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At least 1,675 records · Page 93Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Dementia and mental retardation markers on the Rey 15-item Visual Memory Test.

This study examined the qualitative errors of repetitions and confabulations on the Rey 15-item Visual Memory Test among 500 psychiatric patients who were divided into groups with (1) low IQ scores, (2) a diagnosis of dementia, and (3) other psychiatric diagnoses. These groups were compared on the presence of confabulated figures and repetitions on the Rey. The low IQ patients had the highest rate for both confabulations (48.2%) and repetitions (43.6%). Demented patients had the next highest rate of confabulations (39.8%) and repetitions (39.8%). The general psychiatric patients had the lowest rates on confabulations (16.2%) and repetitions (26.8%). Chi squared analysis showed that both confabulations and repetitions significantly differentiated these patients of low IQ and demented patients from general psychiatric patients. These results suggest that clinicians who use the Rey 15-item Visual Memory Test and find either confabulated or repeated figures should further explore the possibility that the patient might have low intellectual functioning or dementia.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Use of the MMPI-2's VRIN scale with severely disturbed populations: consistent responding may be more problematic than inconsistent responding.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--Second Edition includes a new validity scale, the VRIN scale, intended to detect random responding. High scores are viewed as casting suspicion on the validity of the profile. For the present study, the authors evaluated some of the complexities of the VRIN scale including its interaction with the F scale. In particular, we tested two hypotheses. First is that among psychotically disturbed test takers, some inconsistent responding is an integral and expected mode of responding to a self-report measure. That is, in an inpatient psychiatric population increased confused responding (high VRIN score) is related in predictable ways to increased endorsement of psychotic scales and two-point codes and to increased psychotic diagnoses. The second hypothesis is a corollary--that the absence of inconsistency (low VRIN) in a protocol indicating acute distress (high F) may indicate that a respondent is being too consistent in presenting self as having severe difficulties. In this case, the rest of the protocol may be an exaggerated description of the clinical presentation. A sample of 521 psychiatric inpatients was used to evaluate these hypotheses. Some support for both hypotheses is reported. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the hypotheses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Toxic mold and mycotoxins in neurotoxicity cases: Stachybotrys, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Trichothecenes.

Presented is the argument that psychologists and neuropsychologists have no scientific basis for rendering opinions about causation given the current state of the literature. The critical question is whether in a residence or office inhalation of mold spores or mold metabolites, including mycotoxins, causes neuropsychological impairment or mental and emotional disorders. There has not been sufficient research to support such conclusions. Nonetheless, in the context of litigation, speculative opinions are rendered in lieu of scientifically well-founded conclusions. Resources for recognizing and coping with pseudoscientific arguments are suggested.

Alternaria↗
PubMed2006

Detection of feigned memory impairments using a Chinese word task.

In this study the detection of feigned memory impairments was investigated using a forced-choice task with Chinese words as stimuli. Task difficulty on accuracy and response time and the faking strategies employed were examined for 85 participants, 42 men and 43 women, who were administered the experimental task. Following a simulation design, all participants performed under control and faking conditions. Their accuracy of performance and response times were measured. Analysis indicated significant differences on both outcome measures for the two conditions. Further, a significant difference in accuracy, but not in response time, among levels of task difficulty was observed. For classification accuracy, using the cut-off score criterion seemed more effective than using the below-chance criterion or response time. Implications for relying on chance criterion to identify deception are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pseudodementia or Ganser syndrome in a ten year old boy.

A case of pseudodementia, occurring in a 10 year old boy following a minor head injury and associated with a claim for compensation, is presented. The case is unusual in the age of the patient and the failure to respond to treatment including prolonged hospitalization. The case is discussed in the light of the available literature and an attempt is made to clarify the confusion surrounding the terms pseudodementia and Ganser Syndrome.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

The post-accident syndrome: variations in the clinical picture.

Three hundred and twenty-seven subjects involved in civil accident litigation and referred by solicitors for either plaintiff or defendant were examined. A precise psychiatric diagnosis was applicable in only a minority of subjects, although psychiatric symptoms, including pain, anxiety and depression, were prominent. Overall the clinical picture was an amorphous one. Cluster analysis was performed to examine a variety of clinical, demographic and historical variables. This showed four stable groups, which are here described as: stoic, depressive, phobic motor accident and prior claimants. It is suggested that the phenomenological approach taken here, paying particular attention to clinical sub-groups, may be a more useful route towards the understanding and treatment of post-accident psychiatric disturbance than is the existing but confused approach, in which motivation has been a prime focus of interest. The particular sub-groups demonstrated here, if replicated, could form the basis for such an approach.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1987

Can localised brain impairment be simulated on neuropsychological test profiles?

We asked 28 registered nurses with varying degrees of experience in working with neurological and neurosurgical patients to fake results on 10 neuropsychological tests in such a way as to be congruent with a history of trauma to the left fronto-temporal cortex. We compared these data to those obtained from 21 patients who had been referred with verified cerebral injury and who had a diagnosis of left fronto-temporal dysfunction. The overall hit rate of classification for the two groups was 85.7% and 89.8%, depending on the way in which test scores were combined. Results showed that a knowledgeable group of informed fakers had great difficulty reproducing the test performance of individuals with left fronto-temporal impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Diagnosis, physiology, pathology and rehabilitation of traumatic brain injuries.

Accumulating clinical and experimental studies continue to elucidate and further define the significance of intra- and extra-cranial factors which determine outcome of traumatic brain injury. These factors include severity of injury, age of the patient, presence or absence of premorbid brain insults, and associated pathophysiological events such as anoxia, respiratory arrest, hemorrage, edema, contrecoup and Wallerian degeneration. Following resolution of acute temporary symptoms, delayed complications include seizures, neurotic and psychotic disorders, earlier onset of stroke, earlier senescence, increased suicide risk, reduced life expectancy, progressive intellectual deterioration and development of symptoms comprising the post-traumatic syndrome. In spite of these diverse initial and later pathological sequelae, the reserve capacities of the brain for establishment of compensatory mechanisms can provide bases for a remarkable degree of spontaneous cerebral reorganization and recovery. The accumulating findings in patients with traumatic brain injuries reflect principles and factors underlying the organization, disorganization and reorganization of human brain function.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Simulation Index: a reliability study.

The Simulation Index was derived from 15 error types on the WAIS-R and WMS occurring with a high degree of specificity in a criterion simulation group (n = 16) and a further five error types specific to a group of patients sustaining severe head injury (n = 16). The reliability of the scoring criteria was evaluated in terms of the rate of agreement in scoring for the presence or absence in each of the 20 error types achieved by two independent neuropsychologists. Percentage agreement rates for each of the 20 error types ranged between 83 and 100%. When identification of group membership was attempted on the basis of simple inspection of the test protocols, diagnostic hit rates were at chance level. When identification of group membership was based on Simulation Index cut-off scores, each of the raters achieved a diagnostic hit rate of 94% for each of the simulation and head-injury group patients. The results support the reliability and clinical utility of the Simulation Index.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1995

Late-onset post-concussion symptoms after mild brain injury: the role of premorbid, injury-related, environmental, and personality factors.

The present study investigated the possible role of a number of pre- peri-, and post-traumatic factors in the experience of post-concussion syndrome (PCS). These factors included: (1) history of premorbid risk factors, (2) severity of injury, and (3) post-morbid functioning and environmental factors. Subjects were 55 persons with mild brain injury. PCS was defined in terms of the severity and impact of 'late-onset' symptoms. Pre- and peri-traumatic factors were not associated with level of PCS symptom impact. Among post-traumatic factors, only level of psychological distress was strongly associated with impact level. The results suggest the importance of psychological factors in prolonged PCS.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1979

A forced-choice procedure to detect feigned or exaggerated hearing loss.

A forced-choice technique which may be used to confirm the existence of a non-organic hearing loss is described. Evidence is presented which shows that although this technique is not infallible it can in many cases unmask attempts to simulate or exaggerate a hearing loss. Supplementary tests using conventional audiometry demonstrated that persons with normal hearing can consistently feign a bilateral hearing loss.

Hearing Loss↗