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PubMed2001

Psychological adjustment of siblings to a child with diabetes.

This article presents results of a study examining the psychological adjustment of well child siblings living in the same household as siblings with diabetes. A sample of 28 well siblings between the ages of eight and 12 were studied. Psychological adjustment was assessed by measuring self-concept, behavioral difficulties and competence, anxiety, and depression on standardized tests. A semistructured interview reported data gathered on the well siblings' emotional feelings and their communication patterns. The well siblings demonstrated significant internal psychological stressors and maintained high levels of behavioral competence. The internal stressors originated from anxiety and low self-concept. Recommendations based on the findings are offered to professionals who work with children with diabetes and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Family functioning as a mediating variable affecting psychosocial adjustment of children with cystic fibrosis.

Family functioning was examined as a mediating variable affecting adjustment in children with cystic fibrosis. Three groups of children (cystic fibrosis, asthma, and healthy control subjects) were initially compared on two dimensions of adjustment: self-concept and frequency of behavior problems. The families of these children were compared according to functional level of "cohesion" and "adaptability" (assessed by an as yet unvalidated family functioning measure). No significant difference was found between the groups in family functioning or children's self-concept. The two groups of chronically ill children did have significantly higher frequencies of behavior problems than had the healthy children. When there was statistical control for effects related to family functioning, however, this difference was not significant. Family functioning was found to be a better predictor of child adjustment than was the presence of illness. These results are consistent with recent research suggesting that children with cystic fibrosis adjust in basically healthy ways and that any deficits result more from mediating factors. In this study family functioning was found to be an important mediating factor in this process.

Asthma↗
PubMed1977

Relationships between sons' feelings of being understood by their fathers and measures of the sons' psychological functioning.

Factor analysis of a questionnaire designed to measure a son's feeling of being understood by his father is reported. The questionnaire, which contained 12 paragraphs each purporting to be an aspect of the son's feeling of being understood by his father, was administered in small groups to a sample of 413 male college students along with three indices of son's level of general functioning--a self-concept scale, a somatic complaints inventory, and the degree of help-seeking behavior. Five interpretable factors were extracted from the data. The meaningfulness of the factors was substantiated by their significant correlations with certain of the other measures administered to the sample. Three of the factors were correlated positively (p less than .01) with Ss' self-concept, while two were correlated negatively (p less than .01) with the number of somatic complaints by the Ss'.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed1993

Psychosocial effects of two years of human growth hormone treatment in Turner syndrome. The Dutch Working Group: Psychologists and Growth Hormone.

Thirty-eight girls with Turner syndrome were treated for 2 years with human growth hormone. Both parents and patients carried out assessments of the effects of treatment on various aspects of psychosocial functioning. The children used the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale and the Social Anxiety Scale for children, while parents were interviewed and filled in the Child Behavior Checklist. Both parents and children used the Therapy Evaluation Scale and the Silhouette Apperception Technique. Teachers completed the Teacher Rating Form. Results showed no significant changes with treatment in self-concept or social anxiety, or in behavioural problems, though immature behaviour was less common after the treatment period. Therapy was evaluated positively, and improvements were apparent in both social and emotional functioning; about a quarter of the patients became more independent, happier and more involved in social interactions. Unrealistic perceptions of present height and expectations of future height were expressed by a large proportion of both children and parents.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1976

The stereotype of "old." A review and alternative approach.

Within the literature, a negative stereotype of "old" has been emphasized which, it has been argued, is important for self-concept in late life. This paper questions the validity of this argument and presents an alternative model more congruent with extant data. Forty-seven reports of research on stereotypes of old age were analyzed. It was found that 21 studies utilized older persons in the sample, and half of these were based on institutionalized or indigent aged. A positive stereotype of old age was reported in several studies. Thus, the assumption that the aged accept a negative stereotype of old age may not be valid. An alternative theoretical model is presented. From the framework of cognitive dissonance theory, it is argued that the acceptance of a negative or positive stereotype by the aged is related to objective indicators of old age, the subjective definition of self, and self-concept.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Measuring depression of prisoners].

On the basis of a sample of 125 adult criminal offenders and 66 students, the use of the abriged BDI as a depression screening device for felons is explored. The investigation confirms the high consistency and item-total correlations of the BDI. The factorial validity is doubtful. Only the first factor may be reidentified in different samples. A high percentage of offenders had scores at or above 8 indicating moderate or severe depression. Since offenders and students do not differ in the depression scores, the validity of the cut-off scores (Beck & Beck, 1972) may be questioned. The abriged BDI does not correlate with criminal or arrest data (e.g. number of offences, sentence length and status of imprisonment), but with other self-report measures for the assessment of self-concept or anxiety. Discriminant validity in respect to related constructs (anxiety and self-concept) cannot be expected.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health education needs of adolescents with congenital heart disease.

Self-concept, health beliefs, health behaviors, health information sources, and perceived health information needs were assessed in 90 patients with congenital heart disease and 54 peers without chronic illness, ages 13 to 22 years. Data revealed that patients with congenital heart disease did not differ from their healthy counterparts in overall self-concept, health beliefs, use of preventive health services, and sources of health information. Patients with congenital heart disease reported greater perceived stress in comparison to peers. Significantly more patients with heart disease needed information regarding pregnancy and contraception, and older cardiac subjects were less likely to be sexually active. For these patients who currently seem to rely largely on peers for some critical health information, sensitive and comprehensive counseling by health professionals is imperative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Social support, accommodation to stress and adjustment to breast cancer.

A woman's emotional adjustment to breast cancer is the focus of this study. The social support the woman experiences is predicted to affect the adjustment process by improving her ability to cope. Current clinical research indicates that background factors, such as marital status, age, SES and life change, also affect adjustment; these variables are incorporated into the model as controls. Using multiple regression analysis (N = 130), the control variables are entered simultaneously with the indicators of social support to assess the independent effect of social support on adjustment. The relationship between social support, coping, and adjustment, as measured by psychological distress, self concept, and sense of power, is then examined. Two indicators of social support, perception of family cohesiveness and the amount of social contact have direct effects on coping and indirect effects on all three measures of adjustment, indicating that coping mediates the relationship between social support and adjustment. Contrary to predictions, being employed and of higher social status have significant effects on adjustment when it is measured by either self concept or sense of power.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

[Authenticity in psychology and psychotherapy].

Authenticity, in psychological sense of the word, is connected with human identity and it belongs among the effective factors of psychotherapy. We can define it as a complex psychological variable and relatively constant characterization of a personality. Authenticity expresses the degree of a person's self-identity and, at the same time, it shows how much is his behaviour towards his surrounding connected with his self-concept. In the researches, for authenticity we can use the term congruence. In the psychotherapy therapist's authentic behaviour leads to release of the patient's spontaneity and to the increase of his own authentic behaviour. Mentally healthy person is authentic and independent, he leads a meaningful life and his decisions mainly depends on his own experience. Authenticity we can detect directly with the help of the clinical methods [interview] and indirectly through the self-concept and incongruences. One of the main instruments used to measure authenticity are rating scales.

Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Emotional reminiscing and the development of an autobiographical self.

According to autobiographical memory theorists, past event conversations provide children with a framework for evaluating and connecting past events into a coherent autobiography (R. Fivush, 1994; K. Nelson, 1993; M. K. Welch-Ross, 1995). Two studies were conducted to empirically examine the association between past event conversation style and an independent measure of children's self-concept consistency. In Study 1, 50 New Zealand mothers discussed everyday past events with their children at 51 and 65 months of age. In Study 2, 51 New Zealand parents discussed 1 positive and 3 negative past events with their 5- and 6-year-old children. The consistency of children's self-views was assessed in both studies using the Children's Self-View Questionnaire (R. Eder, 1990). Children's self-concept consistency was moderately associated with greater explanation of the causes and consequences of children's negative emotions, resolution through social contact, and evaluation of positive events but not with simple attributions of emotion. These findings implicate parent-child conversations as a medium through which children can begin to understand the personal meaning of past experiences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Psychiatric symptomatology in persons with organic solvent exposure.

This study investigated psychiatric symptomatology, self-concept, locus of control, and daily events in persons with a history of exposure to mixtures of organic solvents. Exposed subjects were more likely than controls to report depression, anxiety, fatigue, confusion, and somatic concerns, which in turn were associated with certain exposure-related variables (e.g., cacosmia). There were no differences between the groups in self-concept, locus of control, or ratings of daily hassles and uplifts. Exposed persons may be able to accurately identify what they perceive as changes that are due to the exposure (e.g., anxiety) without attributing these specific adverse outcomes to dispositional variables.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Intercourse debut age: poor resources, problem behavior, or romantic appeal? a population-based longitudinal study.

The most important predictors of early intercourse debut are reported to be poor social resources and early developing problem behaviors. In this study we have a new, additional emphasis on variables related to self-concept and social acceptance. In a population-based longitudinal study, 1399 Norwegians were followed over a 7-year span. We analyzed data using multivariate Cox-regression techniques. Early intercourse debut was part of a broader spectrum of problem behaviors, including early alcohol intoxication and early-developing conduct problems. A new finding was that a positive self-concept in the domain of romantic appeal was also a strong predictor, but only for boys. We suggest that the findings may have important implications for prevention and more research should be conducted along this line.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Parental perception of learning-disabled children's adjustment problems and related stress.

Mothers and fathers of learning-disabled (LD) children rated their children's problems on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the stress they experienced as a result of each problem. Data were examined as a function of (a) the child's sex, age, birth order, IQ, discrepancy IQ, and degree of LD, (b) the parents' age, locus of control, and self-concept, and (c) family SES, family size, and mother's working status. Both parents rated externalizing behaviors higher than internalizing. Boys were rated as significantly more problematic and stressful than girls. Greater child adjustment problems and concomitant parental stress were reported by the younger half of the maternal sample and their spouses, and by fathers with a lower self-concept and their wives. Although mothers did not differ from fathers in behavior ratings, they reported greater stress in response to them. This was particularly true of mothers of middle or upper SES with an external locus of control.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Externalizing and personalizing biases in persecutory delusions: the relationship with poor insight and theory-of-mind.

The presence of externalizing bias (EB) for negative events together with personalizing bias (PB) (a bias to blame others rather than circumstances) may jointly constitute a vulnerability to develop persecutory delusions (PDs). Whereas EB purportedly serves to defend a vulnerable self-concept by avoiding negative self-attributions and might therefore exacerbate poor insight, PB may reflect cognitive deficits, including theory-of-mind impairment. We investigated these proposals in 34 schizophrenic patients with a history of PDs and 21 healthy controls. Patients with moderate- to severe-PDs and patients without a current PD showed excessive EB which was, surprisingly, absent in patients with mild persecutory delusions (mild-PDs). That EB might wax and wane with fluctuating delusional intensity was interpreted in accord with a new dynamic model of attribution self-representation cycles. As predicted, EB exacerbated poor insight. However, counter to predictions, theory-of-mind impairment did not increase PB, which was marked in all participants, whether clinical or non-clinical; instead, theory-of-mind impairment was also correlated with poor insight. Our findings indicate multiple pathways to poor insight, one of which is a theory-of-mind difficulty, impairing the capacity to simulate other perspectives for the purpose of critically evaluating one's own beliefs and circumstances.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making.

Tested the hypothesis that perceived controllability and stringency of performance standards would affect self-regulatory mechanisms governing performance attainments of a simulated organization. Ss who managed the simulated organization under a cognitive set that organizations are not easily controllable displayed low perceived self-efficacy, even when standards were within easy reach, and lowered their organizational goals. Ss who operated under a cognitive set that organizations are controllable maintained a strong sense of self-efficacy, set increasingly challenging goals, and exhibited effective analytic thinking. The divergent changes in these self-regulatory factors were accompanied by large differences in organizational attainments. Path analyses revealed that perceived self-efficacy, which was affected by prior accomplishments, influenced subsequent organizational performance through its effects on analytic strategies. After further experience, the performance system was regulated more extensively and intricately by Ss' self-conceptions of efficacy. Perceived self-efficacy affected subsequent organizational attainments both directly and indirectly through its influence on personal goal challenges. Personal goals, in turn, enhanced organizational attainments directly and through mediation of analytic strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Attributions of deviance to self and peers by Japanese and U.S. students.

The author examined self-enhancement bias among 5th and 11th graders in the United States and Japan. After listening to stories describing aggressive, depressive, oppositional, and school-phobic behaviors of hypothetical peers, the participants rated the likelihood that they themselves and other students their age would act like the story protagonists. The U.S. students generally showed no greater self-enhancement tendencies than did the Japanese students; in addition, the relationships between positive and negative self-concepts and ratings of self-similarity to deviant exemplars were similar in both samples. In the depressed and oppositional stories, the 11th graders rated themselves less like the deviant characters and more different from their peers than did the 5th graders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Self-image of anorexic and bulimic female adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to assess the self-concept using the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ) in groups of Finnish adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and a normal control group without an eating disorder. A total of 135 adolescent girls aged 16-21 (10 with anorexia nervosa, 10 with bulimia nervosa and 115 normal controls) were investigated using the OSIQ. In comparisons, girls with bulimia nervosa differed significantly from both girls with anorexia nervosa and normal controls with regard to severity on almost all of the OSIQ scales. Girls with anorexia nervosa differed from normal controls only in Emotional Tone and Sexual Attitudes. The findings suggest that anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa should be handled as different groups in assessing self-image with the OSIQ.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Increasing self-confidence through self-talk.

There are varied opinions on the commonness of self-talk. Some feel self-talk is engaged in more by persons who feel insecure and question their performance (Cauchon, 1994). Others feel self-talk is a process people use continually to describe and interpret the world, accurate or inadequate as the case may be. (Hansen, Rhode, and Wolf-Wilets, 1991; Braiker, 1989). Regardless of how much self-talk the nurse is aware of in interacting with clients and intrapsychically, it is important to assess thoughts for their logic or illogicality. Illogical thoughts should be replaced by positive words of encouragement, which will in turn raise the client's or nurse's self-concept and level of self-confidence. Making self-talk positive is always good nursing practice.

Communication↗