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PubMed1998

Sensory effects on judgments of short time-intervals.

Two experiments were conducted to test the effect of nontemporal factors on duration discrimination. In Exp. 1, a forced-choice adaptive procedure with a standard duration of 400 or 800 ms was employed. It was shown that, for both auditory and visual modes, the discrimination is better with empty intervals (a silent period between two brief signals) than with filled intervals (a continuous signal), but only with shorter durations. In a second experiment, where intervals of the same duration range were employed but were presented with a single-stimulus method, discrimination was better with empty than with filled intervals, and this effect applied to both ranges of duration and both sensory modes. In both experiments, discrimination was better in the auditory than in the visual mode. These data are discussed in the context of current models of timing mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Self-bias in older drivers' judgments of accident likelihood.

Drivers generally perceive their own chance of having a road accident to be significantly lower, and their own skill to be greater, than that of their peers. Previous research has shown this effect to be reduced in middle-aged drivers as opposed to young ones. This study examines the extent to which this positive self-bias in relation to driving continues or changes with increasing age beyond 50 years, examining the relationship of self-bias to driving experience and also to locus of control. Eighty subjects aged between 50 and 79 completed a self-rating questionnaire on the likelihood of having different types of accidents (driving and nondriving) when in control themselves and when someone else was in control, comparing themselves to "average others" of different ages. In the nondriving accidents, the self-bias for people in their 70s comparing themselves with an average other aged 70, was far greater than for those in their 50s (comparing themselves with an average other aged 50). In the driving accident scenarios there was little self-bias at all when the comparison was with same aged peers only. In this analysis, people in their 50s showed no self-bias, whereas their self-bias had been considerable when comparing themselves with three age groups (30s, 50s, and 70s were used). Amount of positive self-bias generally decreased with increasing age, increased with greater current driving experience (mileage), and increased with amount of perceived control. Number of years of driving experience had no effect. However, in regression analysis on the same aged peers comparison, only internality of locus of control was a significant independent predictor of the variance in self-bias in the driving situation. Age and current driving experience were not significant independent predictors. Results were discussed with reference to the importance of the comparison group when assessing differences in self-bias and to the potential implications for road safety education.

Accidents, Traffic↗