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PubMed1976

The children of imprisoned parents: a psychosocial exploration.

This study of children's reactions to the imprisonment of a parent identifies temporary behavioral symptoms that commonly follow the incarceration of a parent, as well as antisocial behavior on the part of a few pubertal children. The stigmatizing and traumatizing effects of imprisonment on the spouse and child left behind are discussed, and suggestions for clinical intervention are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Psychiatric diagnosis, psychiatric power and psychiatric abuse.

Psychiatric abuse, such as we usually associate with practices in the former Soviet Union, is related not to the misuse of psychiatric diagnoses, but to the political power intrinsic to the social role of the psychiatrist in totalitarian and democratic societies alike. Some reflections are offered on the modern, therapeutic state's proclivity to treat adults as patients rather than citizens, disjoin rights from responsibilities, and thus corrupt the language of political-philosophical discourse.

Behavior Control↗
PubMed1996

Exercising restraint: autonomy, welfare and elderly patients.

Despite moves to enhance the autonomy of clients of health care services, the use of a variety of physical restraints on the freedom of movement of frail, elderly patients continues in nursing homes. This paper confronts the use of restraints on two grounds. First, it challenges the assumption that use of restraints is necessary to protect the welfare of frail, elderly patients by drawing on a range of data indicating the limited efficacy of restraints. Secondly, it argues that the duty to respect individual autonomy extends to a duty to respect the autonomy of patients who are elderly, frail and living in nursing homes.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Studies in childhood bereavement.

A group of child psychoanalysts, associated with the Cleveland Center for Research in Child Development and the Hanna Perkins Therapeutic Nursery School and Kindergarten, studied 23 children who had lost a parent through death. These children varied greatly in socio-economic, religious, racial and ethnic background and had suffered bereavement at different points in their development, as early as a few weeks old and as late as 13 years of age. The majority were in individual psychoanalytic treatment, seen 5 times weekly over several years. Some were treated by way of the parent while attending the Hanna Perkins Therapeutic School. The research group compared and discussed the multitude of data with a view to understanding mourning and the effects of bereavement on the personality, with a view to developing techniques in assisting children and families cope with the stress, and with a view to developing some prophylactic measures to minimize pathological resolutions. The results of the research were published in "A Child's Parent Dies" (1). This paper focuses on sharing those findings which might be helpful to the clinician in the assessment of bereaved patients and in assisting them and their families in the crucial period of parental loss or shortly following it.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Facultative heterochromatization in parahaploid male mealybugs: involvement of a heterochromatin-associated protein.

The behavior of chromosomes during development of the mealybug Planococcus citri provides one of the most dramatic examples of facultative heterochromatization. In male embryos, the entire haploid paternal chromosome set becomes heterochromatic at mid-cleavage. Male mealybugs are thus functionally haploid, owing to heterochromatization (parahaploidy). To understand the mechanisms underlying facultative heterochromatization in male mealybugs, we have investigated the possible involvement of an HP-1-like protein in this process. HP-1 is a conserved, nonhistone chromosomal protein with a proposed role in heterochromatinization in other species. It was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster as a protein enriched in the constitutive heterochromatin of polytene chromosome. Using a monoclonal antibody raised against the Drosophila HP-1 in immunoblot and immunocytological experiments, we provide evidence for the presence of an HP-1-like in Planococcus citri males and females. In males, the HP-1-like protein is preferentially associated with the male-specific heterochromatin. In the developing male embryos, its appearance precedes the onset of heterochromatization. In females, the HP-1-like protein displays a scattered but reproducible localization pattern along chromosomes. The results indicate a role for an HP-1-like protein in the facultative heterochromatization process.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The dangerousness of psychiatrists.

Since psychosis occasionally leads to behaviour requiring constraint, psychiatrists are involved in decisions which may lead to loss of liberty. In some places and at some times psychiatrists and their predecessors have made those decisions unrestrained. This essay considers how we have used that power in the past, indicates some of the abuses extant now, recognises that there is no satisfying solution to the problems which exist and argues for the consistency of the legal system with all its limitations rather than the uncertain and unrestrained judgment of individual psychiatrists.

Altruism↗
PubMed1999

[Determinants of the use of pediatric consultations: study of child morbidity and maternal variables].

OBJECTIVE: To know the relations of the frequency of the pediatrics consultations with the maternal use of the consultations of family medicine, the maternal perception of his son's health, the events happened previously in the family, the infantile morbidity and socioeconomic condition. DESIGN: Prospective and observational study, duration 12 months. EMPLACEMENT: Primary care. PATIENTS: 261 children from 0 to 12 years old selected by systematic randomized pattern. The mother was required to have history in the center. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The dependent variable was the frequentation to the pediatric clinics, and the independent variables were the mother frequentation to the medical clinics; perception of its son's health, measured by health questionnaire; inventory of previous events according to Holmes and Rahe's questionnaire; sociodemographic variables and children morbidity registered in the medical files. The mean of infantile frequentation proved to be 10.18 visits per year (7.9 DS). 12% of children were high users and they accounted for 42% of all contacts. The variables associated to the frequentation were: age smaller than the boy, infantile morbidity and maternal frequent to the medical services, p < 0.001 for each one the variables. Those variables explained 40.8% of the variance in volume of care. CONCLUSIONS: The maternal use exercises an independent influence in the use of the pediatric services. Educative performances directed to the mother could improve this behaviour. The age is a predisposing factors of frequentation to the infantile services. The conditions of health are a potent predictor of frequentation, those children require more cares to attend their needs. Educational strategies which improve the level of maternal cares to the child in situation of illness could diminish the cares which are offered in pediatrics.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A test of worker policing theory in an advanced eusocial wasp, Vespula rufa.

Mutual policing is an important mechanism for maintaining social harmony in group-living organisms. In some ants, bees, and wasps, workers police male eggs laid by other workers in order to maintain the reproductive primacy of the queen. Kin selection theory predicts that multiple mating by the queen is one factor that can selectively favor worker policing. This is because when the queen is mated to multiple males, workers are more closely related to queen's sons than to the sons of other workers. Here we provide an additional test of worker policing theory in Vespinae wasps. We show that the yellowjacket Vespula rufa is characterized by low mating frequency, and that a significant percentage of the males are workers' sons. This supports theoretical predictions for paternities below 2, and contrasts with other Vespula species, in which paternities are higher and few or no adult males are worker produced, probably due to worker policing, which has been shown in one species, Vespula vulgaris. Behavioral observations support the hypothesis that V. rufa has much reduced worker policing compared to other Vespula. In addition, a significant proportion of worker-laid eggs were policed by the queen.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The dead father: on early psychic trauma and its relation to disturbance in sexual identity and in creative activity.

This paper explores the origins of two clinical phenomena which are frequently related in analytic practice, namely sexual deviancy and inhibition in creative or intellectual work. The analysands in question seek psychoanalytic help not for their sexual acts and object-choices but because of blockage in their professional activities. In the author's opinion the roots of both sexual deviancy and creativity may often be traced back to early psychic trauma. The sexual 'solution' and the creative activity both represent ways of attempting to overcome the traumatic situation of infancy. These propositions are illustrated by the case of an author who sought help because her writing was completely blocked and because her homosexual love-relations caused tension and concern. The sudden death of her father when she was fifteen months old and her mother's disturbed way of handling the tragic situation were decisive factors in both the patient's sexual and professional life.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Teenage pregnancy: family syndrome?

A short term, longitudinal study was conducted in order to explore selected psychosocial characteristics of fourteen teenagers aged sixteen years or younger who became mothers, the subsequent interaction of the mother-infant dyads, and the development and attachment of their infants at twelve months. The sample was matched for socioeconomic and marital status, intellectual ability and ethnicity with non-pregnant teenagers and pregnant women twenty years or older. The subjects were given a psychological and social history test battery. The groups did not differ significantly on the personality tests. The pregnant women reported a significantly poorer daughter-father relationship than the nonpregnant controls. In a high proportion of cases it was found that their fathers were absent or ineffectual and the homes mother-ridden. The interview data suggest that a large number of the pregnancies were psychologically motivated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Parental age in child psychiatric clinic attenders.

Parental age was detailed from medical records of all children treated or observed as inpatients at the Child and Youth Psychiatric University Clinic of Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1975, and compared with corresponding figures for parental age of children in the general population. Psychotic children and psychotic adolescents tended to have mothers (and fathers) who were older than average. Sixty per cent of mothers of psychotic children were 30 years or older at the time of birth of the child compared with 27% of children in the general population. Children with emotional disorders showed the same mean maternal age as average children in the population. It is suggested that children and adolescents with psychotic disorders have a higher level of "organic" background factors than children with other kinds of child psychiatric disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

X-chromosome activity: impact of imprinting and chromatin structure.

The analysis of the imprinting of the X chromosome has provided insight into factors that affect the initiation and the choice of the chromosome for inactivation in the early mammalian embryo (Lyon, 1996). There are significant differences in the chromatin configuration, methylation and gene expression between Xi and Xa in somatic cells. Preferential paternal X inactivation that is concomitant with widespread heterochromatinization first occurs in the trophectoderm in the blastocyst. It is now clear that the activity of some paternal X-linked genes are suppressed before this stage. In the epiblast there may be early preferential paternal X inactivation before a random pattern supersedes. These observations suggest that parent-specific modification of the chromosome may determine the choice of which X chromosome is to be inactivated (Lyon, 1996). Differential methylation within the Xist gene or the XIC may lead to imprinted X-chromosome behavior. Alternatively, we postulate that imprinting of the X chromosome may be related to differences in chromatin configuration of the X chromosome in male and female germ cells which may then influence X-linked gene expression in the early embryo (Fig. 4). This may occur with a gene by gene effect leading to suppression of paternal alleles. An overall chromatin difference in the chromosomes may influence imprinted paternal Xist expression in early embryos and in the trophectoderm and primary endoderm populations that segregate early from the totipotent progenitors. Alternatively more specific differences in the chromatin architecture of the Xist gene or other gene loci in the Xic may constitute the signature of the imprint.

Animals↗