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PubMed1976

Oncogenic and tumor-promoting Spermatophytes and Pteridophytes and their active principles.

A survey and discussion are presented of plants classified as Spermatophyta and Pteridophyta, extracts of which have been shown to be oncogenic or tumor-promoting in animals. The active oncogenic and tumor-promoting principles, where known, have been identified. They represent tannins; pyrrolizidine, indole, tropolone, quinoline, purine, and benzophenanthridine alkaloids; nitroso compounds; triterpene glycosides; lignans; isoflavans; allyl benzenoids; simple (nu-pyrenes; and carbocyclic hydroxy acids. A total of 28 compounds of known structure have been identified as oncogens and several phorbol esters as tumor-promoters. Plants known to contain any of the 28 oncogens (excluding shikimic acid and caffeine) have been tabulated; they represent at least 454 species, 110 genera, and 34 families of Spermatophyta and Pteridophyta.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

[Comparative studies with various anticoagulant stabilizer combinations for the preservation of blood specimen in leukosis diagnosis. II. Testing the application possibilities of new anticoagulant stabilizer combinations for the hematologic diagnonsis of leukosis].

The anticoagulant Chelaplex III in aqueous solution with two new stabilizers (methenamine and tannin) was tested for the preservation of blood samples, together with another combination composed of oxalic acid and methenamine solution. The eventual aim was to test their suitability for use with blood specimens dried in the tube, but this was not done in the present experiments. It was shown that a combination of 5% oxalic acid with 36% methenamine was at least as good as the conventional Chelaplex III-formaldehyde combination for inhibiting coagulation, and it was relatively cheap.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Allelochemicals in plant foods and feedingstuffs: 1. Nutritional, biochemical and physiopathological aspects in animal production.

Several allelochemicals (anti-nutritional/anti-quality factors) contained in some plant foods and feedingstuffs are outlined. These include the trypsin and amylase inhibitors, hemagglutinins, gossypol, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, oxalates, phytin, saponins, glucosinolates, estrogens, coumarins, alkaloids and aflatoxins. The nutritional, biochemical and physiopathological implications of their ingestion in a wide range of animals are reviewed. These include impaired growth, feed consumption, efficiency of feed utilization, alterations of normal enzyme activities, organ atrophy, necrotic changes, lesions and changes in normal hematological indices. The induction of increased dietary requirements for such nutrients as methionine, lysine, vitamins and divalent ions (eg Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn) by some of these factors is discussed. Ameliorative measures aimed at minimizing the concentrations and anti-nutritional effects of these factors are processing and including additives in the diet, or genetic manipulations. There is a need to prevent both functional and nutritional damage of food proteins and other nutrients arising from excessive heat treatment.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxic principles of hippomane mancinella. II. Structure of Hippomanin A.

Hippomanin A is a pale yellow crystalline toxic principle isolated from the water-soluble portion of the ethanolic extract of Hippomane mancinella. Acid hydrolysis gave glucose, gallic acid and ellagic acid, thus showing that it belonged to the class of "crystalline tannins" and was isomeric with corilagin. The presence of free anomeric hydroxyl was shown by methylation and by reduction with sodium borohydride. Mass spectral and chemical evidence showed that the structure was 2-galloyl-4,6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of antidotes on the rate of absorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol from the digestive tract into the blood].

An investigation of the rate of the 2,4-dinitrophenol absorption from the digestive tract into the blood with the use of an antidote and its components (activated charcoal, tannin, magnesium oxide), stach water and paraffin oil demonstrated the activated charcoal and magnesium oxide to be the best antidotes among the ones studied. The antidote exerts a somewhat less marked, but still quite a strong action.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Use of Drăgan's high-speed PBT staining method in oral cytology examinations (author's transl)].

Drăgan's high-speed PBT (polychrome blue tannin) staining method enables cellular elements to be detected in oral smears in one minute at most. The basic dyes in the polychrome blue solution allow the acid-group-containing substrate to be detected in the nucleus, in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and leukocytes, as well as in the elements of the flora. The chromatin shows a distinct basophilic, orthochromatic reaction. The fine, reddish-violet metachromatic granules in the cytoplasm are of a glycolipid nature and occur with the tonofibrils. The keratohyalin granules show a basophilic orthochromatic or metachromatic, homogeneous or granular reaction in relation to the chemically acid portions of their structure.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1998

A review of implications of antiquality and toxic components in unconventional feedstuffs advocated for use in intensive animal production in Nigeria.

There are a number of unconventional feed resources in Nigeria. Most are rich sources of plant protein. Since protein is the most expensive and limiting nutrient in tropical livestock nutrition, these unconventional feed resources may fill a gap in protein deficiency. However, most contain antiquality and toxic components which make them unsafe as protein and carbohydrate sources in livestock nutrition. The presence of saponins, lectins, tannins, trypsin inhibitors, cyanogenic glucoside and others in African locust bean meal (Parkia filicoidea Welw), avocado seed meal (Persea americana), bambara groundnut meal (Voandzeia subterranea), cocoa by-product meal (Theobroma coca), coffee pulp meal (Coffee arabica), mango seed kernel meal (Mangifera indica), rubber seed meal (Hevea brasiliensis), sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L) and shear-butter cake (Vitellaria paradoxa, G) are not uncommon and make rations prepared with them unpalatable and unacceptable to animals. They also interfere with nutrient bioavailability and utilization. Drying, soaking, leaching and fermentation are simple means of detoxifying these feed sources to reduce the presence of antiquality and toxic components.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Initial studies on the contributions of body size and gastrointestinal passage rates to dietary flexibility among gorillas.

Large body size has been traditionally seen as the primary dietary adaptation of gorillas, facilitating their consumption of fibrous foods (Schaller ¿1963 The Mountain Gorilla; Watts ¿1990 Int. J. Primatol. 11:21-45). Nevertheless, recent research has emphasized frugivory among western lowland gorillas, as well as the influence of habitat and seasonality on gorilla diet and behavior across subspecies (Watts ¿1990 Int. J. Primatol. 11:21-45; Tutin et al. ¿1991 Philos. R. Soc. Trans. Lond. Biol. 334:179-186; Remis ¿1994 Ph.D. Thesis, ¿1997a Am. J. Primatol. 43:87-109, ¿1997b Am. J. Primatol. 43:111-133, ¿1998 Primate Locomotion: Recent Advances, p 95-(1)108, ¿1999 Primates 40:383-396; Nishihara ¿1995 Primates 36:151-168; Goldsmith ¿1999a Int. J. Primatol. 20:1-23, Goldsmith [1999b] Nonhuman Primates, p 58-63). This study provides preliminary data to address the physiological underpinnings of dietary flexibility among gorillas, and their consumption of a broad range of fibrous and tannin-rich foods. To date, little is known about the digestive physiology of the African apes (but see Milton ¿1984 Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates, p 249-279, Milton [1984] ¿1999Evol. Anthropol. 8:11-20; Milton and Demment ¿1988 J. Nutr. 118:1082-1088; Lambert ¿1997 Ph.D. Dissertation), although gastrointestinal morphology and proportions are roughly similar among species ( Chivers and Hladik ¿1980 J. Morphol. 166:337-386). This study provides additional experimental data on the gastrointestinal passage times of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) fed a captive diet in a zoological park setting and discusses results in relation to field research on gorilla feeding ecology. In this study, 480 small plastic markers were fed to six captive gorillas. The mean gut retention time (MRT) of the adult gorillas in this study was 50 hr, longer than the 31 hr reported for chimpanzees fed a similar diet (Lambert ¿1997 Ph.D. Dissertation). These data suggest that gorillas may retain foods in their gastrointestinal tracts longer than smaller hominoids, and that the large body size likely forms the primary basis for consumption of fiber. This research provides additional data to contribute to our understanding of the relationships of body size and morphology to ecology, and the evolution of body size, foraging strategy and social organization among the African apes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Mutagenicity of medicinal plant extracts in Salmonella/microsome assay.

Aqueous extracts of medicinal plants used in south Brazilian folk medicine (Myrciaria tenella, Smilax campestris, Tripodanthus acutifolius and Cassia corymbosa) were screened for the presence of mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Signs of an increased mutagenic induction below revertant rates, which is two times the spontaneous yields, were detected for all extracts. The extracts of C. corymbosa showed signs of mutagenic activity in the following strains: TA100 with and without metabolization and TA98 after metabolization. These mutagenic signs were observed in the M. tenella extracts without metabolization. S. campestris and T. acutifolius infusions also showed signs indicative of direct mutagenic activity in the TA98 strain. The positive results may be related to the presence of flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones in the extracts.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effects of Daniellia oliveri bark on isolated rat bladder.

The stem bark of Daniellia oliveri was screened phytochemically and a methanol extract prepared.-Condensed tannins, saponins, cyanogenetic and cardiac glycosides were identified in the crude drug. The cardiac glycoside components in the methanol extract were precipitated with acetone to yield a reddish-brown residue. The n-butanol soluble fraction of an aqueous solution of this residue tested positive for cardiac glycosides and was shown by TLC to contain steroidal compounds. This fraction was subjected to pharmacological studies on isolated rat bladder smooth muscle. It had no effect on purinergic neurotransmission but was a noncompetitive antagonist for muscarinic receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effects of Daniellia oliveri stem bark and leaf extracts on rat skeletal muscle.

The stem bark and leaves of Daniellia oliveri were screened phytochemically and the effects of their respective methanol extracts on the skeletal muscle of rats were investigated using the isolated phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm muscle preparation. Both were found to contain tannins, cardiac and saponin glycosides. In addition, the bark, but not leaves, contained cyanogenetic glycosides. The methanol extracts were found to possess neuromuscular blocking properties. The leaf extract appeared to act primarily by inhibiting the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) principally by inhibiting K(+) channels. The inhibitory action of the bark extract appeared to be mediated by interference with transmitter release and an action on multiple sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Thermal irritation and esophageal cancer in northern Iran.

The ingestion of hot food and beverages has repeatedly been postulated as a risk factor for cancer of the esophagus. Although several studies have been performed on the correlation of the consumption of hot tea and esophageal cancer, no research has heretofore documented, by actually measuring, the temperature at which the tea is consumed. Therefore, a tea temperature measurement study was carried out in the Caspian Littoral of Iran, where the frequency of esophageal cancer is the highest in the world. The study was conducted during a population-food-habits survey in 1968 to 1969, which was performed before statistics were available regarding the incidence rate or geographic distribution of this disease in the region. Ten years later, when the results of the Caspian Cancer Registry were analyzed, the data from this nutritional study was compared with the regional distribution of esophageal cancer. A geographic correlation exists between the frequency of consumption of hot tea and the incidence of esophageal cancer. Seventy-two percent of the people in the low-risk region of esophageal cancer drank their tea at the relatively moderate temperature of below 55 degrees C, compared with only 3% in the high risk region. More importantly, 62% of the adult population in the high-risk region, as opposed to 19% in the low-risk region, drank their tea at a temperature of over 65 degrees C. In addition to the thermal irritation of hot tea, the following considerations cannot be ignored: the carcinogenicity role of tannins; the cancer-promoting effect of phenols; and the absorption facilitating role of hot tea. Alcohol and tobacco, the most important risk factors for cancer of the esophagus in many countries, play a negligible role in the cause of this disease in northern Iran. In this region, nutritional deficiencies--a special diet for pregnant women composed of sour pomegranite seeds, black pepper, and garlic; consumption of bread contaminated with silica fibre; and ingestion of opium and opium dross--combined with long-lasting and daily thermal irritation of the esophagus with very hot tea play an important role in the development of this disease. The inhabitants of the high-risk area consumed roughly 2.5 times more tea than their counterparts in the low-risk area. In addition, the mean daily consumption of tea leaves per person (average) was 5.7 g and 3.8 g, respectively.

Esophageal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

Effect of soaking process on nutritional quality and protein solubility of some legume seeds.

Legume seeds (soy bean, lupin and bean seeds) were soaked in 0.5% sodium bicarbonate in attempt to evaluate their nutritional quality and protein solubility index. Soaking process led to an increase in the hydration coefficient, seed weight, total protein, ash, fat, fiber, while non protein nitrogen, total carbohydrates, starch, stachyose, raffinose, reducing sugars, and minerals (except Na) were decreased. All antinutritional factors such as phytic acid, tannin, trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinin activity were decreased during soaking in 0.5% sodium bicarbonate; it was the same for the protein solubility in different solutions, while the in-vitro protein digestibility and available lysine were increased.

Dietary Proteins↗
PubMed2001

Nutritional potential of biochemical components in Galactia longifolia Benth. (Fabaceae).

Seeds of Galactia longifolia Benth. (Fabaceae), locally known as Kaattukollu in Tamil language, used as food by Malayali tribals in the Kolli hills of Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu in South India were analysed for proximate composition, total (true) seed proteins, amino acid composition, fatty acid composition, minerals and antinutritional factors. Crude protein, crude fat, ash and nitrogen free extractives constitute 25.56%, 6.18%, 5.12% and 56.15%, respectively. The caloric value of 100 g dry matter of seed material is 1,601 KJ. The essential amino acids, tryptophan, leucine + isoleucine, arginine and threonine are present relatively in large quantities. The unsaturated fatty acids constitute more than 60%. The seeds are very rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus. Antinutritional factors such as total free phenols, tannins, L-DOPA, hydrogen cyanide and phytic acid is present in minute quantities. The seed meal is consumed after eliminating all the antinutritional factors using the conventional method of soaking seeds in water, boiling with water and decanting for four times by Malayali tribals.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

Ethnobotany and drug discovery: the experience of the US National Cancer Institute.

Between 1960 and 1981 the National Cancer Institute (NCI) screened 114,000 extracts of 35,000 plants, mainly collected in temperate regions. Of the three clinically active anticancer drugs so far discovered in that programme, none was isolated from a plant collected on an ethnobotanical basis, though various Taxus species, which are the source of taxol, are reported to have been used medicinally. Since 1986, the NCI has focused its collections in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide; collections cover a broad taxonomic range, though priority is given to medicinal plants when relevant information is available. As of August 1993, 21,881 extracts derived from over 10,500 samples had been tested in a screen for activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); 2320 of these extracts were of medicinal plant origin. Approximately 18% of both the total number of extracts and the medicinal plant-derived extracts showed significant anti-HIV activity; in each instance about 90% of the active extracts were aqueous. The activity of the aqueous extracts has been attributed mainly to the presence of polysaccharides or tannins. Four plant-derived compounds are in preclinical development at the NCI; only one of the four sources plants, obtained from a noncontract source, was collected on an ethnobotanical basis. At this stage the results indicate that the current NCI collection policy offers the best chances for the discovery and development of agents for the treatment of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) and cancer.

Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor↗
PubMed2003

Increased iron absorption in lemurs: quantitative screening and assessment of dietary prevention.

Iron storage disease (ISD) in lemurs has been reported since as early as the 1960s, and in the 1980s was demonstrated to be a consistent finding in postmortem investigations of captive lemurs. Since then this disease has consistently been diagnosed at the point of necropsy. In the current study we describe a preclinical screening procedure, as well as the quantified preventive effects of dietary intervention upon iron absorption. Twenty-three individual lemurs of four species were initially tested with the transferrin saturation test (%TS); 21 of these animals were on conventional zoo diets, and two were fed a specific diabetic diet. Initially, 20 of 21 lemurs on conventional zoo diets were demonstrated to have %TS levels above the normal range for humans; 17 of these lemurs were in the category (for humans) of excessive iron absorption. A dietary change aimed at reducing dietary iron and vitamin C levels and increasing the levels of iron-chelating tannins and/or phytates was instigated. After the animals were retested, a matched-pair comparison of %TS values before and after the diet change revealed significantly (P=0.038, n=7) lower %TS values after the diet change. All species averages were in the human hyperabsorption range on conventional zoo diets (n=21). No species averages were in that range after the dietary change (n=18). The results indicate that further investigations into the use of %TS testing in lemur husbandry, and specific preventive dietary measures, should be conducted.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Absence of genotoxicity of a phytotherapeutic extract from Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville in somatic and germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville, a medicinal plant that grows in the "cerrados" (a savanna ecosystem) of Brazil, popularly known as "Barbatimão," is an important source of tannins (polyphenols). In Brazil, it is used in industry (mainly as vegetable tanning) and also in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In the present study, a phytotherapeutic extract from S. adstringens stem bark was evaluated for mutagenic and recombinagenic effects using the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster (somatic mutation and recombination test, SMART), and for chromosome damage in germ cells using the Drosophila sex-chromosome loss test (ring-X loss). For SMART, the standard as well as the high bioactivation fly crosses were used; the latter cross is characterized by a high sensitivity to promutagens and procarcinogens. Third-instar larvae from these two crosses were treated for 48 hr with different concentrations (66%, 75%, and 100%) of the phytotherapeutic extract. The wings of the emerging adults were analyzed for the occurrence of different types of mutant spots. No statistically significant differences in spot frequencies between controls and treated series were observed. For the ring-X loss test, adult males were fed with the same concentrations of the extract as in the wing spot test. No statistically significant increases in ring-X losses were observed. The results of our experiments suggest that the phytotherapeutic extract from S. adstringens stem bark is not genotoxic in somatic and germ cells of D. melanogaster.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of mutagenic activity in an extract of pepper tree stem bark (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi).

An extract (decoction) from pepper tree stem bark (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) is widely used in Brazil as a topical antiinflammatory agent and to cicatrize wounds. The extract contains catechin, tannins, terpenes, flavonoids, and saponins; of these components, both mutagenic potential and antioxidant properties have been ascribed to flavonoids. The mutagenicity of some flavonoids is believed to be associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species and seems to depend on the number and position of hydroxyl groups. In the present study, we evaluated an extract of S. terebinthifolius in a series of cell-free and bacterial assays in order to determine its genotoxic potential. The extract was negative in a cell-free plasmid DNA test, indicating that it did not directly break DNA. Positive results, however, were obtained in the SOS chromotest, in a forward mutagenesis assay employing CC104 and CC104mutMmutY strains of Escherichia coli, and in the Salmonella reversion assay, using strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102. All the bacterial tests were performed without exogenous metabolic activation due to the topical use of this preparation. The results indicate that pepper tree stem bark extract produces DNA damage and mutation in bacteria, and that oxidative damage may be responsible for the genotoxicity.

Anacardiaceae↗