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PubMed1979

Complexed rheumatoid factor measurements in sera, synovial fluids and in immune complex fractions.

Mild acidic treatment increases the rheumatoid factor titre of some sera and synovial fluids (SF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile RA (JRA) and most frequently in rheumatoid vasculitis. This unmasking of 'hidden' RF in serum and SF samples correlated with the RF-immune complexes (RF-IC) and complexed C4 present in the 3% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitates, indicating that by means of 'hidden' RF measurements RF-ICs are possibly detected. This method seems to provide a diagnostic tool for detecting RF-ICs in RA and other related diseases.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1996

Presence of antibodies to native G1 domain of aggrecan core protein in synovial fluids from patients with various joint diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence of IgG antibodies to aggrecan in synovial fluids (SF) from patients with arthritis and various articular diseases, and to determine the nature of epitopes present within aggrecan that react with these antibodies. METHODS: SF samples were reacted with native aggrecan, reduced and alkylated aggrecan, chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate, using dot-blots and a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The nature of the epitopes present on aggrecan was elucidated using Western blots and a competitive inhibition ELISA. RESULTS: IgG antibodies to aggrecan were found in > 50% of the SF samples tested. No IgG antibody reactivity was observed in serum from the same patients. The antibodies appeared to react predominantly with native aggrecan, and there was no disease specificity. It was shown that the epitopes to these antibodies were located within the N-terminal region of the core protein. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the frequent occurrence of IgG antibodies to aggrecan in human SF. The major epitope is located in the G1 domain of the aggrecan core protein. These IgG antibodies appear to be produced locally within the synovial cavity, probably in response to various articular diseases, resulting in the loss of native aggrecan from articular cartilage.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Isolation of rubella virus from synovial fluid in five cases of seronegative arthritis.

A cytopathic agent indistinguishable from rubella virus was isolated from the synovial fluid of five patients (two male and three female). In two patients isolations were made on two separate occasions, and in two others on five separate occasions. The patients ranged in age from 9-58 years, and they presented with a variety of clinical syndromes. In particular, none had clinical features suggestive of recent rubella infection; but most cases had very high serum rubella haemagglutination inhibition titres. The identity of the cytopathic agent was shown by a variety of virological techniques to be rubella virus.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Antioxidant properties of the proteins caeruloplasmin, albumin and transferrin. A study of their activity in serum and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have altered protein patterns in their serum and synovial fluid which influences the antioxidant activity of these fluids. Rheumatoid serum has a higher antioxidant activity than control serum when ferrous and ferric ions stimulate membrane damage. The raised levels of caeruloplasmin and the lower iron saturation of transferrin contribute to these differences. When membrane damage is stimulated by a copper salt, rheumatoid serum does not show an increased antioxidant protection and has probably a lower protective activity than control serum. Attempts to damage caeruloplasmin and transferrin with oxygen radicals were unsuccessful. However, prolonged incubations with trypsin reduced the iron-binding capacity of transferrin and decreased the ferroxidase and antioxidant properties of caeruloplasmin. Copper was released from caeruloplasmin under these conditions.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1986

Interleukin-1 lymphocyte chemotactic activity in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid.

We examined the role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the chemotactic activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid (SF). Crude RA SF was found to be chemotactic for B cells and T cells. After AcA 54 gel filtration, the principal peaks of chemotactic activity were found in the 5-kd, 16-kd, and 60-kd fractions. The majority of the chemotactic activity for both the B cells (74-85%) and the T cells (69-78%) was removed from these fractions by treatment with anti-IL-1 antibody. However, in crude SF, approximately 60% of the chemotactic activity for B cells and 40% of that for T cells was removed, indicating the presence of additional chemotactic factors in RA SF. IL-1 activity, measured by the thymocyte proliferation assay, was demonstrated in RA SF AcA 54 Ultrogel fractions after separation from inhibitors of thymocyte proliferation that are present in crude SF. On chromatofocusing of the 16-kd fraction, the principal peaks of both thymocyte proliferation activity and chemotactic activity were present in the same fractions with pI values of 6.8, 5.7, and 5.2, which are characteristic of IL-1. The demonstration of IL-1-associated chemotactic activity in RA SF may reflect the presence in the RA synovial membrane (including both the lining layer and the subsynovial layer) of activated macrophages, interstitial histiocytic cells, and other IL-1-producing cells, such as endothelial cells. These findings suggest that such cells may attract lymphocytes to their environment by secretion of IL-1.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1992

T cell receptor diversity and activation markers in the V delta 1 subset of rheumatoid synovial fluid and peripheral blood T lymphocytes.

In the present study we have characterized the gamma/delta T cell receptor (TcR) population in synovial fluid (SF) and peripheral blood (PB) of patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis. By double staining we have shown that (a) synovial V delta 1+ cells have a high expression of activation markers CD45R0 ("memory cells") and HLA-DR as compared to PB, indicating a preactivated population of V delta 1-carrying T cells in vivo and (b) interleukin 2-induced expansion of synovial cells yields a high proportion of gamma/delta in most samples expressing predominantly the V delta 1 TcR. Junctional sequence analysis of the TcR delta chain from interleukin 2-expanded PB cell lines demonstrated a polyclonal V delta 1 population in three out of three samples. In SF cell lines three out of four samples were polyclonally expanded. In SF from one patient, however, a limited repertoire of expressed V delta 1 genes was found. Altogether, our data demonstrate the presence of preactivated V delta 1-expressing cells in the synovial compartment. This V delta 1 population is predominantly polyclonal, except in one patient where oligoclonally expanded V delta 1 cells were detected.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1983

Morphometric analysis of peripheral blood and synovial fluid lymphocytes of patients with rheumatic disease.

A morphometric analysis of lymphocytes from the peripheral blood and the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was based on a determination of the nuclear contour index (NCI = perimeter divided by the square root of the area of the nucleus). Use of this method showed that a particular type of lymphocyte, the cerebriform mononuclear cell (CMC), occurred in higher percentages in the SF than in the peripheral blood of patients with RA. The mean NCI of the lymphocytes (non-CMC) was also higher in the SF. These findings indicate that lymphocytes in the inflammatory compartment are morphologically altered, compared to the corresponding cells in the peripheral blood of the same patients, the change probably expressing an alteration in functional status.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Target imbalance: disparity of Borrelia burgdorferi genetic material in synovial fluid from Lyme arthritis patients.

Lyme arthritis is a late manifestation of Lyme disease that results in episodic synovial inflammation and swelling. Although this process is thought to be driven directly by the spirochetal etiologic agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, the organism itself has been recovered by culture only twice. In contrast, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies are usually positive. This apparent discrepancy in 19 culture-negative synovial fluid specimens from 18 patients with Lyme arthritis was investigated. In all 19, DNA sequences characteristic of plasmid-encoded genes OspA and OspB were easily detected. However, despite equivalent or even superior analytic sensitivity for detection of cultured organisms, the reactivity of two genomic DNA targets was often weak or absent altogether in the clinical specimens. This apparent overrepresentation of B. burgdorferi plasmid sequences was found exclusively in clinical specimens and not in cultured organisms. The physiologic imbalance of genomic and plasmid DNA reactivity in B. burgdorferi infection may signal an underlying pathogenetic mechanism.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

Nerve growth factor (NGF) autoantibodies and NGF in the synovial fluid: implications in spondylarthropathies.

We investigated the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) autoantibodies and NGF in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with different forms of chronic arthritis such as spondylarthropathy (SpA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD) and osteoarthritis (OA) and compared them to their levels in serum. NGF autoantibodies were detected by ELISA and by their capacity to immunoprecipitate NGF and to inhibit its biological activity. NGF was measured with a two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significantly high NGF autoantibody levels (p < 10(-4)) and high frequency of detectable NGF (p < 0.01) were observed in the SF of SpA patients and to a lesser degree in RA patients as compared to CPPD and OA patients. In the serum high frequency of detectable NGF was observed only in RA patients. These results suggest a role of NGF autoantibodies and NGF in joint inflammation especially in spondylarthropathies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Investigation of the molecular nature of low-molecular-mass cobalt(II) ions in isolated osteoarthritic knee-joint synovial fluid.

High field 1H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that addition of Co(II) ions to osteoarthritic knee-joint synovial fluid (SF) resulted in its complexation by a range of biomolecules, the relative efficacies of these complexants/chelators being citrate >> histidine - threonine >> glycine - glutamate - glutamine - phenylalanine tyrosine > formate > lactate >> alanine > valine > acetate > pyruvate > creatinine, this order reflecting the ability of these ligands to compete for the available Co(II) in terms of (1) thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the formation of their complexes and (2) their SF concentrations. Since many of these SF Co(II) complexants (e.g. histidinate) serve as powerful *OH scavengers, the results acquired indicate that any of this radical generated from the Co(II) source in such complexes via Fenton or pseudo-Fenton reaction systems will be "site-specifically" scavenged. The significance of these observations with regard to cobalt toxicity and the in vivo corrosion of cobalt-containing metal alloy joint prostheses (e.g. CoCr alloys) is discussed.

Cobalt↗
PubMed1988

Phospholipase A2 from human synovial fluid: purification and structural homology to the placental enzyme.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been purified to homogeneity from synovial fluid of arthritis patients. The 3-step purification procedure included: a) dialysis against 5mM NH4-acetate, pH 5.5, in which PLA2 precipitated with euglobulins, followed by extraction with 0.4 M NaCl/0.05 M NH4-acetate, pH 5, b) chromatography on CM-cellulose, c) preparative gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0.1% Na-dodecyl sulfate and electroelution of the band containing the enzyme. Automated sequence analysis has indicated that the protein is pure, with the following NH2-terminal sequence: Asn-Leu-Val-Asn-Phe-His-Arg-Met-Ile-Lys-Leu-Thr-Thr-. A computer search revealed that all proteins with greater than 75% analogies in NH2-terminal sequences were PLA2's from various snake venoms. When PLA2 was purified from human placental membranes and analyzed, it was found to contain an identical sequence of 13 residues from the NH2-terminus. This and other characteristics suggest that the two human enzymes are closely related, if not identical.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Soluble E-selectin is increased in inflammatory synovial fluid.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hypothesis that soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) may be detected in synovial fluid (SF) and play a role in inflammatory arthritis. METHODS: We used a sandwich ELISA to measure sE-selectin in the SF of 58 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 9 with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), 30 with osteoarthritis (OA), 13 with gout, and 9 with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD). RESULTS: SF sE-selectin values in RA (mean 1.49 ng/ml, 0.18-3.90) and PsA (mean 1.36 ng/ml, 0.88-2.31) were significantly higher than those with OA (mean 0.83 ng/ml, 0.00-1.83), gout (mean 1.04 ng/ml, 0.11-3.42), or CPPD (mean 0.80 ng/ml, 0.20-1.47). Elevated SF sE-selectin was associated with elevated serum sE-selectin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and SF white blood cell count. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that endothelial cell activation and E-selectin may contribute to the development of inflammatory processes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immune imbalance in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients: effects of intra-articular injection of thymopentin.

T cell subsets in the synovial fluid (SF) and peripheral blood (PB) of RA patients and controls suffering from different forms of chronic synovitis have been investigated. The immunological evaluation showed a reduction of CD4 subsets in RA-SF compared to RA-PB (p less than 0.001), and an almost complete absence of the suppressor-inducer/naive T cells in RA-SF compared to RA-PB and SF from patients with other forms of chronic synovitis. The CD8 subpopulation showed an increased proportion of cytotoxic cells only in RA-SF. On the basis of these results, an intra-articular immunomodulating treatment with thymopentin has been performed: its effects were characterized by an increase of CD8+CD11b+ T cells in the CD8 subset parallel to the enhancement of the suppressor-inducer/naive T cells in the CD4 subset with a statistically significant correlation. The enhanced levels of soluble CD8 decreased after treatment in RA-SF, whereas the soluble IL-2R levels were not significantly modified. Clinical evaluation showed a significative amelioration in all considered parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Elastolytic activity of human monocytes from synovial fluid and blood of patients with arthritis. Relations to levels of interleukin 6 and soluble interleukin 2 receptor.

Synovial fluid (SF) and blood from 24 patients with non-traumatic, sterile hydarthron were examined for monocyte elastolysis (MøE) and for levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and of soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R). Six patients had osteoarthrosis (OA) and 18 patients had inflammatory hydarthron (IH), 10 of whom had rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Blood MøE was lower in OA than in IH, both measured as basal MøE activity and after in vitro stimulation with immune complexes and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). SF MøE was higher than MøE in blood (p less than 0.01). This increase in SF MøE could be mimicked in vitro by prestimulation of blood Mø with low levels of IC. SF IL-6 and sIL-2R were also elevated (p less than 0.01). All three parameters correlated to the degree of joint inflammation evaluated by SF leucocyte level, complement activation, blood C Reactive Protein, and to the clinical evaluation of the joint. The increase in SF MøE, IL-6 and sIL-2R in patients with IH, points to a stimulation of Mø and lymphocytes in the joint.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Study of cellular elements in synovial fluid in scanning electron microscopy].

Scanning electron microscopy allows a tridimensional morphological study of the cellular elements of the pathological human synovial fluid. The cells are grouped into two populations: macrophage cells and round cells, whose differentiation is more difficult: polynuclears, lymphocytes and synovial cells. The combination of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction makes it possible to describe and indentify crystals of sodium urate and of triclinical, dehydrated calcium pyrophosphate.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1989

A functional study of purified CD4+ and CD8+ cells isolated from synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides.

The purpose of this investigation was to study purified synovial fluid (SF) CD4+ and CD8+ cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory joint diseases (non-RA) with respect to the proliferative response to mitogens and recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2). Highly purified cell subsets were isolated by an immunomagnetic technique, and spontaneous proliferation as well as proliferative reSponses to rIL-2 and a combination of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (to substitute for accessory cells) were measured. Some patients had SF CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells with moderately increased spontaneous proliferation, but only the CD4+ cells of the two patient groups differed significantly from the peripheral blood (PB) T-cell subsets of healthy individuals who served as controls. The response to rIL-2 was variable but generally low, although about 50% of the CD4+ and 20% of the SF CD8+ cells of both patient groups expressed the Tac antigen. The response to PHA/PMA was significantly lower for RA SF CD4+ cells than for non-RA SF CD4+ cells, which again was lower than for normal PB CD4+ cells. SF CD8+ response to PMA/PHA by both groups of patients was somewhat decreased, but not significantly lower than in the controls. Thus, the CD4+ cells seemed functionally more deviant than the CD8+ cells in both patient groups, but the abnormality was most pronounced in the RA group. The results demonstrate that the previously reported diminished response to mitogens by SF mononuclear cells is present even when SF CD4+ cells are cultured alone. This indicates that these T cells have a reduced response, probably because of prior activation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Synovial fluid cytokines and proteinases as markers of temporomandibular joint disease.

PURPOSE: In this article, biochemical markers in the synovial fluid (SF) for detecting intraarticular inflammation and early cartilage degradation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease were examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: SF was obtained from 25 TMJs in 22 patients with internal derangement (ID) or osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA), 15 asymptomatic TMJs in 11 normal volunteers, and 10 osteoarthritic knee joints (KNEE-OA). Cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the proteinase activities were detected by enzymography. RESULTS: SF from TMJs with ID and OA showed higher (P < .05) levels (330.1 +/- 347.7 pg/100 microg SF protein) of IL-1beta than the asymptomatic control TMJs (76.7 +/- 95.3 pg/100 microg of SF protein). SF from TMJs with OA contained significantly (P < .05) higher levels of IL-1beta (531.8 +/- 379.6 pg/100 microg of SF protein) and IL-6 (979 +/- 552 pg/100 microg SF protein) than those with ID (IL-1beta: 216.7 +/- 280.1 pg, IL-6: 293 +/- 434 pg). Two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with gelatinolytic activities at 92 kDa and 72 kDa were consistently detected in both the TMJ-SF (either normal or disease) and SF from KNEE-OA. Also detected were weak bands with molecular weight of 83 and 66 kDa. These bands were clearly shown, particularly in knee joints with advanced stages of OA. Western blot analysis delineated that these were active forms of MMP-9 (83 kDa) and MMP-2 (66 kDa). The same bands were also detected in TMJs with OA that showed high levels of IL-1beta and IL-6. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that concomitant increases in the levels of cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and active forms of MMPs could be potential catabolic markers for cartilage degradation in the TMJ.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Association of articular cartilage degradation and loss of boundary-lubricating ability of synovial fluid following injury and inflammatory arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the boundary-lubricating ability of synovial fluid (SF) and articular cartilage damage in a rabbit knee injury model, to correlate collagen markers of such damage with SF boundary-lubricating ability and elastase activity, and to examine the lubricating ability of SF, together with collagen markers of articular cartilage damage, under the inflammatory conditions of knee joint synovitis (KJS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: SF was aspirated weekly from the affected knee joints of 10 adult rabbits following transection of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. The boundary-lubricating ability of SF was determined in vitro using a previously described friction apparatus. Lubricin concentrations and type II collagen (CII) peptides were quantified by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Levels of the C-terminal neoepitope 9A4 (derived from collagenase degradation of CI, CII, and CIII) and of epitope 5-D-4 of keratan sulfate (a marker of proteoglycan depletion) were quantified by inhibition ELISAs. Elastase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. The sensitivity of purified human lubricin to digestion by neutrophil elastase (NE) was examined by Western blotting. RESULTS: The lubricating ability of SF from injured rabbit knees was significantly decreased at weeks 2 and 3 compared with week 1 after injury. Lubricin concentrations were significantly higher at week 1 than at weeks 2 and 3. CII peptide concentrations increased significantly at weeks 2 and 3 compared with week 1, while 9A4 neoepitope concentrations increased significantly at week 3 compared with weeks 1 and 2. There were no significant differences in epitope 5-D-4 concentrations among the 3 weeks. Elastase activity in SF increased significantly at weeks 2 and 3 compared with week 1. Elastase activity correlated significantly with diminishing lubrication at weeks 1, 2, and 3. SF from patients with KJS or RA exhibited deficient lubrication and elevated levels of CII peptides compared with SF from normal controls. NE was shown to completely degrade purified human lubricin in vitro. CONCLUSION: Loss of boundary-lubricating ability of SF after injury is associated with damage to the articular cartilage matrix. This can be attributed to inflammatory processes resulting from the injury, particularly in the early phases. This association also exists in patients with acute knee injuries or progressive chronic inflammatory arthritis.

Animals↗