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PubMed1983

Alveolitis sicca dolorosa after removal of impacted mandibular third molars.

The aim of the investigation was to study the occurrence of alveolitis and other side effects in women taking oral contraceptives after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Reactions to surgical removal of 156 bilateral third molars were examined in 78 patients. The material was divided into 2 groups. In 1 group, the patients took oral contraceptives of the combined type and in the other group the patients took no contraceptives. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups: (1) removal of a molar during menstruation; and (2) removal of the contralateral molar in the same patient at the middle of the menstrual cycle. The results showed significantly more alveolitis in the group taking oral contraceptives and in women who were operated on during menstruation. These findings would suggest that oral surgery involving fertile women should be undertaken during periods free from oral contraceptives and menstruation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Bleeding complications after CASH.

We assessed the frequency and studied the possible mechanisms of bleeding after classic abdominal Semm hysterectomy (CASH) in a retrospective, nonrandomized review of 70 women (47 premenopausal) undergoing the procedure with 1-year minimum follow-up. In several women CASH was associated with adhesiolysis, and in more than 50% with bilateral oophorectomy. Of the 47 patients who were menstruating prior to surgery, 6 (13%) reported postoperative menstruation. Two additional patients required repeat surgery, and one required transfusion. Endometrial glands were present in one excised specimen, suggesting the possibility that menstruation and hematometra may occur.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2006

Menstrual effluent in endometriosis shows no difference in volume, VEGF-A, MMP2 and MMP9 or sFLT.

Since retrograde menstruation is considered a key event in the aetiology of endometriosis, this study sought to determine whether the menstrual effluent of women with this condition is different from that of those with a normal pelvis. As the amount of blood lost during menstruation is thought to be higher in this group, measured objective menstrual blood loss (MBL) was measured. In addition, factors enhancing both ectopic implantation of endometrium and its subsequent growth (by establishing a neo-vasculature) were chosen for study. Our hypothesis was that they are increased in the menstrual effluent of women with endometriosis. The study showed that at the time of menstruation, there is no difference in MBL or in the volume of menstrual effluent between women with endometriosis and those with a normal pelvis at laparoscopy. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) message and protein, soluble truncated receptor sVEGF-R1 (sFLT), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP9 activities were also shown to be similar between the two groups. It is concluded that the enhanced expression of VEGF-A and MMP in the peritoneal fluid and ectopic lesions of endometriotic patients may be a secondary event, resulting from an innate difference in peritoneal and systemic factors rather than in the endometrium, causing an abnormal peritoneal response to menstrual debris and facilitating its ectopic implantation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Postpartum amenorrhoea and breast-feeding in a Danish sample.

The duration of postpartum amenorrhoea was studied in a Danish sample of 361 women. The median duration of amenorrhoea was 17 weeks. The 25th and 75th percentiles were 10 and 30 weeks, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the duration of postpartum amenorrhoea and of breast-feeding. However, lactation for more than 9 months did not extend the duration of amenorrhoea. Menstruation before weaning occurred in 57% of the women, and 43% terminated breast-feeding before the first menstruation. Four weeks after weaning menstruation had returned in 79% and by 8 weeks after in 93% of the mothers. At 6 months postpartum, frequency of breast-feeding, and of night-time feeding were determinants of amenorrhoea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Menstrual effects on asymmetrical olfactory acuity.

Gender specific discrepancies on psychometric examination are often interpreted to reflect static differences in cerebral hemisphere specialization, but dynamic alterations relating to circulating gonadal hormones may also be relevant after puberty. The often cited inference of a right hemisphere advantage in males and left hemisphere advantage in females derived from small but reliable differences on spatial tasks and verbal tasks, for example, may to some extent relate to gender-specific differences in circulating gonadal hormones. Performance fluctuations on other higher order cognitive tasks through the menstrual cycle tend to support a temporal association between alterations in cerebral laterality and hormone fluctuations. A potential left hemisphere advantage after menstruation when estrogen and progesterone levels are high in contrast to a right hemisphere advantage at menstruation when estrogen and progesterone levels are low has also received support from shifts in visual field perception. The present investigation continues this line of work by measurement of prospective changes in unirhinal olfactory acuity in the menstrual, ovulatory, and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle in 11 healthy women who agreed to blood assays of estradiol and progesterone prior to completing a modified version of the Connecticut Chemosensory Perception Exam (CCPE). The CCPE detection of n-butanol showed a clear pattern of changes over the menstrual cycle marked by an asymmetry favoring the right nostril during menstruation when estradiol and progesterone levels were low, an asymmetry favoring the left nostril during ovulation when estradiol levels were high and progresterone levels were low, and an absence of asymmetry during the midluteal phase when estradiol levels decreased and progesterone levels increased. Preliminary correlation analyses revealed a potential competitive influence of estradiol and progesterone on this apparent shift in cerebral laterality. There is thus sufficient evidence to conclude that dynamic changes in relative cerebral hemisphere advantages have a temporal relation to fluctuations in circulating gonadal hormones and to suggest the value of additional investigation of more specific causal relations.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Role of the ovary in the regulation of sex hormone binding globulin and its contribution to peripheral levels of androstenedione.

In order to assess the role of the ovary in the regulation of the levels of the sex-hormone-binding-globulin (SHBG) and its contribution to peripheral levels of androstenedione, three subject groups were studied: 10 normally menstruating women, 8 postmenopausic women, and 8 postmenopausic ovariectomized women. A basal venous blood sample was drawn between 8:00 to 9:00 h from all subjects in the latter two groups. The blood samples were drawn from the normally menstruating women on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of their cycles. The following determinations were made in each sample: oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione SHBG, FSH and LH. It was concluded that: 1) SHBG does not vary during the menstrual cycle, nor there are significant differences between postmenopausic and castrated women, and 2) androstenedione levels in castrated women are significantly different from both postmenopausic and normally menstruating women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Endometriosis--a stem cell disease?].

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent and chronic disease with an unknown etiology and pathogenesis. It is however likely and well accepted that retrograde menstruation of endometrial cells into the pelvic cavity is the origin of this disease in many cases. Here we discuss a model in which retrogradely menstruated endometrial cells have different inherent developmental properties because they represent in fact a mixture of different developmental cell stages. These stages can be distinguished in part by the expression of marker proteins such as cytokeratin (intermediate filament protein of epithelial cells) or E-cadherin (intercellular adhesion protein of epithelial cells and metastasis suppressor molecule). Cytokeratin-positive E-cadherin negative cells, for example, would be less differentiated epithelial cells than cytokeratin-positive E-cadherin positive cells. In analogy to findings in other cell systems we assume that the cells which are undifferentiated or not fully differentiated still have the potential to give rise to differentiated daughter cells and, on the other hand, could be maintained as a pool of rather undifferentiated cells and capable of self renewal. This feature would be similar to stem cells (SC) and cells with plasticity. Interestingly we find epithelial cells of different developmental stages in deep infiltrating (e. g. of colon) or peritoneal endometriotic lesions. Therefore we conclude that less differentiated cells in retrogradely menstruated endometrial cell populations possibly representing SC features or plasticity might be the cellular source of primary endometriotic lesions and those present in lesions may contribute to the persistence of the disease by detaching and forming secondary lesions.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1993

[Quantitative study of vaginal flora during the menstrual cycle].

The aerobic and facultatively anaerobic vaginal flora of 242 healthy women were examined during menstrual cycles. The most frequently isolated microorganisms at the first premenstrual examination were coagulase-negative staphylococci (61%), followed by enterococci (25%), Gardnerella vaginalis (19%), diphtheroids (12%), group B streptococci (6.8%), Escherichia coli (5.4%) and Candida spp. (4%). The isolation rate of all species, except Candida and Gardnerella vaginalis increased during menstruation. The lowest isolation rate for Staphylococcus aureus was 0.9% prior to menstruation and it increased to 7.6% during menstruation. This may be of relevance with regard to the toxic shock syndrome. Gardnerella vaginalis was isolated in 37% of women at least once during the study, suggesting, that this species belongs to the normal vaginal flora.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of competitive sports on the menstrual cycle and sexuality--results of a survey of the West German team for the Olympic games in Los Angeles].

The present investigation attempts to analyse exact data on the menstruation cycle, contraception and the sexual behavior of competitive sportswomen. Since the West German participants at the Olympic Games of 1984 in Los Angeles were chosen for this investigation, the patients are unquestionably highly selected. For this reason, the results cannot claim to be representative in all respects. The objective of this study was primarily to register and to analyse the gynecological aspects of women's competitive sport, to reveal interrelationships and if appropriate to point out disadvantageous tendencies. The Olympics participants were subdivided into five different groups on the basis of the type of sport: I. take-off power/speed II. anaerobic endurance III. aerobic endurance IV. technique/dexterity V. team games. A control group was formed of middle-distance and long-distance runners. The data were analysed with regard to competitive sport and age, number of days of training and training minutes per week, menarche, duration and length as well as intensity of menstrual bleeding, menstruation symptoms, influence of menstrual bleeding on sport performance, dependence of peak performance on the menstruation cycle, sexual behavior, contraception behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Toxic-shock syndrome: epidemiologic features, recurrence, risk factors, and prevention.

Surveillance for toxic-shock syndrome (TSS) in Wisconsin detected 38 cases with onsets from September 1975 through June 1980. Thirty-seven of the cases occurred after January 1, 1979; 37 of the patients were women, 35 cases occurred during menses; 38 patients were white; and one patient died. Cervical or vaginal cultures were obtained before antibiotic therapy in 23 patients, and 17 cultures were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Ten patients had at least one recurrent episode during subsequent menstrual periods. The recurrence rate was lower in patients who had been treated with beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotics. Thirty-five patients were matched for age and menstruation to 105 controls: 34 of 35 cases (versus 80 of 105 controls) used tampons during every menstrual period (P < 0.01); nine of 35 cases (versus 64 of 105 controls) practiced contraception (P < 0.001). In Wisconsin the minimum incidence of TSS as defined by clinical criteria is 6.2 cases per 100,000 menstruating women per year. The rate of TSS among menstruating women younger than 30 years was 2.4 to 3.3 times the rate among those who were 30 or older.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Life changes and menstrual discomfort.

The present study addressed the relationship between the accumulation of life changes and problems with menstruation. Female college students completed a Life Experiences Survey, which assesses desirable and undesirable life changes, and a menstruation questionnaire, which contains items relevant to menstrual discomfort and irregularity. Correlational analyses showed that undersirable life changes were correlated with reports of number of symptoms of menstrual discomfort, but not irregularity. Separate analyses among oral contraceptive users and nonusers showed that the relationship between life changes and menstrual discomfort occurred only among nonusers. A regression of contraceptive use, desirable life changes, and undersirable life changes on factors derived from the menstruation questionnaire indicated that undesirable life changes was the strongest predictor of menstrual problems.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Treatment of perimenopausal women with uterine myoma: successful use of a depot GnRH agonist leading to a natural menopause.

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) reduce the size of uterine fibroids and relieve patients of myoma-related symptoms. However, rapid regrowth frequently occurs after the therapy is stopped. We attempted to determine whether GnRHa therapy could lead perimenopausal women carrying symptomatic myomas to the natural onset of the menopause. A retrospective analysis of 145 patients who received GnRHa for 24 weeks demonstrated that after cessation of therapy no menstruation occurred over 25 weeks in women aged over 45 years, with elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) > 25 mIU/ml. To extend this study, we studied prospectively 21 women, aged 45 years and older who had regular menstruation with symptoms attributed to myomas and elevated days 3 - 5 FSH and days 3 - 5 LH levels ( > 25 mIU/ml). After discontinuation of GnRHa (leuprorelin acetate, 1.88 mg) therapy for 6 months, menstruation occurred in only two of 21 individuals but the remaining 19 cases had no menstrual bleeding. It is suggested from this study that the rise in early follicular phase serum gonadotrophins, in particular FSH > 25 mIU/ml, may precede the natural menopause following (or during) GnRHa therapy in older women. Measuring days 3 - 5 serum FSH concentrations may make it easier to decide on the optimal duration of therapy for symptomatic uterine fibroids in perimenopausal women aged > 45 years.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Breast-feeding, return of menses, sexual activity and contraceptive practices among mothers in the first six months of lactation in Onitsha, South Eastern Nigeria.

The objective of this study was to determine the exclusive breast-feeding practices, return of menstruation, sexual activity and contraceptive practices among breast-feeding mothers in the first six months of lactation. The study was based in Onitsha, South Eastern Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from breast-feeding mothers on their age, educational attainment, breast-feeding practices, return of menstruation, sexual activity and contraceptive practices within the first six months of lactation at intervals of 6 weeks, 10 weeks 14 weeks and 6 months post delivery. Analysis of the information obtained showed that out of the 178 mothers who participated in the study 81% of the mothers were within the ages of 20 - 34 years. While all the mothers had formal education, the majority (59%) had secondary education. Seventy-three percent initiated breast-feeding within one hour of delivery. On discharge from hospital, all of them had already established breast-feeding which continued up to six weeks and dropped to 97.8% at six months. Exclusive breast-feeding which was practised by 100% on discharge dropped to 3.9% at six months. The feeding regimen was on demand as practised by 98.9% of the mothers. Menstrual flow had returned in 33.8% of the mothers by 6 weeks of lactation, and had risen to 70.2% at six months. There was more prolonged lactational amenorrheoa in exclusively breast-feeding mothers than in those who were not. By 6 weeks post delivery 31.6% of the mothers had resumed sexual activity and this rose to 93.6% at six months. With the resumption of sexual activity only 5% of the mothers resorted to contraceptive practices other than lactational amenorrhea and this increased to 54% at six months. There was no pregnancy in any of these women during the six months period. While appreciating the role of lactational amenorrhea in child spacing and considering the early return of sexual activity among the mothers the practice of introducing contraceptive practices needs to be encouraged especially in women whose menstruation has returned.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surreptitious learning: menarche and menstrual product advertisements.

The purpose of this study was to examine the messages conveyed in menstrual product advertisements with specific concern given to information that could be learned about menstruation and the female body by menarcheal girls. Over 200 advertisements from popular women's magazines were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. The core variable was Heightening Insecurities. The themes identified in menstrual product advertisements function to heighten insecurities in the female adolescent reader. The findings revealed that the advertisements were a reflection of the negative societal views of menstruation and, because the advertisements function to heighten insecurities, they also function to perpetuate and maintain the silence and shame which surrounds menstruation in our society.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Effect of metformin on the clinical and metabolic assessment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

A longitudinal prospective study was conducted in 21 women with polycistic ovary syndrome (PCOS), aged 27.20 +/- 5.02 years and treated with metformin (1500 mg/day)for 8 weeks. The patients were assessed for spontaneous menstruation, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist/hip ratio (WHR), glucose and insulin concentrations under fasting conditions and after a 75-g glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. Spontaneous menstruation was observed in 81% of the women treated with metformin, with no changes in weight or BMI. Waist measurement and the WHR were reduced. The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) improved from 0.33 +/- 0.03 to 0.35 +/- 0.04 (p < 0.005), and serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were reduced, while high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was increased. Serum testosterone concentrations were also reduced. There were no differences in serum triglycerides, SHBG or IGF-I. The occurrence of spontaneous menstruation and changes in the pattern of body fat distribution, the reduction in serum testosterone concentrations, the improvement in lipid profile and the reduction of insulinemia with the use of metformin permit us to conclude that treatment with this drug is of benefit to women with PCOS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Will period-free hormonal contraception become the norm of the twenty-first century?

The feelings of women about their menstruations has been modified due to the use of hormonal contraception. Women using oestroprogestative pills know that menstruations are triggered by the cessation of their absorption rather than any other physiological phenomenon. They know that the amenorrhea which appears under progestative contraception is both non pathological and reversible. Consequently, a good many women, confident in terms of birth control by these very efficient contraceptive methods, wish also to space out those considered useless and unpleasant periods for 3 to 6 months and even for 1 year or more. The actual hormonal contraceptive methods theoretically allow this spacing out of the menstruations but often by dint of much metrorragia. Indeed, while the first studies on those "non-periods" contraceptive methods seem to show their harmlessness, they must be further evaluated in a more specific way. Additional studies must thus be pursued in this direction. This new request from women about their periods while being often undervalued by physicians, must now be taken into account for future contraceptive methods.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1999

Menstrual migraine.

Migraine in women is influenced by hormonal changes throughout the life cycle: menarche, menstruation, oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, menopause, and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). Based on clinical experience, the frequency of menstrual migraine has been reported to be as high as 60%-70%. Most women have increased headache and migraine attacks (usually without aura) at the time of menses. Attacks occurring only with menstruation, even if infrequent, are called true menstrual migraine. Attacks occurring both at menstruation and at other times of the month could be called "menstrually triggered migraine." Menstrual migraine occurs at the time of the greatest fluctuation in estrogen levels. Estrogen withdrawal is probably the trigger for migraine attacks in susceptible women. Drugs that are proven effective or commonly used for the acute treatment of menstrual migraine include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), dihydroergotamine, the triptans, and the combination of aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine. The goal of standard continuous preventive therapy is to reduce the frequency, duration, and intensity of attacks. Preventive therapy may eliminate all headaches except those associated with menses. Women already using prophylactic medication who continue to have menstrual migraine can increase the dose of their medication prior to their menses. Women who do not use preventive medicine or have migraine exclusively with their menses can be treated perimenstrually with short-term prophylaxis. If severe menstrual migraine cannot be controlled by acute and preventive treatment, hormonal therapy may be indicated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Normal vaginal microflora during use of various forms of catamenial protection.

Although the effect of vaginal tampons on microbial flora during menstruation has been studied, the effects attributable to particular tampon fibers have received inadequate attention. The purpose of this report is to review previous studies and describe the results of laboratory tests that compare the effects of use of various tampons on the normal changes that occur in vaginal microflora during menstruation. Tampon and swab samples were obtained from volunteers on days 2, 4, and 21 after the start of menses. Statistical evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative data revealed that the same numerically dominant phenotypes were present regardless of sample type, sample time, or catamenial product. In general, total bacterial counts decreased during menstruation, and the total bacterial counts from tampon samples tended to be lower than those in concomitant swab samples. Predictable changes in total numbers of the dominant species were noted when the data were evaluated by day of menstrual cycle. Results indicate that the tampon type had little effect on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the vaginal microflora during the menstrual cycle.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗