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PubMed1998

[Postpartum depression].

UNLABELLED: We investigated whether informing first-time mothers about postpartum depression affects their experience and behaviour during the depression occurring in the first two weeks after birth. METHOD: 138 first-time mothers who were participants in a longitudinal study sponsored by the Swiss National Fund were retrospectively surveyed concerning postpartum depression in the week after birth (response rate: 86.9%). RESULTS: 90% of the new mothers were affected. One fourth reported severe to very severe symptoms. The most popular sources of information about postpartum depression were books (65.8%) and magazines (59.2%). 10% of the mothers received information from their gynaecologist. 33% of the mothers with severe to very severe symptoms reported that after the birth no member of the medical or paramedical professions had discussed postpartum depression with them. Among the mothers who knew about postpartum depression, 30% did not feel adequately prepared for the degree of depression. Comparisons between informed and non-informed mothers show that the informed mothers had fewer symptoms, a shorter duration, and suffered less. In addition, the following reactions were noted: the informed mothers complained less and were less likely to believe that they were alone in their suffering. Also, they tended to have less negative thought patterns, felt less powerless, and were better able to explain their feelings and behaviour. RECOMMENDATIONS: Information about postpartum depression, especially to ensure that new mothers "feel prepared for it", has a positive influence on experience and behaviour in the week after birth. Therefore, it is useful to inform women about postpartum depression before the birth. This could be integrated into the neonatal care programme offered by the woman's gynaecologist. At the same time, training for nursing staff concerning postpartum depression is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Developmental control of gene expression of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in neonatal rat liver.

The developmental change in gene expression of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.11) in rat liver was studied by dot-blot hybridization with cDNA of the enzyme as a probe. The mRNA of tryptophan oxygenase is not expressed in fetal liver, but is expressed very slightly 1 day after birth. Its expression increases first gradually until 12 days after birth and then rapidly, and reaches the adult level about 22 days after birth. On the other hand, mRNA of albumin in the liver, measured with its cDNA, increases rapidly in the late fetal period and reaches almost the adult level at the time of birth. Studies on in vitro transcription by the nuclear run-off technique showed that the developmental increases in the mRNAs of tryptophan oxygenase and albumin are caused by an increase in the rates of transcription of their genes. Treatment of rats with cortisol significantly increased the amount of tryptophan oxygenase mRNA in the liver from soon after birth. This treatment did not increase mRNA of albumin. It is suggested from these findings that the gene of tryptophan oxygenase is switched on as early as the first day after birth in the few differentiated hepatocytes present in the liver and that the number of these differentiated cells gradually increases during early postnatal development. Although injected glucocorticoid stimulated transcription of the gene of tryptophan oxygenase precociously during this period, presumably in vivo the activity of tryptophan oxygenase normally increases about 2 weeks after birth, because this is when the plasma concentrations of glucocorticoid and glucagon increase sufficiently to be effective.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Infant feeding practice in mothers at risk of low birth weight delivery.

Data relating to infant feeding practices were obtained by a 6 week postnatal questionnaire from 459 women who participated in a randomised controlled trial of social support in pregnancy. They represented a 90% response rate from 507 women with a past history of a low birth weight baby before the index pregnancy. Thirty-nine per cent of the babies weighing more than 2500 g were breast fed completely. Women who experienced a delay of more than half an hour between birth and first suckling, and those who were given pethidine during labour breast fed for a shorter period, as did those who gave complementary bottle feeds. By considering the women's reasons for discontinuing or not initiating breast feeding, this paper suggests that improved social support from health professionals and others in the postnatal period can increase breast feeding success rates.

Attitude↗
PubMed1984

Functional differentiation of the anterior pituitary cells in the fetal pig. An ultrastructural immunocytochemical study.

The fetal porcine pituitary was investigated by means of ultrastructural immunocytochemistry (1) to identify the first cells synthesizing the adenohypophyseal hormones, (2) to follow their differentiation during fetal development, and (3) to compare their ultrastructural characteristics with those of mature adult cells. The first ACTH-cells, which produced and stored ACTH, beta-LPH, beta-MSH, and alpha- and beta-endorphin in the same granules, were very numerous at day 34 and displayed a uniform morphology. At day 50 and thereafter, until the end of gestation, the ACTH-cells differed in their appearance probably reflecting various stages of differentiation of one cell type. The GH-cells gained rapidly ultrastructural features comparable to those of mature GH-cells. In contrast, in the case of PRL-cells, which appeared only at the end of the gestation period as immature elements containing very small secretory granules, the morphological maturation seemed to take place only after birth. The first cells synthesizing the glycoprotein hormones (LH alpha, LH beta, FSH and TSH) displayed ultrastructural features of immature cells. At day 50, their ultrastructural organization started to show a different pattern. At the end of gestation, the TSH-cells and the gonadotropic cells displayed the ultrastructural features of mature cells.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗