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PubMed2005

Adsorption of metal complex dyes from aqueous solutions by pine sawdust.

An attempt to alleviate the problem caused by the presence of metal complex dyes, mostly used in textile industries, in the textile effluents was undertaken. The effects of adsorbent particle size, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial dye concentrations on the adsorption of metal complex dyes by pine sawdust was investigated. Acidic pH was favorable for the adsorption of metal complex dyes. A contact time of 120 min was required to reach the equilibrium. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The equilibrium data fit well the Langmuir isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacities are 280.3 and 398.8 mg dye per g of pine sawdust for Metal Complex Blue and Metal Complex Yellow, respectively. The results indicate that pine sawdust could be employed as low-cost alternative to commercial activated carbon in aqueous solution for the removal of metal complex dyes.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Removal of reactive dyes from wastewater by adsorption on coir pith activated carbon.

The removal efficiency of activated carbon prepared from coir pith towards three highly used reactive dyes in textile industry was investigated. Batch experiments showed that the adsorption of dyes increased with an increase in contact time and carbon dose. Maximum de-colorisation of all the dyes was observed at acidic pH. Adsorption of dyes was found to follow the Freundlich model. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption followed first order and the values of the Lagergren rate constants of the dyes were in the range of 1.77 x 10(-2)-2.69 x 10(-2)min(-1). The column experiments using granular form of the carbon (obtained by agglomeration with polyvinyl acetate) showed that adsorption efficiency increased with an increase in bed depth and decrease of flow rate. The bed depth service time (BDST) analysis carried out for the dyes indicated a linear relationship between bed depth and service time. The exhausted carbon could be completely regenerated and put to repeated use by elution with 1.0M NaOH. The coir pith activated carbon was not only effective in removal of colour but also significantly reduced COD levels of the textile wastewater.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Processing of rayon waste effluent for the recovery of zinc and separation of calcium using thiophosphinic extractant.

Zinc is used in various metallurgical, chemical and textile industries. In textile industries, waste effluent containing zinc is generated during the manufacture of rayon yarn. Due to the strict environmental regulations and the presence of toxic metallic and other constituents, the discharge of effluents in sewage is restricted. In view of above a process has been developed for the recovery of zinc from rayon waste effluent following solvent extraction technique using thiophosphinic extractants Cyanex 272 and 302. Before recycling of zinc sulphate solution in spinning bath, solution must be free from calcium, which is deleterious to the process as gypsum precipitates and forms scale. The extractant Cyanex 302 has been found selective for the recovery of 99.99% of zinc in the form of [R(2)Zn](org) from the effluent above equilibrium pH 3.4 maintaining the O/A ratio of 1/30 leaving all the calcium in the raffinate. The zinc from the loaded Cyanex 302 can be stripped with 10% sulphuric acid at even O/A ratio of 10. The stripped solution thus obtained could be recycled in the spinning bath of the rayon plant and raffinate could be disposed safely without affecting environment.

Calcium↗
PubMed2004

Combustible and incombustible speciation of Cl and S in various components of municipal solid waste.

Chlorine (Cl) and sulfur (S) in municipal solid waste (MSW) are important reactive elements during combustion. They generate the acidic pollutants HCl and SOx, and, furthermore, produce and suppress organic chlorinated compounds. Nevertheless, few practical reports about Cl and S content in MSW have been published. In combustion and recycling processes, both combustible Cl and S, and incombustible Cl and S species are equally important. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study about combustible and incombustible Cl and S in MSW components, including kitchen garbage, paper, textiles, wood and leaves, plastics and small chips. By integrating this collected data with data about MSW composition, not only the overall content of Cl and S in MSW, but also the origins of both combustible and incombustible Cl and S were estimated. The average Cl content in bulk MSW was 3.7 g/kg of raw MSW, of which 2.7 and 1.0 g/kg were combustible and incombustible, respectively. The Cl contribution from plastics was 76% and 27% with respect to combustible and incombustible states. The average S content in bulk MSW was 0.81 g/kg of raw MSW, of which 0.46 g/kg was combustible and 0.35 g/kg was incombustible. Combustible S was mainly due to synthetic textiles, while incombustible S was primarily from paper.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2004

The photocatalytic degradation of reactive black 5 using TiO2/UV in an annular photoreactor.

The textile effluent is a major industrial polluter because it is highly colored, containing about 15% unfixed dyes as well as high levels of salts that can potentially be discharged into the environment. Photocatalytic oxidation using an thin gap annular UV reactor with TiO2 was used to break down the colour of a synthetic effluent ranging up to 400 ppm in dye concentration of Reactive Black 5 and up to 80 g/L in NaCl. Results show that the reaction kinetics was dominated by the TiO2 loading, the initial dye concentration, and the dissolved oxygen concentration; with the other parameters showing less significant effects. High rates of decolorization were found, with a linear fit to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation yielding a reaction rate constant (k) of 2.45 ppm/min, and an adsorption equilibrium constant (K) of 0.048 ppm(-1) based on color removal. The presence of the combination of high dissolved oxygen (15 ppm) and sodium chloride (up to 80 g/L) was found to enhance the decolorization and mineralization rates of the reactive dye. However, pH was found to not significantly affect the degradation rate. Since textile effluent is strongly alkaline, this result is significant, as no solution neutralisation is required and direct treatment of the effluent is possible.

Catalysis↗
PubMed2006

Size distribution of wastewater COD fractions as an index for biodegradability.

The study proposes direct particle size measurement by sequential filtration and ultrafiltration as a convenient method for wastewater characterization for appropriate treatment technology. It also explores the correlation between particle size distribution (PSD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation, as an index for biological treatability. Profiles obtained through PSD-based COD fractionation serve as the fingerprints for wastewaters, and as demonstrated in this study, reflect different pictures for textile wastewater and domestic sewage. PSD-based COD fractionation profiles identify the soluble range below 2 nm as the size interval housing both the soluble inert COD initially present in the wastewater and soluble inert microbial products generated during biological treatment, as also supported by the metabolic fractionation attained through respirometric analyses. Moreover, PSD-based color profiling offers a good index for the fate of biologically resistant chemicals passing through biological treatment. Compatible results obtained from comparative evaluation of PSD-based COD and color profiles provide useful information on the biodegradability of the textile wastewater studied.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dioxin mass balance in a municipal waste incinerator.

A dioxin mass balance in an Spanish municipal waste incinerator (MWI) is presented. Input and output inventories from two sampling collection episodes including the analysis of PCDD/PCDF in urban solid waste (USW), stack gas emissions, fly ash and slag are reported. In one collection the levels of USW were around 8 pg I-TEQ/g and non-thermal destruction was observed overall. In the other collection the levels of USW were higher (around 64 pg I-TEQ/g) and the dioxin balance revealed a thermal destruction. Analysis of the different waste materials (textile, organic, plastic, wood and paper) was performed separately and the textile samples presented the highest levels.

Benzofurans↗
PubMed2001

Treatability of a simulated disperse dye-bath by ferrous iron coagulation, ozonation, and ferrous iron-catalyzed ozonation.

Dyeing and finishing of textile yarns and fabrics are extremely important processes in terms of both quality and environmental concerns. Among the commercial textile dyes, particularly disperse dyestuffs are of environmental interest because of their widespread use, their potential for formation of toxic aromatic amines and their low removal rate during aerobic waste treatment as well as advanced chemical oxidation. Thus, in the present paper ferrous iron coagulation, ozonation and ferrous iron-catalyzed ozonation were employed at varying pH (3-13) and Fe(II)-ion doses (0.09-18mM) for the treatment of a simulated disperse dye-bath (average initial apparent color as absorbance at 566nm=815.4m(-1); COD(0)=3784mgl(-1); TOC(0)=670mgl(-1); BOD(5,0)=58mgl(-1)) that more closely resembled an actual dyehouse effluent than an aqueous disperse dye solution. Coagulation with 5000mgl(-1) FeSO4-7H2O (18mM Fe(2+)) at pH 11 removed up to 97% color and 54% COD, whereas oxidation via ozonation alone (applied ozone dose=2300mgl(-1)) was only effective at pH 3, resulting in 77% color and 11% COD removal. Fe(II)-ion-catalyzed ozonation (3.6mM Fe(2+) at pH 3; Fe(2+):O3 molar ratio 1:14) eliminated 95% color and 48% COD and appeared to be the most attractive option among the investigated chemical treatment methods as for its applicability at the natural acidic pH of the disperse dye-bath effluent and at relatively low Fe(2+)-ion doses as compared to ferrous sulfate coagulation. However, no TOC reduction was observable for ozonation and catalytic ozonation at the investigated reaction conditions (14gl(-1) O3 at pH 3). An average six-fold enhancement in the biodegradability parameter of the synthetic dye wastewater expressed in terms of the BOD(5)/COD ratio could be achieved by the investigated chemical treatment methods.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2004

Natural polysaccharides and their interactions with dye molecules: applications in effluent treatment.

Dyeing effluent is one of the largest contributors to textile effluent and such colored wastewater has a seriously destructive impact on the environment. Adsorption can be a very effective treatment for decolorization of textile dyeing effluent, but current techniques employ adsorption chemistry that is not particularly environmentally friendly, such as the use of alum. In this study, natural polysaccharides were used as adsorbents for removal of dye molecules from effluent. The results showed that naturally cationic polysaccharides such as chitin and chitosan gave excellent levels of color removal, and this was attributed to a combination of electrostatic attraction, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonding. Nonionic galactomannans (locust bean gum, guar gum, cassia gum) were also highly effective in removing dye from effluent, whereas other nonionic polysaccharides, such as starch, were not effective. This was attributed to the structure of the polysaccharides and the relative degree of inter- and intramolecular interactions between separate polymer chains. The pendant galactose residues of galactomannans prevented strong interaction, allowing greater hydrogen bonding with dye; comparatively, starch has extensive chain interactions, and as such had limited potential for hydrogen bonding with the dye molecules at the temperature of application. In addition, hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic parts of the dye and the alpha-face of the pendant galactose residues may have contributed to the superior performance. Repulsion between anionic polysaccharides and the dye anions prevented any hydrogen bonding and as such pectin, carrageenans, and alginic acid were not effective in dye removal from effluent. The use of galactomannans derived from plants in this system presents a sustainable method of effluent treatment. The raw materials are derived from renewable plant sources and are available in tonnage quantities, the adsorption system itself is highly effective and does not involve any additional chemical input or treatment other than the use of the adsorbent, and the adsorption agents themselves are nontoxic and biodegradable.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1978

Pulmonary pathology from inhalation of a complex mineral oil mist in dogs, rats, mice and gerbils.

Dogs, rats, mice, and gerbils were exposed for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for periods up to 2 years, to an atmosphere containing a complex mineral oil-base mist at concentrations of 5 and 100 mg/M3. The mass median diameter of the oil droplets was approximately that found in textile plants ( approximately 1.0 mu). In addition, these test atmospheres contained 1000 ppm acetone,an acetate fiber solvent, in order to simulate fiber plant conditions. Evidence of oil mist was detectable within lung macrophages of all species tested and at both concentrations. Only at the higher concentration (100 mg/M3),, in dogs and rats, but not in mice and gerbils, was a retention of oil of such a magnitude so as to result in the development of oil microgranulomas. Rats given a 10-month recovery period following 12 months of exposure did not completely recover from the oil microgranuloma. These results indicate that the presence of typical textile fiber adjuvants in mineral oil and the concurrent presence of 1000 ppm acetone in the atmosphere do not significantly alter the inhalation toxicity of pure white mineral oil mist.

Acetone↗
PubMed1975

Responses to cotton dust.

Twelve cotton textile workers were studied: (1) to compare standard measures of volume and expiratory flow, maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves, closing volume (CV), and closing capacity (CC) in detection of airway narrowing with cotton dust exposure; (2) to evaluate the response of arterial blood gases to exposure; (3) to measure changes in leukocytes in peripheral blood and airway secretions; and (4) to assess the temporal relationships and correlations between measures. Change in expiratory flow (FEV) most consistently and significantly discriminated between the control and cotton dust exposures. Vmax50%FVC was a more sensitive indicator, but variance was increased proportionately. CV and CC changed inconsistently with relatively large variances. The PaO-2 decreased overall and two subjects had large decrements. Peripheral blood and polymorphonuclear cell counts increased with exposure to cotton dust and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were recruited to the nasal mucosa. Chest tightness and decreased flow were temporally correlated with leukocyte recruitment that may be important in respiratory disease among cotton textile workers and therefore deserves further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A soiling system for evaluation of house dust, allergens, and lead retention on carpets and other surfaces.

Artificial soiling of carpeted or other floor surfaces has several important applications in human exposure assessment and textile research including evaluation of textile properties, sampling devices, and cleaning regimens. A method was developed and validated to deposit uniform and reproducible known quantities of house dust, allergens, and leaded dust on carpets. The soiling apparatus consisted of a 100 cm x 60 cm inclined steel track and a plastic cylinder, with a series of staggered holes, that contains a known volume of reference house dust. After deposition, the dust is embedded by dragging a steel rod over the carpet surface. Deposition tests were performed with bulk house dust, sodium chloride, and house dust with reference quantities of dust mite allergen and lead. The apparatus deposited equivalent (arithmetic mean) amounts of dust, sodium chloride, and dust mite allergen on the front and back halves of test carpets. The introduction of inert fumed silica to the reference sample aided in dispersal of dust over test surfaces. Little to no variation in mean deposition was found within or between 4 days of testing. Using a grid containing weighing boats under the apparatus, spatial deposition was found to vary across a 92 x 46 cm surface by 13 percent. The apparatus deposited reproducible mean quantities of bulk dust on test surfaces from 7 g/m2 to 28 g/m2 with a coefficient of variation ranging from 4-6 percent. The apparatus could be altered to deliver smaller or larger amounts of dust.

Allergens↗
PubMed2002

Ozonation of the purified hydrolyzed azo dye Reactive Red 120 (CI).

The combination of chemical and biological water treatment processes is a promising technique to reduce recalcitrant wastewater loads. The key to the efficiency of such a system is a better understanding of the mechanisms involved during the degradation processes. Ozonation has been applied to many fields in water and wastewater treatment. Especially for effluents of textile finishing industry ozonation can achieve high color removal, enhance biodegradability, destroy phenols and reduce the COD. However, little is known about the reaction intermediates and products formed during ozonation. This work focuses on the oxidative degradation of purified (>90%), hydrolyzed Reactive Red 120 (Color Index), a widely used azo dye in the textile finishing processes with two monochlorotriazine anchor groups. Ozonation of the dye in ultra pure water was performed in a laboratory scale cylindrical batch reactor. Decolorization, determined by measuring the light absorbance at the maximum wavelength in the visible range (535 nm), was almost complete after 150 min with an ozone concentration of 12.8 mg/l. The TOC/TOC0 ratio was about 74% and the COD was diminished to 46% of the initial value. The BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.01 to 0.14. To obtain detailed information on the reaction processes during ozonation and the resulting oxidation products organic and inorganic anions were analyzed. Oxidation and cleavage of the azo group yielded nitrate. Cleavage of the sulfonic acid groups of aromatic rings caused an increase in the amount of sulfate. Formic acid and oxalic acid were identified as main oxidation products by high performance ion chromatography (HPIC). The concentrations of these major products were monitored at defined time intervals during ozonation.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2002

Individual estimation of exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in jobs commonly held by women.

Exposures to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields have not been documented extensively in occupations besides the work environments of electric or telephone utilities. A 1980-1993 study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Québec, Canada, gathered detailed information about the occupations of 491 mothers of ALL cases and mothers of a similar number of healthy controls. This information was combined with published data on the intensities of ELF magnetic fields associated with sources or work environments to estimate ELF magnetic field exposures for a wide range of jobs commonly held by women. Estimated exposures for 61 job categories ranged from 0.03 to 0.68 microT; the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles were 0.135, 0.17, and 0.23 microT, respectively. By job category, the most highly exposed jobs (>0.23 microT) included bakery worker, cashier, cook and kitchen worker, electronics worker, residential and industrial sewing machine operator, and textile machine operator. By work environment, the most highly exposed job categories were electronics worker in an assembly plant (0.70 microT) and sewing machine operators in a textile factory (0.68 microT) and shoe factory (0.66 microT). These results provide new information on expected levels of exposure in a wide range of jobs commonly held by women.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Occupation and bladder cancer in Spain: a multi-centre case-control study.

A case-control study on bladder cancer was carried out in four regions of Spain. The study included 497 cases (438 males and 59 females), 583 hospital controls and 530 population controls matched by sex, age and residence. The present paper reports the results of the analyses on occupational history. Among men, an increased risk of bladder cancer was found for textile workers (OR = 1.97, 95% CL 1.2-3.3), mechanics and maintenance workers (OR = 1.86, 95% CL 1.2-2.8), workers in the printing industry (OR = 2.06, 95% CL 1.0-4.3) and for managers (OR = 2.03, 95% CL 1.2-3.5). The risk was highest among those first employed in the textile industry before the age of 25 and prior to 1960. Among mechanics the risk was highest for those who started after the age of 25 and later than 1960. The OR for smokers who had also been employed in one of the high risk occupations was 7.82 (95% CL 4.4-14.0) which is compatible with a multiplicative effect of joint exposure to tobacco and occupational hazards.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Occupation and pancreatic cancer in Spain: a case-control study based on job titles. PANKRAS II Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Occupational exposures may increase the risk of exocrine pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to identify occupations that in Spain may be associated with such risk. METHODS: Incident cases of pancreatic cancer and hospital controls were prospectively identified and interviewed during their hospital stay. Occupational history was obtained by direct interview with the patient and was available for 164 (89%) of 185 pancreatic cancer cases and for 238 (90%) of 264 controls. Occupations were coded according to the Spanish version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988. RESULTS: A significant increased odds ratio (OR) was observed in men for 'physical, chemistry and engineering science technicians'. Elevated risks were also found for 'metal moulders, sheet-metal workers, structural metal workers, welders and related workers', 'painters and varnishers' and 'machinery mechanics and fitters'. 'Agricultural workers' did not present an increased risk for pancreas cancer in men. In women, however, high OR were observed for 'agricultural workers' and for 'textile and garment workers'. Most associations remained unchanged after considering long duration of the exposure and the period 5-15 years before diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Few occupations were at increased risk for pancreatic cancer, and the associations observed are in accordance with previous studies. The increases in risk observed for women in agricultural and textile jobs, and for men in the manufacture of dyes and pigments may deserve further attention.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

Parental occupational exposure and spontaneous abortions in Finland.

Spontaneous abortions were analyzed by the occupational exposure of women and their husbands, with data from the Finnish hospital discharge register and the national census. The occupations were grouped according to presumed exposure into seven categories: exposure to solvents; automobile exhaust fumes; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; other chemicals; metals; textile dust; and animal microorganisms. The relative risks of spontaneous abortion were estimated with logistic regression analysis to adjust for potentially confounding factors. The broad exposure categories appeared, at most, to be weak risk factors of spontaneous abortion, because the relative risks of abortion were not significantly increased in any of the parental exposure groups. The analysis of detailed occupational categories showed some female and male occupations with an increased risk. The observations of increased risk related to laboratory work support earlier findings. The high number of textile occupations with increased risk is also worth noting, and further investigations are necessary to confirm whether this is due to occupational hazards or other factors.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2002

Chronic exposure of rats to cotton-mill-room noise changes the cell composition of the tracheal epithelium.

The work environment of cotton mill rooms of modern textile plants is characterized by noise pollution. We have taped and reproduced this noisy environment to study its effects on experimentally exposed rats. Because we have previously documented that chronic noise causes alterations in the respiratory epithelium, we have focused our investigation on the morphology of the tracheal lining. Wistar rats were exposed to the textile-type noise from 1 up to 7 months, with an average 40 hours weekly exposure of the animals. The rats were sacrificed monthly and the tracheas were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to quantify the areas of the airway lining that were covered by ciliated, serous or other cells of the epithelium. We found that noise exposure of the rats caused a significant loss of tracheal ciliated cells; an increased density of serous cells on the epithelium balanced this change. This modification of the rat trachea was already established after 1 month of noise treatment of the animals; it did not change significantly throughout the 7-month course of the herein investigation. Loss of ciliated cells was more intense in areas of the tracheal epithelium located between the regions of cartilage rings. We conclude that the ciliated cell is an elective target for damage caused on the respiratory epithelium by the workplace noise occurring in cotton mill rooms. This modification of the respiratory epithelium is likely to impair clearance of the airways since this function depends on the activity of ciliated cells.

Animals↗