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PubMed1984

Health care in Africa.

This is the third and last article reporting professional exchange tours between American nurses and nurses of other countries. In this article, the health care system of Kenya is discussed and comparisons made between this system and our own. Out of this comparison come several insights into our own way of doing things and possibilities for improving them. "Health Care in the Soviet Union" appeared in the April 1984 issue of The Nurse Practitioner. "Health Care in China" appeared in the May 1984 issue of the journal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Adolescent health care in Brazil.

The period of youth and adolescence has been shown to have continuous demographic growth in the developing world. Young nations thus have to contend with the specific health needs of teenagers and young adults. This is illustrated by an analysis of the health-care needs of Brazilian adolescents. The issues highlighted here are adolescent morbidity and mortality, current delivery of adolescent health care, and future directions of adolescent programs in Brazil.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A simple method for estimating the contraceptive prevalence required to reach a fertility target.

This report describes and applies a procedure for estimating the increase in contraceptive prevalence that would have to occur to achieve specified future reductions in a population's fertility. This target-setting methodology is based on a previously developed analytic model for the relationship between fertility and its proximate determinants. The basic aggregate version of the estimation procedure, which is described in detail, requires relatively few input data, but it allows changes in the mix of contraceptive methods in future years. In extended versions of the model, age specificity and adjustments for given trends in the proximate determinants other than contraceptive use are introduced.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Out-of-wedlock births, premarital pregnancies and their effect on family formation and dissolution.

The persistent rise in the proportion of firstborn babies conceived out of wedlock, which characterized the period from the 1950s to the early 1970s, has apparently abated, according to data analyzed from the June 1980 and June 1982 Current Population Surveys (CPS). Although the proportion increased from 16 percent of firstborn children among women 15 years and older in the 1950-1954 period to 34 percent in the 1970-1974 period, it subsequently declined to 31 percent in 1975-1979, and has remained at that level. Since 1970, approximately 68 percent of firstborn children among teenage women have been conceived outside of marriage, four times the level recorded during the same period among women aged 20 and older. In addition, more than 90 percent of firstborn babies among black teenagers have been conceived out of wedlock, compared with about 60 percent among white teenagers. Among women aged 20 and older, about 50 percent of firstborn babies of black mothers and approximately 13 percent of firstborn babies of white mothers have been conceived outside of marriage. Despite the recent overall stability in the proportion of first babies conceived out of wedlock, a notable decline has occurred in the likelihood of mothers to marry before the birth of the child. Between the 1950-1954 and the 1970-1974 periods, about 50 percent of all women who had an out-of-wedlock pregnancy married before the birth; this proportion has since fallen below 40 percent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The sentiments of love and aspirations for marriage and their association with teenage sexual activity and pregnancy.

This study questions the findings of most research claiming that teenage pregnancies are generally unwanted, unplanned and unintended. It starts with the question of why most sexually active teenagers put themselves at risk of becoming pregnant if they do not desire it. The hypothesis is that sentiments of "love" and "aspirations for marriage" are related to starting sexual activity and subsequent pregnancy. The sample is 123 school-age mothers. It was found that sentiments of "love" were associated with becoming pregnant more than with starting sexual activity. Most of the respondents who were "in love" at the onset of pregnancy were hoping to marry their sex partners and, in fact, many thought that marriage would occur in the very near future following the outcome of pregnancy. These findings suggest that more research needs to be directed at the development of affective bonds with and the aspirations for marriage to the sex partners. Such research may explain why these teenagers put themselves at risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Building a family: unplanned events.

Couples in developed societies are often unsuccessful in achieving precise family building goals despite the widespread use of birth control. Unplanned events that frustrate reproductive intentions to varying degrees include contraceptive failure, sterility, miscarriage, prolonged conception delay, undesired sex combination of offspring, divorce, and the death of a spouse or a child. This paper reviews the probability of the occurrence of these events using US data. It is concluded that the large majority of newlyweds will experience at least one unplanned event during the family building phase of the life cycle.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Repeat abortion: is it a problem?

As the number of Canadian women who have had induced abortions increases with each succeeding year, the number at risk--and the actual incidence--of repeat abortion also increases. Some researchers have argued that women who have more than one induced abortion are less well adjusted, others that they are less willing to use contraceptives, perhaps because of anxiety about sexuality. Still others have suggested that repeat abortion is unrelated to the psychology or attitudes of individual women, but rather is an inevitable result of imperfect contraceptives, imperfect contraceptive practice and the availability of legal abortion for the termination of unwanted pregnancies. A group of 580 women seeking abortions were interviewed at the Montreal General Hospital and given a number of psychological tests. About one in five of these women were having repeat abortions. The women having repeat abortions were older, less likely to be married and more tolerant of legal abortion than were women having their first abortions. They also had intercourse more frequently than the first-abortion patients. Women obtaining a repeat abortion were slightly more likely to have been using contraceptives at the time they became pregnant, but they did not differ from first-abortion patients in the types of methods that they used. On no other social or demographic characteristics, measures of psychological adjustment or attitudes about sexuality were there any important differences between the groups. A more complex statistical analysis reveals that the two most important factors differentiating first-abortion and repeat-abortion patients are age and coital frequency--both of which are variables that reflect added exposure to the risk of unintended pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The fertility impact of spousal separation.

The impact of spousal separation on marital fertility in a natural fertility context is investigated. REPMOD, a procedure for computer simulation of reproductive processes, is employed. A given length of separation affects fertility more, the less it overlaps with time during which the woman is not at risk of conception. Thus the "efficiency" of separation as a constraint on fertility increases as its duration increases, the duration of postpartum amenorrhea decreases, and fecundability decreases. Effects of spousal separation in actual situations can be estimated using results of these simulations as inputs.

Birth Intervals↗