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PubMed2006

Stroboscopic vision as a treatment for motion sickness: strobe lighting vs. shutter glasses.

INTRODUCTION: Countermeasures (e.g., drugs, training, etc.) designed to combat the problem of space motion sickness (SMS) have had only limited successes. A possible solution for SMS and terrestrial motion sickness may rest in preventing retinal slip via stroboscopic vision. METHODS: There were 32 subjects who participated in a study to investigate the effect of stroboscopic illumination on motion sickness using either a strobe light or liquid crystal display (LCD) shutter glasses. There were 19 subjects who read text and made +/- 20 degrees head movements in the horizontal plane (yaw) at 0.2 Hz while wearing left-right reversing prisms and exposed to 4-Hz stroboscopic or normal room illumination (control condition). Motion sickness was scored using the Miller and Graybiel scale and subjective self-ratings. In a crossover design, testing was repeated using stroboscopic LCD shutter glasses with an additional 13 subjects and 6 subjects from the first condition. RESULTS: During the experiment with a strobe light, motion sickness scores were significantly lower than in the control condition (chi 0.32 strobe vs. chi 3.79 light = p < 0.003). Results with the LCD shutter glasses corresponded with those when the environment was strobed in an otherwise dark room (chi 1.0 glasses vs. chi 4.1 light = p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Stroboscopic illumination reduced the severity of motion sickness symptoms, and shutter glasses with a flash frequency of 4 Hz are as effective as a strobe light. Stroboscopic illumination appears to be an effective countermeasure where retinal slip is a significant factor in eliciting motion sickness due to either self- or surround-motion.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

On the distinction between artifacts and information.

Sperling, Landy, Dosher, and Perkins (1989) argued that all previous research on the kinetic depth effect has been contaminated by stimulus artifacts, and they developed a new task that they believe can successfully overcome this problem. The present discussion offers a counter-argument that artifacts are not as pervasive in previous research as Sperling et al. imply and that their proposed method is subject to precisely the same limitations as earlier studies. Also discussed are some general guidelines of experimental design in this type of research to minimize the possibility that subjects will adopt an inappropriate response strategy that does not truly reflect their visual perceptions of three-dimensional form.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1990

[Dynamic stereoscopy and parallactoscopy and their importance for the 3-dimensional perception of moving objects].

The three-dimensional perception of moving objects plays an important role in professional and everyday tasks. Nevertheless, to date it has remained relatively unnoticed in the practice of ophthalmological and occupational medicine, although in 1984 the WHO also recommended testing dynamic vision. To determine dynamic stereoscopic visual acuity, the binocular prism rotation device was constructed and to determine dynamic parallactoscopy, the parallactoscopometer. The visual acuity found via dynamic stereoscopy decreased relatively quickly with increasing velocity (n = 103) and differed from stereoscopy determined at rest. Dynamic stereoscopy led to very precise fine spatial orientation, but it failed with average velocities; dynamic parallactoscopy had coarser visual powers, but it was relatively independent of speed and thus rendered essentially better spatial orientation possible at rapid velocities. It is possible that at slow pedestrian speed the two were equal. Under much-reduced light densities and reduced visual acuities, dynamic parallactoscopy remained intact in contrast to dynamic stereoscopy.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed1987

[Appreciation of approaching and departing sources of natural acoustic signals].

Perception of natural sounds of approaching and moving away footsteps was studied. Footsteps are sequences of low-frequency noise bursts separated by short pauses. "Loudness" of bursts in sequences estimated as approaching steps was irregularly increasing, "loudness" in sequences estimated as moving away steps was irregularly decreasing. The irregularity did not prevent correct estimation of movement direction.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of static and dynamic stereoacuity.

It is usually assumed by the clinician that a person's total stereoscopic ability can be measured by routine stereoacuity tests. Yet, there is considerable evidence that the brain processes static and moving images via separate channels. In an attempt to determine the validity of the clinician's assumption, we compared results of the Titmus and TNO stereoacuity test with that of a dynamic stereoacuity test of our design. The data obtained from 146 subjects showed no correlation between static and dynamic responses. It seems improbable, therefore, that stereoscopic ability in the real world can be predicted from static clinical stereoacuity tests. The implication of dynamic stereopsis in sports vision and athletic performance is discussed.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed1981

Visual information about moving objects.

A mathematical model of visual flow is presented, which could potentially account for an observer's ability to effectively interact with moving objects. The analysis demonstrates that there is visual information available to an observer about (a) a moving object's angle of approach, (b) changes in its velocity and acceleration, (c) whether its velocity and acceleration are positive or negative, (d) its time to collision with both the horizontal and vertical axes, and (e) whether it will cross the horizontal axis in front of or behind the point of observation. Several experiments are reported in which observer's sensitivity to these different aspects of visual information is examined using a variety of experimental tasks. The results suggest that human observers are highly sensitive to many abstract properties of visual stimulation, but that they are not sensitive to all of the information that is potentially available.

Discrimination, Psychological↗