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PubMed1998

Perceptions and preferences of autologous blood donors.

BACKGROUND: The public's perception of autologous blood donation and transfusion as a worthwhile alternative to allogeneic blood transfusion increased dramatically with discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus. However, new concerns are being raised about the health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the procedure. As more restrictive guidelines for autologous blood donation evolve, opposition from patients concerned about exposure to allogeneic blood may arise. Physicians' ability to reassure patients and garner their support for more restrictive policies requires an understanding of patients' concerns. The motivations, perceptions, and preferences of patients currently participating in autologous blood donation programs were investigated in this study. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Results from two questionnaire studies of 647 autologous blood donors are presented. The questionnaires assessed demographics, risk perceptions, preferences, willingness to pay, and reactions to different interventions designed to decrease patient preference for autologous blood donation. RESULTS: Patients expressed a strong preference for the availability of autologous blood and indicated that they would be willing to pay substantial amounts of money even if the procedure were not covered by insurance. Despite education about the low risks of complications from allogeneic transfusions, an aversion to allogeneic transfusion and a willingness to pay for autologous blood donation persisted. Patients were not reassured by information on better infectious disease testing or physician recommendation against autologous blood donation. CONCLUSION: Patients currently participating in autologous blood donor programs strongly prefer continued access to this procedure, primarily because they remain concerned about the complications of allogeneic transfusions. They may not be significantly reassured despite increasingly rigorous and costly improvements in donor and component screening.

Attitude↗
PubMed1978

Medicaid-funded private psychiatric care in New York City. The role of foreign-trained physicians.

Data were obtained from the tax records and the Professional Registry maintained by the New York City Department of Health as well as from the Biographical Directory of the American Psychiatric Association to determine which psychiatrists were providing care under the Medicaid Program and how they compare with the pool of psychiatric practitioners in New York City. The data reveal that psychiatrists educated in foreign medical schools provide disproportionately more care to Medicaid recipients than would be anticipated from their numbers, and are a majority of those who received more than +30,000 in payments in 1976. Furthermore, these psychiatrists account for 80 per cent of those delivering care at the two largest "shared health facilities," commonly referred to as "Medicaid mills." These findings indicate that although the Title XIX Program has facilitated the access of the poor to the private psychiatric sector, in New York City their access is biased toward treatment by foreign-educated psychiatrists.

Foreign Medical Graduates↗
PubMed1989

Daily living with COPD. Self-help skills to improve functional ability.

Although patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience many problems as a result of their disease, they can use numerous strategies to maximize functional ability and maintain health. Patients with COPD should be encouraged to learn more about their disease and use commonsense approaches to management. Referral to a pulmonary rehabilitation program that offers comprehensive assessment, individualized treatment, and access to support groups is also valuable. Rehabilitation programs often result in an improved capability for daily activities and a better quality of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Cultural and gender issues related to HIV/AIDS prevention in rural Swaziland: a focus group analysis.

HIV/AIDS is a serious public health problem in Swaziland, a small land-locked Southern African country. The epidemic affects all subpopulations, but women are increasingly at risk for contracting the disease. Focus groups were conducted in a rural area to obtain qualitative information on the rural dimensions of HIV/AIDS, vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, and sociocultural factors influencing the spread of AIDS. Five themes were identified from analyses of the focus groups that are relevant in developing an AIDS prevention program for this population in Swaziland. Implications for future research and health care practice focus on gender-sensitive cultural research (e.g., women and men's roles and responsibilities in rural Swaziland society) and how social, economic, and cultural factors impact the spread of AIDS. Recommendations include reorienting and allocating resources for health, education, and social services to address the relative neglect of rural areas and strengthening policies and programs to achieve the equal participation of all women in all aspects of society's decisions. Specifically, policies related to economic and food security should result in programs to improve local access by women to all resources.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Fetal alcohol syndrome in the United States corrections system.

Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which may increase the risk of confinement in the corrections system. In the United States each state and four major cities' corrections systems were asked to complete a questionnaire on the prevalence of FAS and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) in the offender population, the availability of screening and diagnostic services to identify offenders with FAS and staff training needs related to FAS. The total population in the 54 entities was 3,080,904 inmates. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 42 entities (78%). The mean rate of reported substance abuse in offenders was 60.1%. Specialized programs for persons with mental retardation were reported for 44.4% of corrections facilities and 25.9% of community corrections facilities. Programs for pregnant women were reported for 46.3% of corrections facilities and 29.6% of community facilities. One program (1.9%) reported having a screening program for FAS in the corrections system. Only four programs (7.4%) reported having access to diagnostic services for FAS in the corrections facilities. Of the 3,080,904 offenders, only one offender was reported to have a diagnosis of FAS. Reported staff training needs were very large. In conclusion, corrections systems have high unmet needs to screen, identify, and treat offenders with FAS and ARND. Staff training needs are substantial.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus infection in resource-constrained countries.

The reference standards used to monitor human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are flow cytometric analysis of T lymphocyte subsets to provide the CD4+ T cell count and molecular assays to quantify plasma HIV load. Few laboratories in resource-constrained countries can afford to perform these tests. A number of lower-cost assays requiring less expensive equipment may be well-suited to such countries. These include manual CD4 cell assays (Dynal, Coulter, BioRad) and ultrasensitive reverse transcriptase (Cavidi) and p24 (Perkin Elmer Life Sciences) assays to monitor virus load. Quality control and access to quality assurance programs are essential. The total lymphocyte count, although readily available and inexpensive, generally does not correlate as closely with CD4+ T cell counts. Other surrogate markers, such as beta2-microglobulin, are not suitable for routine monitoring of HIV infection. This review discusses the above assays and their role in addition to clinical monitoring in resource-constrained countries.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2002

Determinants of longer time from HIV result to enrollment in publicly funded care and treatment in California by race/ethnicity and behavioral risk.

The Early Intervention Program (EIP) is California's publicly funded human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care and treatment program with 30 sites throughout the state. Our objective for this study was to examine the number of days from first HIV-positive result until enrollment into EIP by race/ethnicity, behavioral risk, and other characteristics, with data from clients who enrolled in an EIP site after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapies. For Model I, logistic regression distinguished clients diagnosed with HIV and enrolled in EIP on the same day (0 days) from those with values of 1+ days; linear regression was then used on the log transformation of days for the majority of clients not diagnosed and enrolled on the same day. For Model II, logistic regression was used to identify client characteristics related to enrollment in EIP over 6 weeks from the date of HIV diagnosis. We found that Latinos were more likely than whites to enroll in EIP on the day they were diagnosed with HIV. For clients not diagnosed and enrolled in EIP on the same day, no differences across racial and ethnic groups were found for days until enrollment in HIV care and treatment. However, clients with a history of injection drug use took longer from the day they were diagnosed with HIV to enroll in EIP. The California EIP represents a model for programs seeking equity in access to HIV care and treatment across racial and ethnic groups. Getting injectors into timely HIV care and treatment represents a challenge.

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active↗
PubMed1997

Occupation and cervical cancer: an opportunity for prevention.

Cervical cancer remains an important health problem for women. Few published studies have examined cervical cancer with respect to a woman's occupation. This study examines the association of cervical cancer mortality and occupation in a large national database. The purpose of the study is to recommend which occupations may most require health promotion activities. Mortality data from the National Occupational Mortality Surveillance System were used to calculate the proportion of deaths from cervical cancer according to occupation. This study is based on standardized death certificate data for almost 2 million deaths among women in 27 states, covering the period 1985-1990. Our results are consistent with those in previous studies, with service and apparel manufacturing workers showing elevated risk. Data presented show a difference in cervical cancer mortality by occupational group. Identification of these occupations suggests which women could be targeted for preventive services. Women in occupations with low socioeconomic status are less likely to have access to health promotion programs. Resources should be directed to these women.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of a medication assistance program on health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: The effects of a clinic-based medication assistance program (MAP) on the health outcomes and medication use of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were studied. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, data from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences pharmacy-managed MAP and outpatient pharmacy databases were collected for adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were monitored in the university's internal medicine clinic one year before and after enrollment in the MAP. Data on patient demographics, medication use, and disease indicators (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA(1c)], high-density-lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood pressure levels) were collected for the year before enrollment and for one year after enrollment. Statistical analyses were conducted using descriptive analyses, paired t tests, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Of the 401 patients enrolled in the internal medicine clinic who were enrolled in the MAP, sufficient data were available for 52 patients, of whom 73% were women, 50% were African American, and 48% were white. Their mean age was 59 years. All were self-paying customers, with 67.3% receiving Medicare benefits. Patients received more prescription medications (p < 0.001) and antihyperglycemic medications (p = 0.001) after enrollment in the program. Mean HbA(1c) and LDL cholesterol levels decreased significantly after enrollment (p < 0.001 for both). Mean HDL cholesterol levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: A clinic-based MAP managing the use of pharmaceutical manufacturers' drug assistance programs increased indigent patients' access to antihyperglycemic medications and improved patients' clinical outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

shinyDeepGxP: a user-friendly R shiny app for predicting surface protein abundance from scRNA-seq expression using deep learning in blood cells.

MOTIVATION: Understanding accurate immune cell heterogeneity and function in single-cell datasets requires access to protein-level information, which is often unavailable due to experimental limitations. RESULTS: We present shinyDeepGxP, an interactive web application featuring our deep learning model, DeepGxP, for predicting surface protein abundance from single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. This platform makes DeepGxP accessible to researchers without programming skills. Users can upload scRNA-seq count matrices and use "Predict Protein" to predict the abundance of 224 biologically relevant surface proteins. shinyDeepGxP provides visualizations to help identify distinct cell populations based on predicted protein profiles. Moreover, users can choose "Explore Model" to reveal key RNA predictors and their associated biological pathways for each protein. Overall, shinyDeepGxP is a user-friendly, freely available web tool that provides protein-level detail for RNA-only single-cell datasets, enabling multimodal discovery without additional experiments. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: shinyDeepGxP can be launched on https://shiny.crc.pitt.edu/deepgxp/.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

OmicsQ: a user-friendly platform for interactive quantitative omics data analysis.

MOTIVATION: High-throughput omics technologies generate complex datasets with thousands of features that are quantified across multiple experimental conditions, but often suffer from incomplete measurements, missing values, and individually fluctuating variances. This requires analytical tools for accurate, deep and insightful biological interpretation, capable of dealing with a large variety of data properties and different amounts of completeness. Software capable of handling such data complexity and integrating with external applications for downstream analysis remains rare and mostly relies on programming-based environments, limiting accessibility for researchers without computational expertise. RESULTS: We present OmicsQ, an interactive, web-based platform designed to streamline quantitative omics data analysis. OmicsQ provides an intuitive, browser-based visualization interface that integrates established statistical processing tools. Those include robust batch correction, automated experimental design annotation, and handling of missing data without imputation, which maintains data integrity and avoids artifacts from a priori assumptions. OmicsQ seamlessly interacts with external applications (e.g. PolySTest, VSClust, ComplexBrowser) for statistical testing, clustering, analysis of protein complex behavior, and pathway enrichment, offering a comprehensive and flexible workflow from data import to biological interpretation that is broadly applicable across domains. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: OmicsQ is implemented in R and Shiny and is available at https://computproteomics.bmb.sdu.dk/app_direct/OmicsQ. Source code and installation instructions: https://github.com/computproteomics/OmicsQ, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17778420.

Software↗
PubMed2001

Television literacy: comprehension of program content using closed captions for the deaf.

Recent legislation has made captioned television programs common technology; consequently, televised programs have become more accessible to a broader public. In the United States, television captions are generally in written English, yet the English-literacy rates among people who are deaf are low compared to hearing peers. This research tests the accessibility of television by assessing deaf and hearing students' comprehension of captions with and without visuals/video based on their ability to respond correctly to questions about the script and central details. Results indicate that reading grade level is highly correlated with caption comprehension test scores. Across caption conditions, comprehension test scores of students who are deaf were consistently below the scores of hearing students. The captioned video provided significantly better comprehension of the script for students who are deaf, suggesting that visual stimuli provide essential information for viewers who are deaf, which improves comprehension of televised script.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Predicting the frequency of senior center attendance.

The frequency of senior center attendance was studied using the 1984 Supplement on Aging of the National Health Interview Survey. Unlike previous research, which focused on whether people ever attend a senior center, this study estimates a multinomial logistic regression model to distinguish between persons who rarely, sometimes, and frequently attend. There is evidence that the more frequent users are older, which may indicate difficulty in recruiting new active members. Greater frequency is associated with lower income and lower education but is unrelated to functional disability. The most frequent users are persons who are more socially involved. Finally, those who live in rural areas are more likely to be only occasional users, which may reflect a lack of accessibility or less frequent program availability in those areas.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Microcomputer programs for DNA sequence analysis.

Computer programs are described which allow (a) analysis of DNA sequences to be performed on a laboratory microcomputer or (b) transfer of DNA sequences between a laboratory microcomputer and another computer system, such as a DNA library. The sequence analysis programs are interactive, do not require prior experience with computers and in many other respects resemble programs which have been written for larger computer systems (1-7). The user enters sequence data into a text file, accesses this file with the programs, and is then able to (a) search for restriction enzyme sites or other specified sequences, (b) translate in one or more reading frames in one or both directions in order to find open reading frames, or (c) determine codon usage in the sequence in one or more given reading frames. The results are given in table format and a restriction map is generated. The modem program permits collection of large amounts of data from a sequence library into a permanent file on the microcomputer disc system, or transfer of laboratory data in the reverse direction to a remote computer system.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

The RESID Database of protein structure modifications.

Because the number of post-translational modifications requiring standardized annotation in the PIR-International Protein Sequence Database was large and steadily increasing, a database of protein structure modifications was constructed in 1993 to assist in producing appropriate feature annotations for covalent binding sites, modified sites and cross-links. In 1995 RESID was publicly released as a PIR-International text database distributed on CD-ROM and accessible through the ATLAS program. In 1998 it was made available on the PIR Web site at http://www-nbrf.georgetown.edu/pir/searchdb++ +.html . The RESID Database includes such information as: systematic and frequently observed alternate names; Chemical s Service registry numbers; atomic formulas and weights; enzyme activities; indicators forN-terminal, C-terminal or peptide chain cross-link modifications; keywords; and literature citations with database cross-references. The RESID Database can be used to predict atomic masses for peptides, and is being enhanced to provide molecular structures for graphical presentation on the PIR Web site using widely available molecular viewing programs.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2003

SEM (Symmetry Equivalent Molecules): A web-based GUI to generate and visualize the macromolecules.

SEM, Symmetry Equivalent Molecules, is a web-based graphical user interface to generate and visualize the symmetry equivalent molecules (proteins and nucleic acids). In addition, the program allows the users to save the three-dimensional atomic coordinates of the symmetry equivalent molecules in the local machine. The widely recognized graphics program RasMol has been deployed to visualize the reference (input atomic coordinates) and the symmetry equivalent molecules. This program is written using CGI/Perl scripts and has been interfaced with all the three-dimensional structures (solved using X-ray crystallography) available in the Protein Data Bank. The program, SEM, can be accessed over the World Wide Web interface at http://dicsoft2.physics.iisc.ernet.in/sem/ or http://144.16.71.11/sem/.

Computer Graphics↗