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PubMed1993

Relationships of lipid and glucose metabolism with waist-hip ratio and physical fitness in obese men.

The waist-hip ratio (WHR) is an indirect index of abdominal type obesity which has been shown to be strongly correlated with the risk of coronary heart disease. Empirically, men who have a higher WHR seem to have a lower level of physical fitness. In the present study, the relationships of lipid and glucose metabolism with WHR and physical fitness were examined in 207 Japanese obese men. Physical fitness was evaluated by the oxygen uptake at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA-VO2; ml/kg/min) which corresponds to 4 mmol/l of blood lactate during graded exercise test and is one of the best indicators of the muscle oxidative capacity. The WHR and percentage of body fat (% body fat) were significantly correlated with OBLA-VO2. The WHR and % body fat were significantly related to each other. After adjusting for % body fat, a significant negative correlation was observed between the WHR and OBLA-VO2 (r = -0.24; P < 0.05). A multiple linear regression was calculated for parameters relating to lipids, and glucose and insulin areas separately, when the WHR, OBLA-VO2, % body fat and age were entered as independent variables. OBLA-VO2 significantly showed a negative relationship with triglyceride (TG), HDL-C/total cholesterol, and the insulin area, while the WHR was only independently related to TG. From these results, we conclude that the physical fitness level evaluated by OBLA-VO2, which represents the capacity of the aerobic metabolism in muscle, may thus be a determinant of lipid and glucose metabolism in obese men.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The effect of command emphasis and monthly physical training on Army physical fitness scores in a National Guard Unit.

Individual fitness, an important component of combat readiness, has been found to be deficient in some Reserve Component units of the United States Army. We evaluated a program of monthly physical training in an environment of increasing emphasis on unit physical fitness in an effort to determine the effect on unit performance on the semi-annual Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT). This program was examined in a retrospective manner to establish its effectiveness over a 6-month period. No statistically significant improvement in APFT scores could be found over the course of the study, suggesting that such a program is not an efficient means of improving unit fitness in the Reserve Components of the United States Army.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Work-site physical fitness programs. Comparing the impact of different program designs on cardiovascular risks.

The relative impact of three different approaches to physical fitness at the work site on cardiovascular risk reduction is examined, based on before/after health screening of employees, and employees' reports of participation in physical exercise activities. The three approaches tested were: 1) a staffed physical fitness facility, 2) one-to-one counseling with at-risk employees, and 3) a combination of one-to-one counseling with employees plus organization of the work site to encourage peer support and mutual exercise activity at work. A fourth site is used as a control site. The program that was centered around a physical fitness facility had little measurable impact on cardiovascular risks, and showed results similar to those at the control site. Both of the other programs were more effective, with the combination of counseling and plant organization providing the best health outcomes in terms of frequency of exercise, adequacy of blood pressure control (among hypertensives), weight loss (among the overweight), and smoking cessation. These results indicate that systematic, ongoing outreach to enlist employees in various types of exercise programs is more effective than the presence of fitness facilities without such outreach. Moreover, significant increases in frequency of exercise can be sustained without a substantial investment in facilities.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1995

Fitting contact lenses after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for myopia.

To compensate for undercorrection, regression, or irregular astigmatism, contact lenses are sometimes fit after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). We fit 13 eyes (eight patients) with aspheric rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses following PRK. Patients were fit for various reasons, and they were all previous RGP contact lens wearers. Eight of 13 eyes could not be corrected with spectacles to the same acuity as before PRK. With RGP contact lenses, all patients were corrected to the same acuities as before PRK. The mean base curve of the preoperative RGP lenses was 7.98 +/- 0.36 mm (SD); the mean power was -5.92 D +/- 2.88 D (SD). Postoperative lenses had a mean base curve of 8.03 mm +/- 0.41 mm (SD) and mean power of -5.5 D +/- 3.08 D (SD). Fitting RGP lenses after PRK was uncomplicated, and all lenses were as well tolerated after PRK as they had been before the procedure.

Astigmatism↗
PubMed1996

Health promotion through fitness for adolescents and young adults following spinal cord injury.

A study by Warms (1987) sought to determine both the health care actually received by individuals following a spinal cord injury and the services they desired but did not obtain. The findings suggest that the general health promotion needs of these individuals are the same as for the general population and, though disability related topics are discussed with health care providers, information on health promotion is not received. The leading two services desired by the respondents but not obtained were planning an exercise program (43%) and referral to a fitness center (26%). A plan for health promotion through fitness was designed for individuals with physical disabilities to assist in meeting the identified needs. The program provides several benefits which include: improved function, a positive impact on lifestyle, and a decrease in the risk of complications. The plan includes a general health appraisal and fitness assessment as well as an exercise and fitness prescription with adapted physical activity and sports participation as integral parts. Evaluation methodology is incorporated to demonstrate that health promotion activities positively effect function and lifestyle and decrease severity of complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between aerobic fitness and recovery from high-intensity exercise in infantry soldiers.

The relationship between aerobic fitness and recovery from high-intensity exercise was examined in 197 infantry soldiers. Aerobic fitness was determined by a maximal-effort, 2,000-m run (RUN). High-intensity exercise consisted of three bouts of a continuous 140-m sprint with several changes of direction. A 2-minute passive rest separated each sprint. A fatigue index was developed by dividing the mean time of the three sprints by the fastest time. Times for the RUN were converted into standardized T scores and separated into five groups (group 1 had the slowest run time and group 5 had the fastest run time). Significant differences in the fatigue index were seen between group 1 (4.9 +/- 2.4%) and groups 3 (2.6 +/- 1.7%), 4 (2.3 +/- 1.6%), and 5 (2.3 +/- 1.3%). It appears that recovery from high-intensity exercise is improved at higher levels of aerobic fitness (faster time for the RUN). However, as the level of aerobic fitness improves above the population mean, no further benefit in the recovery rate from high-intensity exercise is apparent.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Incorporating occupational medicine methodology into military fitness for duty and readiness issues.

The need for the U.S. Air Force (USAF) to know its personnel's fitness for duty and readiness status is one of the most significant criteria for determining their ability to complete the missions assigned to them. This is especially critical in the current milieu of increasing deployments. However, the USAF has a very limited program to meet this need. Occupation Medicine has had extensive experience in determining job requirements, assessing individuals, and monitoring performance over time. Further integrating Occupational Medicine methodology and the current state of scientific knowledge on physical performance is advocated to improve the USAF's ability to have a fit and ready force able to meet its burgeoning mission. This paper reviews the literature with the following recommendations: a) assess the physical fitness of the force given future demands due to readiness taskings and if necessary mandate individual and unit exercise and provide time for these activities; b) eliminate the weight management and cycle ergometry programs; c) establish physical fitness standards appropriate for each job as well as for initial entry into the USAF, these standards should incorporate ongoing testing, evaluation, and training; d) body fat should be treated only as a medical condition and not as an image standard; and e) establish case management teams to optimize the identification, treatment, return to duty and medical boarding of personnel with injuries or subpar performance.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fit of veneers made by CAD-CAM and platinum foil methods.

Veneers were fabricated by CEREC CAD-CAM and the platinum foil techniques for standardized preparations on 10 artificial teeth. Mesial preparation contacts were broken, but distal contacts remained intact. The veneers were cemented in a standardized manner to their teeth. The veneers and their attached cement were embedded in epoxy resin and sectioned twice gingivally-incisally and mesially-distally to produce eight sections. Three-way ANOVA disclosed that the main effects of fabrication method, section location, and measurement point location as well as all interaction terms significantly affected fit (P < 0.05). However, the difference in mean overall fit between the fabrication methods was too small to be of clinical importance. Restoration of the broken approximal contact did not compromise fit. Incisal margins had the greatest marginal openings. Surface measurement point locations were less well adapted than internal locations. Fit maps for CEREC and platinum foil veneers were strikingly similar.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1998

The effect of exercise intensity on the slow component of VO2 in persons of different fitness levels.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the slow component of VO2 in persons of different fitness levels exercising at different intensities and the contribution of proposed mediators to the slow component of VO2 using equations from the literature. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: University. PARTICIPANTS: Low (N = 15) and high (N = 15) fitness (VO2max of 37 vs 62 ml.min-1.kg-1). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASURES: Each subject completed, in random order, a series of 12 min cycle ergometer exercise trials corresponding to 50, 60, 70 and 80% of VO2max. VO2, minute ventilation (MV), blood lactate (BL), rectal temperature (RT), heart rate and blood pressure were measured. RESULTS: There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the slow component of VO2 for each level of fitness across time and at each workrate. There were no between group differences for any variable. The increase in the slow component of VO2 ranged from 70 ml.min-1 for the lighter workrates to 543 ml.min-1 for the high fitness group at 80% of maximal VO2 (both p < 0.05). The oxygen cost of MV, RT and rate pressure product accounted for about 50% of the observed increase in the slow component of VO2. MV appears to increase in a pattern most similar to the slow component of VO2 and the oxygen cost of MV generally accounted for the highest percentage of the observed increase. CONCLUSIONS: The slow component of VO2 needs to be considered when prescribing exercise. These results are not conclusive concerning the primary mediators of the slow component of VO2.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The role of computerized corneal topography in rigid gas permeable contact lens fitting.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical utility of computerized corneal topography (CCT) in the fitting of rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses. METHODS: In this prospective study, we compared the clinically determined parameters to those obtained by CCT in 50 consecutive patients who underwent RGP lens fitting. The TMS-1 program was used for CCT, and we fit patients with Boston RGP contact lenses (type II, or Equalens). The final decision on the RGP lenses dispensed relied upon the clinical evaluation (slit lamp examination, fluorescein pattern, lens centration, and visual acuity). RESULTS: The base curve of RGP lenses proposed by CCT was similar to that selected clinically (mean: 7.74 mm versus 7.81 mm). However, the mean diameter of the CCT proposed lenses was smaller than that selected clinically (9.31 mm versus 9.6 mm, P < 0.01). Divergence was more pronounced in keratoconus. CONCLUSIONS: CCT is an important tool in RGP contact lens fitting. Clinical evaluation remains mandatory in determining the appropriate RGP lens.

Contact Lenses↗
PubMed1998

Effects of exercise training on aerobic fitness in African-American females.

Physical inactivity, a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is more prevalent within the African-American population. Unfortunately, only a few investigators have documented the effects of exercise training studies on cardiovascular fitness in this cohort. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a six-week endurance exercise training program on aerobic fitness (VO2peak) in African-American females. Twenty-five women (16 treatment, 9 controls, mean age 23.1+/-3.9) participated in the study. The six-week exercise training protocol consisted of exercising three times a week on a cycle ergometer between 60-70% VO2peak for 20 minutes. No significant changes in aerobic fitness were observed in the control group. However, the relative and absolute VO2peak significantly increased by 18% and 19%, respectively, in the treatment group, 21.7+/-2.6 to 25.6+/-2.8 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P<.01) and 1.77+/-2.7 to 2.11+/-3.8 L x min(-1) (P<.01). The maximal heart rates and respiratory exchange ratios were not significantly different between pre- and post-training, suggesting that similar efforts were given. These results document the fact that significant increases in aerobic fitness are possible with a moderate exercise training regime in an African-American female population.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The metabolic syndrome, cardiopulmonary fitness, and subcutaneous trunk fat as independent determinants of arterial stiffness: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms that link the metabolic syndrome to increased cardiovascular risk are incompletely understood, especially in young people. We therefore examined whether the metabolic syndrome was associated with arterial stiffness and whether any such associations were independent of cardiopulmonary fitness and subcutaneous trunk fat. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses of data on 364 men and women aged 36 years from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (ninth follow-up measurement, year 2000). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was defined by a slightly modified National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definition. Arterial stiffness was ultrasonically estimated by distensibility and compliance of the carotid, femoral, and brachial arteries and by the carotid elastic modulus. RESULTS: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in this young adult population was 18.3% in men and 3.2% in women. Individuals with the syndrome compared with individuals without risk factors had 11.2% and 17.0% less distensibility and 9.0% and 18.2% less compliance of the carotid and femoral arteries, respectively, and 15.9% higher carotid elastic modulus. After adjustment for cardiopulmonary fitness and subcutaneous trunk fat, the metabolic syndrome remained significantly associated with stiffness of the carotid but not the femoral artery. In addition, poor cardiopulmonary fitness and high subcutaneous trunk fat were associated with arterial stiffness, and this was independent of the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: A modified NCEP definition of the metabolic syndrome identified young individuals with increased arterial stiffness. The mechanisms that link the metabolic syndrome, poor cardiopulmonary fitness, and high subcutaneous trunk fat to greater arterial stiffness overlap but are partly independent of each other.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effect of pectus excavatum deformity on cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescent boys.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the magnitude of the effects of pectus excavatum deformity on endurance fitness and cardiorespiratory functional reserve in adolescent boys. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison of cardiac and ventilatory variables at rest and during a maximal cycle exercise test. SETTING: Pediatric exercise-testing laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve boys (mean +/- SD age, 14.1 +/- 1.8 years; age range, 11.8-18.0 years) with moderate-to-severe pectus excavatum deformity (mean +/- SD Haller index, 3.95 +/- 0.88) and 20 control boys (mean +/- SD age, 12.5 +/- 0.4 years; age range, 12.1-13.5 years) without musculoskeletal deformity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Endurance fitness (physical work capacity); respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation; and cardiac output and stroke volume by Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: Patients with pectus deformity had significantly lower endurance fitness than controls (mean +/- SD physical work capacity, 2.60 +/- 0.28 W . kg(-1) vs 3.11 +/- 0.45 W . kg(-1)) and reduced mean +/- SD values for maximal cardiac index (10.6 +/- 1.6 L . min(-1) vs 12.0 +/- 2.2 L . min(-1)) and peak tidal volume (3.02 +/- 0.27 mL . kg(-1) . 10(-2) vs 3.46 +/- 0.30 mL . kg(-1) . 10(-2)). However, considerable overlap was observed in these values between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: As a group, boys with pectus excavatum deformity have lower endurance fitness than controls, and this is associated with reduced cardiac output and tidal volume responses to exercise. However, the wide variability of these measures makes it difficult to assign pectus deformity as a cause of exercise intolerance in individual patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Testing proportionality in the proportional odds model fitted with GEE.

Generalized estimating equations (GEE) methodology as proposed by Liang and Zeger has received widespread use in the analysis of correlated binary data. Miller et al. and Lipsitz et al. extended GEE to correlated nominal and ordinal categorical data; in particular, they used GEE for fitting McCullagh's proportional odds model. In this paper, we consider robust (that is, empirically corrected) and model-based versions of both a score test and a Wald test for assessing the assumption of proportional odds in the proportional odds model fitted with GEE. The Wald test is based on fitting separate multiple logistic regression models for each dichotomization of the response variable, whereas the score test requires fitting just the proportional odds model. We evaluate the proposed tests in small to moderate samples by simulating data from a series of simple models. We illustrate the use of the tests on three data sets from medical studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Follow-up of participants in the Trois-Rivières Growth and Development Study: Examining their health-related fitness and risk factors as adults.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of daily physical education in primary school on some indices of fitness (PWC170/kg, handgrip strength, sit and reach flexibility, abdominal muscle endurance, and balance), cardiovascular health (lipid profile, waist-to-hip ratio), and anthropometry in the adult years. Four subsamples of participants in the Trois-Rivières Growth and Development Study were examined: experimental men (n = 32), experimental women (n = 36), control men (n = 30), and control women (n = 35), some 20 years after completion of primary school. During 6 years of primary school education, the experimental group received 5 h of physical education each week, whereas the control group received only the typical Provincial program of a single 40-min period per week. Experimental men and women showed a significant advantage over their respective control groups on the Flamingo balance test, but scores for the remaining physical and health-related fitness tests (PWC170, handgrip strength, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, Apo B, triglycerides, blood pressures, waist-to-hip ratio and percentage of body fat) did not differ between experimental and control subjects. It is concluded that participants in a daily physical education program during primary school do not display any advantage of physical fitness over control subjects as adults. This underlines the necessity of stimulating physical functions throughout the lifespan in order to maintain physical fitness. However, the better result of experimental subjects on the balance test suggests, perhaps, that the school physical education program may have had a more permanent effect on some components of motor skills. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:207-213, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Evolutionary psychology and genetic variation: non-adaptive, fitness-related and adaptive.

Behavioural variation across individuals can be substantial. A broad generalization emerging from three decades of behavioural genetic studies is that most psychological individual differences have moderate broad heritabilities (30-60%). There are at least three possible scenarios for this genetic variation. First, it may be adaptively neutral and not subject to selection. Second, it may be related to fitness despite selection. Third, it may be maintained by selection for alternative adaptations. Some authors favour the first of these possibilities, but the latter two cannot be ruled out. First, temporally varying selection pressures (e.g. pathogens) can maintain fitness-related genetic variance in a population despite current selection pressures. Moreover, direct and indirect evidence on humans support the notion that some phenotypic variance is fitness related. Second, while adaptive alternatives are unlikely to be found at a level of highly complex design, frequency dependent selection can maintain variation at finer, quantitative levels. One potential example is discussed. Because of their particular relevance to evolutionary psychology, fitness-related and adaptive genetic variance deserve further attention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimation problem due to multiple solutions in pharmacokinetic curve fitting to two-compartment model and its avoidance.

A size of error in observed data for fitting curves and an estimation problem due to multiple solutions in a two-compartment model were studied by using two different non-linear least-squares regression programs, SALS and NONLIN. It was found that bolus intravenous data have generally 5-10 per cent errors and oral data contain 10-25 per cent errors against the fitted data with respect to total 151 data sets of 11 different drugs. Parameters of five drugs reported in references were used to obtain simulated concentrations at the sampling times, and five different data sets containing 25 per cent normally distributed random errors as a coefficient of variation were generated using each data set of these simulated concentration. In the two-compartment model with tri-exponential equations, unreasonable estimates were occasionally observed, resulting in reversed relative values to the theoretical ones of L/M, L/N, M/N or Ka/alpha, which are analogous to the well-known flip-flop phenomenon in the one-compartment model, when number of parameters to be estimated is not less than five or errors of data exceed about 10 per cent. In an attempt to avoid such unreasonable values, initial estimates for curve fitting was successfully obtained by using a microcomputer program SIMPLEX based on a simplex method. On the basis of these results, some problems in curve fitting of plasma drug concentration data are discussed.

Models, Statistical↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of fit and fill between anatomic stem and straight tapered stem using virtual implantation on the ORTHODOC workstation.

The objective of this article was to determine the influence of stem design on fit and fill using the preoperative planning workstation of the ROBODOC system. Anatomic ABG and straight Osteolock femoral components were virtually implanted into 50 femora (25 from patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), 25 morphologically normal) on the workstation display. Fit and fill, and length of the proximal posterolateral femoral cortex removed by milling (LPFCR), were measured on the cross-sectional images. Lateral curvature (alpha angle) and anteversion of the femur were evaluated. The ABG components showed significantly better fit than the Osteolock components at the levels proximal to the lesser trochanter. The Osteolock components showed significantly greater LPFCR than the ABG components, especially in the patients with DDH. The patients with DDH showed significantly greater alpha angle and femoral anteversion than those with morphologically normal femora. With the Osteolock components, the alpha angle correlated significantly with femoral anteversion and LPFCR. Use of an anatomic proximal body of the stem helped to improve the proximal canal fit. Greater LPFCR was required when a straight stem was implanted in patients with a relatively high alpha angle.

Adult↗