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PubMedDate not supplied

A comparative study of profoundly multiply handicapped children's scores on the Bayley and the Griffiths developmental scales.

Twenty-five profoundly multiply handicapped children were tested using both the Bayley and the Griffiths scales by the same psychologist, who did not have prior knowledge of their medical and social histories. Scores obtained from the Griffiths scales were consistently higher than those obtained from the Bayley scales. The intercorrelation between the two tests was high. These results suggest that although the two tests may be used interchangeably, their numerical scores are not equivalent when administered to this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Families with more than one handicapped child.

Clinical patterns, aetiological factors and utilization of services were studied in 40 families who had more than one handicapped child. By retrospective review of the case notes and interviewing consenting parents (90%), data relating to diagnosis, investigations, genetic counselling, social circumstances and help received were obtained. Both children had the same disorder in 31 families, however in only nine of these families did the children have a specific diagnosis. Non-specific mental retardation was the commonest disorder (40 children). Of the 673 special investigations performed, only 14 were diagnostic. Genetic counselling had been given to only 19 families. Thirty-two of the families had remained as stable units and of the children, 51 received attendance allowances and 21 had periods of respite care. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing coping styles and social support networks: an intervention outcome study with mothers of handicapped children.

This paper describes an intervention programme, evaluation procedures, and results from a study of skills training for reducing stress with parents of handicapped children. Four mothers of developmentally disabled children participated in an 8-week training programme designed to teach parents ways to enhance their coping skills, increase their social support networks, and collectively make changes in their environment. Post-test data indicate that the programme shows promise for teaching coping and social support enhancement skills to parents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual maturation in girls with severe mental handicap.

It is becoming accepted that sex education of handicapped adolescents should not be neglected. For such education to be effective, it should begin before sexual maturity. In an attempt to provide a starting guideline for girls attending ESN(S) schools in the Manchester area, a cross-sectional survey was performed to determine mean age of menarche. The results showed the group as a whole to be on average 13 months later than normal. However, Down's syndrome formed a large identifiable subgroup with a mean menarcheal age 11 months earlier than normal, leaving the non-Down's group 21 months later than normal, and 2 years 8 months behind the Down's group. The implications for education are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Acoustic impedance measurement in the otological assessment of multiply handicapped children.

This survey investigated the use of acoustic impedance measurement on a population of multiply handicapped children and correlated the results with otoscopy. Thirty-one children were tested with an impedance meter studying tympanometry, tympanic membrane compliance, and acoustic reflex. Otoscopic examination was also scheduled for each child. The results show that 42% of children tested had some kind of middle-ear problem, mostly unrecognized at the time of this survey. There was 100% agreement between impedance and otoscopic findings. Apparently impedance audiometry can be useful for identifying middle-ear disorders in children who cannot be tested by traditional audiometric methods.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed2004

Relation between change of hearing and (modified) Amsterdam Inventory for Auditory Disability and Handicap Score.

This study investigates the test-retest distributions and the interval for true score change of the (modified) Amsterdam Inventory for Auditory Disability and Handicap [(m)AIAD], when the latter is used to measure the effect of an intervention. In a previous study the reliability and validity of the (m)AIAD in a cohort of hearing impaired patients were found to have satisfactory high values. In this prospective study, 66 patients underwent a tympanoplasty operation. Preoperatively and postoperatively pure tone audiometry was performed, and at the same time the subjective hearing ability was established by means of the (m)AIAD. The correlation between threshold change and score change was 0.35 (Pearson's r). Scores on the (m)AIAD had to change by at least 16 to be qualified as a true change. For only nine of 66 subjects this criterion was fulfilled. No clear relation exists, except for these nine subjects, between threshold change and score change in this patient population. The study also shows that disability questionnaires have their limitations, when using them to measure the result of a medical intervention in an individual patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Community mental handicap nursing services in Northern Ireland: a profile of clients and selected working practices.

The aim of this survey of community mental handicap nursing in Northern Ireland (NI) was, among other things, to construct a profile of clients of the service as well as to describe selected working practices. A 25-item questionnaire was developed and administered to all 50 community nurses working with people with learning disabilities in NI. The number of responses was 36, giving a rate of 72%. Fifty-six percent of the clients were female. Young to middle-aged adults made up the largest portion of the caseload. Over 80% of the clients had no history of hospital admission. Caseload size also differed according to the years of service, gender and grade of the nurses. The main reason for visiting clients as reported by respondents was to give physical care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Physiological and psychiatric investigations into a group of mentally handicapped subjects with self-injurious behaviour.

Seventeen mentally handicapped patients with SIB (head banger) group are compared with a non-SIB group of similar grade and their behavioural and psychiatric ratings described. The recognition of a specific syndrome in SIB group is demonstrated and shown to lead to serious psychiatric disturbances. The importance of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment intervention among such a group is described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

An interview technique in assessing retarded children. A comparative study of the reliability of the Children's Handicaps, Behaviour and Skills (HBS) Schedule.

A new assessment instrument the Children's Handicaps, Behaviour and Skills Schedule (HBS Schedule), constructed in England, has been used in a Danish epidemiological survey to interview the parents and professionals involved with 148 severely retarded children. Results as to reliability between informants and congruity with similar results from a study in Camberwell, England, are presented and discussed. It is concluded that the HBS Schedule constitutes a very valuable supplement in the evaluation of such children and deserves propagation for routine application, provided satisfactory instructions to interviewers can be given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Psychiatric disorders in mentally handicapped children: a clinical and follow-up study.

The clinical psychiatric syndromes encountered in sixty mentally retarded children treated in a child psychiatric out-patient clinic setting are described. It was possible to classify these syndromes according to the multi-axial classification scheme for psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. The children were followed-up for some years in many cases and the natural history of these disorders was in the main comparable to that of similar disorders in children of normal intelligence, although there was a tendency for some of the disorders to prove unusually persistent. Sometimes the persistence of these disorders seemed to be related to the children's continuing dependency needs arising from their mental retardation and to stresses within the family circle. The disorders responded reasonably satisfactorily to standard child psychiatric treatment techniques, and child psychiatric services should include the assessment and treatment of psychiatric disorders in mentally handicapped children within their remit.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1981

Mentally handicapped adolescents: their use of leisure.

An investigation into national provision for leisure-time activities for severely mentally handicapped adolescents and a survey of 214 families yielded the information that although national provision appeared to be reasonably comprehensive, this was not reflected in the restricted use of leisure locally. The young people involved in the survey mainly participated in solitary, passive activities which were family orientated with the exception of attendance at Special clubs. It is suggested that the following factors contribute to this present state of affairs: Firstly, the attitude of patients who have so fully accepted their role as sole providers of care and recreation that they are unaware of the long-term consequences or "problems" in this area; Secondly, it is suggested that the lack of local friendships outside the school environment restricts the development of social activities; Thirdly, that lack of basic skills further restricts the choice of activities open to these young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

An index of social competence for use in determining the service needs of mentally handicapped adults.

An index of Social Competence, covering 15 ability areas was developed for use with mentally handicapped adults. Statistical analyses of data obtained with a sample of 376 adults, living in the community suggested that there were three main factors underlying social competence. Eight subgroupings of the sample could then be derived according to the individuals, scores on the three factors and validatory evidence is presented for these groupings in terms of predictable relationships with certain independent variables such as the expressed need for residential care. Furthermore ratings made by staff and parents were reasonably similar. The index should prove particularly useful in surveys of service requirements especially in the social and residential areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in mentally handicapped in-patients.

A survey was made of the thyroid function of 402 mentally handicapped patients in a long-stay hospital and its satellite units. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in a 2-year period was 25/402 (6.2%), and 17/364 (4.7%) when people with Down's syndrome were excluded. Hyperthyroidism was found in 3/402 (0.7%). These results include 16 patients with hypothyroidism, and two with hyperthyroidism, who were newly detected during the surgery. With diagnosis, treatment was started. This occurrence of thyroid disorders is higher than in both the general population in the community and also in other psychiatric in-patients. Biochemical investigation is essential as the disorders are difficult to detect clinically, and untreated the patients are liable to the complications of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Urinary screening for abnormalities of amino acid or mucopolysaccharide metabolism in patients in a hospital for the mentally handicapped in Wessex.

Urine from 348 patients of a hospital for the mentally handicapped in Wessex was screened for abnormalities of aminoacid and mucopolysaccharide excretion. Persistent aminoacid abnormalities were found in 16 patients: two had phenylketonuria and one a severe variant form of hyperphenylalaninaemia (dihydropteridine reductase deficiency). In at least nine of the other patients, the observed abnormality was probably a secondary phenomenon. Two patients excreted excessive amounts of a glycosaminoglycan identified tentatively as hyaluronic acid. The study also uncovered one undiagnosed diabetic and three patients with urinary tract infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Hypergraphia and mental handicap.

Eight hundred and twenty-five mentally handicapped patients, housed in two hospitals, of all ages and both sexes, were examined for hypergraphia. Thirty-three patients (18 males and 15 females) were found to exhibit this phenomenon; approximately half of these were suffering from epilepsy, including five patients with temporal lobe abnormality. The different types of hypergraphia are reported and possible causes discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Establishing pre-language signalling behaviour with profoundly mentally handicapped students: a preliminary investigation.

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the effectiveness of a specific pre-language communication programming technique on the development of pre-language communication signalling behaviour in a group of profoundly mentally handicapped students. Results indicate that the procedure produced desired effects. Problems related to defining pre-language communication behaviours and communicative stimuli for this population, as well as issues pertaining to generalization, were discussed. Concluding comments stress the preliminary nature of the results and the need for future research in the validation of pre-language communication programming techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Calcium homeostasis in mentally handicapped epileptic patients.

Three groups of subjects have been studied to evaluate the role of long term hospitalization and chronic anti-epileptic therapy on calcium metabolism. The first group consisted of 32 epileptic patients, randomly selected from a population of inpatients in a hospital for the mentally handicapped, receiving various combinations of anti-epileptic drugs for at least 3 years. The second group was made up of 32 non-epileptic residents of the same hospital, individually matched for age and sex with epileptic patients and who had not received any anti-epileptic drugs in the last 3 years. The third group of 22 normal subjects was randomly selected from the staff of the University Hospital of Wales, matched for age and sex against the epileptic group, who had not received any anti-epileptic medication within the last 3 years. None of the subjects received any drugs (except anti-epileptic drugs) known to have effect on calcium metabolism. Significant differences in the serum levels of the total calcium, ionised calcium, total alkaline phosphatase and its liver iso-enzyme were seen. Serum total alkaline phosphatase and its liver iso-enzyme were significantly elevated in the epileptic group, showing the effect of anti-epileptic drugs. On the other hand serum total calcium was significantly lower in both residential groups compared to the normal population, epileptics being lower than non-epileptics showing the combined effect of hospitalization and anti-epileptic drugs. No significant difference was detected among the groups in the serum concentration of the bone alkaline phosphatase iso-enzyme.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Staff's estimations of the performance of mentally handicapped adults on a test of moral knowledge.

This paper reports an investigation to determine whether staff in an Adult Training Centre could estimate the performance of adults who are mentally handicapped on a test of moral knowledge. It also sought to discover whether estimations are more accurate in instances where staff claim to have a closer knowledge of the subjects. Not only do the results indicate that training staff are unable to estimate accurately, but they overestimate knowledge in this subject area. The degree of knowledge of the subjects made no difference to the accuracy of staff estimations. The implications of these results are considered in terms of the training needs of staff in Adult Training Centre and the use of assessment criteria prior to the entry of students into specific training programmes.

Adult↗