereafter. RESULTS: After three years, 251 children (87%) were still in the trial. Caries development (dmfs) calculation included only those children who were present at both baseline and subsequent annual examinations. At baseline the mean dmfs was 4.8 in the test group and 6.5 in the control group (NS). After three years the caries increment was 6.2 and 8.4 in the test group and the control group, respectively (P < .05). Adjusting for reversals, the net caries increment was 3.6 and 6.3, respectively (P < .01). Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis indicated that both baseline dmfs, the program and plaque level had a significant effect on the net caries increment. The use of hierarchical caries severity zones was useful for the identification of those children most at risk for further caries development. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a daily toothbrushing with limited involvement of professional staff was feasible in a Chinese kindergarten and that caries development was significantly slowed in the test children. Caries severity zones may possibly assist in determining levels of intervention.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Prevention of erosion and abrasion by a high fluoride concentration gel applied at high frequencies.

The aim of this study was to determine maximum attainable protection of enamel from erosion and erosion abrasion using a highly fluoridated gel with and without additional fluoride from toothpaste. Thirty-six bovine enamel specimens were subjected to six erosive attacks per day (1% citric acid with pH 2.3 for 30 s), while the rest of the day the specimens were in artificial saliva. There were four treatment groups (9 specimens in each group): fluoride-free toothpaste/saliva slurry twice daily (group T0), fluoride-containing toothpaste/saliva slurry twice daily using 1,250 ppm F toothpaste (group TF), fluoride-containing toothpaste/saliva slurry twice per day plus application of a highly fluoridated gel (12,500 ppm F) twice a day for 120 s (group 2F) and a group with gel application 8 times a day (group 8F). Additionally, half of each specimen in all groups was subjected to brushing abrasion during application of the toothpaste/saliva slurry. Brushing abrasion alone led to no observable enamel loss measured with profilometry. After 14 days of cycling of erosion without toothbrushing abrasion, high-fluoride gel application 2 or 8 times daily showed significantly less enamel loss (median 24/19 microm) than with toothpaste with or without fluoride (41/45 microm). After 14 days of cycling of erosion and toothbrushing abrasion, gel application 2 or 8 times daily (33/29 microm) showed significantly less enamel loss than toothpaste with or without fluoride (57/62 microm). We conclude that a highly fluoridated acidic gel is able to protect enamel from erosion and toothbrushing abrasion while fluoridated tooth paste provides little protection.

Amines↗
PubMed1990

The relationship between composition and properties of posterior resin composites.

The effects of filler concentration and resinous components on the properties of highly filled composites were determined for prediction of the durability of the restorative resins. Resinous components of seven proprietary light-cured posterior resin composites were extracted by chloroform solvent and examined by the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) method. Filler concentration was determined by the thermogravimetric method. Diametral tensile strength, Knoop hardness, and Barcol hardness tests for the composite, as well as extracted resinous matrix, were performed by standard experimental procedures. Toothbrush abrasion test of the resin composites was evaluated by a toothbrushing machine giving the equivalent of five years' toothbrushing and examined with a roughness meter. The degree of conversion of resin composites ranged from 43.5 to 73.8%. The volume fraction of filler varied from 58.2% to 74.2%. The ranges of diametral tensile strength and Knoop and Barcol hardness numbers obtained were 39.8 MPa to 60.0 MPa, 41.8 to 81.9, and 76.3 to 89.2, respectively. Significant correlations (p less than 0.01) were obtained between filler fraction and diametral tensile strength (r = 0.89, S.E. = 3.66) and between filler fraction and Knoop hardness number (r = 0.89, S.E. = 8.39). The increase in strength with increased filler concentration might be related to filler/matrix bonding.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1994

The effect of a new oral hygiene training program on approximal caries in 12-15-year-old Brazilian children: results after three years.

This study evaluated the effects of a new oral hygiene training program on approximal caries in a population of 12-13-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren with a well-established habit of daily toothbrushing with a F dentifrice. Two hundred twenty-two children were randomly allocated into two test groups (I and II) and one control group (III). Group I subjects were trained to establish needs-related oral hygiene habits based on self-diagnosis and a new behavioral principle, the 'linking method', for establishment of habits. The first three visits (20 minutes each) were scheduled at two-day intervals. They were recalled for a monthly check-up during the first 4 months, and then every 3 months for reevaluation of the results based on self-diagnosis. Group II subjects were recalled at the same intervals for detailed oral hygiene instruction on how to clean every tooth surface using dental tape, toothbrush, and fluoride dentifrice. Group I developed significantly fewer (p < 0.001) new approximal manifest (dentin) caries lesions than groups II and III. The mean values (SEM) were 2.3 (0.29), 4.7 (0.59), and 5.3 (0.68), respectively. The conclusions from our study are: In a toothbrushing population using fluoride dentifrices and fluoridated drinking water, the oral hygiene training program with behavioral modification significantly reduced caries incidence on approximal surfaces. Frequent repetition of training in meticulous oral hygiene is almost redundant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Use of the cotton swab method in diagnosing Tinea capitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of the cotton swab technique for identifying fungal infections of the scalp. The purpose of the study was: 1) to compare the cotton swab technique with the toothbrush method, a popular and reliable means for obtaining specimens; and 2) to ascertain if transport of a specimen, entailing variable transport duration and conditions, impairs the sensitivity and specificity of the technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Part 1 consisted of a prospective, investigator-blinded comparison analysis. Fifty children with scalp findings suspicious for tinea capitis were cultured using both techniques: the toothbrush and cotton swab. Ninety-six culture results were obtained for analysis. The second part of the study consisted of a prospective comparison analysis of cotton swab culture results obtained from samples plated immediately after collection in the physician's office as compared with samples transported to outside laboratories for processing. Thirty-one children with presumed tinea capitis were cultured twice with the cotton swab technique; one sample was immediately plated onto fungal medium and the other sent to an outside lab, the selection of which was dictated by the patient's insurance plan. A total of 62 samples were obtained; 58 sample results were used for analysis. RESULTS: In part 1 of the study, 60% of the 48 children analyzed had positive fungal cultures. Eighty percent of these were Trichophyton species. There was 100% agreement in the results obtained; all patients with positive results using the toothbrush method were also positive when the cotton swab method was used. Similarly, there was complete concordance in laboratory results from the second part of the study. Fifty percent of the 28 children analyzed had positive cultures; 86% grew Trichophyton species. All patients who had positive cultures from those samples plated in-office also had positive results from the outside laboratory samples. CONCLUSIONS: The cotton swab technique is an easy, atraumatic, inexpensive, and reliable means to evaluate patients with suspected tinea capitis. The method remains sensitive and specific even when transport of these specimens is required and processing is thus delayed. This painless technique requires little technical expertise and can be rapidly performed with a standard cotton tip applicator. It should prove an invaluable aid to practitioners in evaluating patients with possible fungal infections of the scalp.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Clinical evaluation of a newly designed contoured tooth-brush.

A newly designed contoured toothbrush was tested against the Oral B toothbrush in a single blind crossover study over a 6-month period using 78 patients. The findings were: (1) The contoured toothbrush was significantly better (P less than 0.01) than the Oral B brush for gingival index scores; (2) Plaque scores were lower for the contoured brush (P = 0.10); (3) No significant differences were observed with respect to calculus scores.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed1999

The clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for providing long-term control of breath odor measured chromatographically.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study was to investigate the effectiveness of a commercially available dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer (Colgate Total Toothpaste) for controlling long-term, i.e., seven-hour and overnight breath odor. In particular, a comparison was made between the level of control of breath odor provided by the test dentifrice, and that provided by a placebo dentifrice which did not contain triclosan or a copolymer. This study followed a two-treatment, two-period crossover design. Prospective subjects were provided with a supply of a commercially available fluoride dentifrice, which was used for a one-week period prior to the two seven-day treatment periods. During each treatment period, subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day, morning and evening, for sixty seconds with their assigned study dentifrice, using the soft-bristled toothbrush which had been provided. On the morning following the seventh day of each treatment period, subjects reported to the clinical facility for overnight breath odor assessments. Directly following this, subjects brushed their teeth, ate and drank normally, and reported once again to the clinical facility at seven hours post-toothbrushing for another breath odor assessment. Prior to the overnight breath odor assessments, subjects refrained from brushing their teeth, rinsing their mouths or using breath mints, and from eating or drinking anything on the morning of the evaluation. Subjects refrained from the use of tobacco products, and from eating onions, garlic, or strong spices throughout the entire study. Breath odor was instrumentally evaluated by measuring the level of volatile sulfur compounds in the mouth air using a 565 Tracor gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector. Measurements were taken in duplicate, and then averaged. Levels of volatile sulfur compounds were expressed in nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml) of mouth air. The two dentifrices exhibited statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) with respect to both overnight breath odor and seven-hour post-toothbrushing breath odor. The mean overnight breath odor scores were 9.63 ng/ml for Colgate Total Toothpaste, and 12.64 ng/ml for the placebo dentifrice. For seven-hour breath odor, the mean scores were 5.62 ng/ml for Colgate Total Toothpaste, and 7.10 ng/ml for the placebo dentifrice. Thus, the results of this double-blind clinical study on 19 subjects support the conclusion that Colgate Total Toothpaste provides effective seven-hour and overnight control of breath odor.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors affecting dentifrice use and ingestion among a sample of U.S. preschoolers.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to assess the actual amount of dentifrice used and ingested and factors associated with use/ingestion among 28 U.S. preschoolers aged 40 to 48 months. METHODS: Using their regular dentifrice brands/flavors and small child-sized toothbrushes (Oral -B 5), the participants or their parents placed dentifrice on toothbrushes three times to assess the quantity used and its consistency. Their brushing behaviors were observed and the amounts of dentifrice ingested were indirectly measured. Afterward, the parents and children placed a "pea-sized" amount of dentifrice on their toothbrushes. RESULTS: The participants were generally consistent in quantity applied, averaging 0.256 g (range 0.035 g-0.620 g; standard deviation 0.177 g) of dentifrice per brushing. Children, either alone or with parental assistance, placed more dentifrice than either mother or father alone (P = 0.007). The estimated mean ingested fluoride was 0.17 mg F per brushing, an average of 62% of the amount of dentifrice used (range up to 98%). Amount of ingested fluoride was positively associated (P < 0.05) with the amount of dentifrice used, and negatively associated with parental assistance in brushing. When asked to apply a pea-sized quantity, the mean quantity applied was 0.314 g (range 0.064 g-0.521 g). CONCLUSIONS: This study further supports the use of small amounts of dentifrice in young children, because they ingest substantial proportions of dentifrice.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Clinical evidence for the lack of triclosan accumulation from daily use in dentifrices.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate through clinical pharmacokinetic studies that triclosan does not accumulate in blood or plasma in human subjects who regularly use triclosan-containing dentifrice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three clinical pharmacokinetic studies were conducted to assess the blood or plasma levels of triclosan following toothbrushing with dentifrice formulations containing triclosan. In Study 1, both a single-dose and a multiple-dose phase were conducted. In the single-dose phase, subjects brushed one time with 1.25 g dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan (3.75 mg triclosan dose) and ingested all of the dentifrice. Blood samples were collected at multiple time points from pre-dose to 72 hrs post-dose and analyzed for total triclosan levels. In the multiple-dose phase, these same subjects brushed three times daily as in the single-dose phase. This pattern was followed for 12 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken for triclosan analysis at multiple time points up to 48 hrs after the first dose of day 12. Study 2 was a parallel, open-labeled clinical study to compare triclosan blood levels from twice daily brushing with 1 gm of dentifrice containing 0.2% triclosan to twice daily ingestion of 20 ml of a 0.01% triclosan aqueous solution over a period of 21 days. Blood samples were taken for triclosan analysis at baseline and at 4 hrs after the morning dose on days 7, 14, and 21. Study 3 was a parallel, double-blind, 12-wk brushing study with dentifrice containing 0.2% triclosan or a matching placebo. Blood samples were taken for triclosan analysis at baseline and at 3 and 12 wks at 4 hrs after the morning dose. RESULTS: In the single-dose study, Triclosan was absorbed into the systemic circulation with a T(1/2) of the terminal plasma concentration ranging between 6-63 hrs. The mean AUC(0-inf) after a single dose was found to be 2,809 ng x hr/ml. After 12 days of three times daily toothbrushing and ingestion of the dental slurry, the mean triclosan plasma concentration was 352 ng/ml in the steady state period, and the mean AUC in a 24-hr period (AUC24) was found to be 8,460 ng x hr/ml. This AUC24 was normalized for the number of brushings for comparison to the AUC(0-inf) after a single brushing. There was no significant (P = 0.93) difference between these AUC values suggesting a complete elimination of daily triclosan dose and no increase in the triclosan level during repeated brushing/ingestion. In the two other dentifrice studies, the triclosan blood concentration appeared to reach a steady state level by day 7 and was maintained at the steady state level (14 to 21 ng/ml) for up to 12 wks. These results support the conclusion that the elimination of a daily triclosan dose is complete and no accumulation of triclosan was observed even after three times daily toothbrushing with 1.25 g dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and full ingestion of the dentifrice.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1992

Thirty-day evaluation of the Stimu-gum gingival stimulator and tooth polisher for clinical safety and efficacy.

Two clinical studies have been performed to assess the intraoral safety and efficacy of a mechanical device containing a rubber cup polisher and interdental stimulator (Stimu-gum). In the first study the potential for producing irritation of the oral mucosal tissues was evaluated in 19 subjects when the Stimu-gum product was used in an exaggerated manner, i.e., five times a day for seven days. No untoward effects attributed to use of the Stimu-gum product were observed or reported at anytime in the study. A thirty-day study on 64 subjects compared the Stimu-gum device with an Oral-B 35 manual toothbrush for safety, plaque removal and gingivitis evaluations, at baseline and after 15 and 30 days of product use. The Stimu-gum product and the Oral-B toothbrush were equally effective in removing overnight plaque. The Stimu-gum device was significantly more effective than the Oral-B toothbrush in reducing gingivitis scores at 30 days and bleeding on probing at 15 days. Bleeding on probing scores continued to be lower in the Stimu-gum group at 30 days; however, differences were not statistically significant compared to the Oral-B mean scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The effect of a detergent-based pre-brushing dental rinse on plaque accumulation.

A pre-brushing dental rinse, based on the principle of non-specific removal and modification of dental plaque by detergent action, was studied. The rinse had previously been shown to have the ability to remove a limited amount of plaque without intervention of the toothbrush. In this study, the effect of the rinse on routine plaque control was evaluated over a 3-week period. The protocol sought to minimize the Hawthorne effect. A regimen involving use of the rinse prior to toothbrushing produced a significant decrease in mean plaque score of 50% compared to baseline. A normal oral hygiene regimen (i.e., toothbrushing without the pre-brushing rinse) resulted in a non-significant decrease in plaque area score of 11%. The difference in plaque reduction between the two regimens was significant at p less than .001.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

[Plaque and gingivitis in children with cerebral palsy: relation to CP-diagnosis, mental and motor handicap].

UNLABELLED: A total of 105 children with cerebral palsy aged 14 and 15 years born in the eastern Denmark comprised the study group. The children were classified according to CP-diagnosis, mental handicap, motor handicap and information on plaque index, gingivitis index, and toothbrushing habits were collected. The analysis showed that the values for plaque and gingivitis indices were significantly higher than those of the control group. The specific CP-diagnosis, the mental handicap and the motor handicap did not seem to have definite influence on the child's plaque and gingivitis indices. Children with the mildest mental and motor handicap seemed to have lower plaque and gingivitis indices than those of the severely handicapped children. The highest gingival scores (5.2) were seen when the child and the parents together were responsible for the child's toothbrushing. The gingival index was 4.0, when the parents brushed the child's teeth and 3.7 when the children brushed their teeth on their own. Only 7 children used an electric toothbrush. The average gingival index in this group was 3.0, which was nearly the same as that of the control group. CONCLUSION: 1. Oral hygiene planning of the CP-child can only be made when an individual evaluation has been performed. 2. CP-children's oral hygiene has to be controlled frequently.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Plax more effective than water?].

Ten persons participated in a cross-over study in which the effect of rinsing with Plax and subsequent toothbrushing was compared with water rinsing and subsequent toothbrushing. Plaque was evaluated at baseline and after rinsing and toothbrushing. Bacterial and epithelial cells were counted in the material that was removed by rinsing and brushing. In addition the dry-weight of this material was determined. The differences between Plax and water in plaque reduction, the number of bacterial and epithelial cells in the material removed from the mouth were statistically not significant. The weight of the material removed by the rinsing and brushing was higher after rinsing with Plax. This was caused by the more vigorous removal of epithelial cells by Plax than by water.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1993

Preschool children's symbolic representation of objects through gestures.

To investigate the symbolic quality of preschoolers' gestural representations in the absence of real objects, 48 children (16 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) performed 2 tasks. In the first task, they were asked to pretend to use 8 common objects (e.g., "pretend to brush your teeth with a toothbrush"). There was an age-related progression in the symbolic quality of gestural representations. 3- and 4-year-olds used mostly body part gestures (e.g., using an extended finger as the toothbrush), whereas 5-year-olds used imaginary object gestures (e.g., pretending to hold an imaginary toothbrush). To determine if children's symbolic skill is sufficiently flexible to allow them to use gestures other than those spontaneously produced in the first task, in the second task children were asked to imitate, for each object, a gesture modeled by an experimenter. The modeled gesture was different from the one the child performed on the first task (e.g., if the child used a body part gesture to represent a particular object, the experimenter modeled an imaginary object gesture for that object). Ability to imitate modeled gestures was positively related to age but was also influenced by the symbolic mode of gesture. 3-year-olds could not imitate imaginary object gestures as well as body part gestures, suggesting that young preschoolers have difficulty performing symbolic acts that exceed their symbolic level even when the acts are modeled. Results from both tasks provide strong evidence for a developmental progression from concrete body part to more abstract imaginary object gestural representations during the preschool years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Changes in oral health knowledge and behaviour 1987-95 among inhabitants of Wuhan City, PR China.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of oral health knowledge and behaviour among Wuhan citizens after six years of 'Love Teeth Day' campaigns. Representative samples of citizens aged 10-62 years were identified and interviewed in 1987 (n = 1180) and in 1995 (n = 1014). Data on oral health knowledge and practises were collected by structured questionnaires in both surveys and high response rates were obtained (87-94 per cent). In general, improvements in oral health knowledge and toothbrushing behaviour were observed in 1995 as compared with 1987. The younger age group (10-19-year-olds) showed significantly higher improvements of positive answers to knowledge items and toothbrushing behaviour. The findings also indicated that less than half of the interviewees were aware of the anti-caries effect of fluoride and about 30 per cent of the participants brushed their teeth performing the recommended method (vertical). In China, community based oral health education programmes should be implemented to further improve regular self-care practises, especially in relation to the adult population.

Adolescent↗