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PubMed2003

[Advance in the study on liquid fermentation for medicinal fungi].

The fermentation technology of medicinal fungi has been used widely. Improving the condition during the fermentation, getting more product, raising the quality of the product and cutting down the cost can minimize the ratio of input to outcome. People are working hard to achieve the aim. By the alteration of medium and culture condition on Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa and so on, different fermented products are got, especially secondary metabolires are remarkably different. Ultraviolet is used in selecting high quality Grifola frondosa (Gr 9801), Ganoderma lucidum strain. New high quality strain are selected. With the development of medicinal fungi fermentation, new analysis methods, such as HPCE are developed. The technology can be produced in mass in industry. It has a bright future for its virtues.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2001

[Identification of fungi in tissues and cultures: the importance of argirophilic substances on its cellular walls].

An experimental development based on the combination of microwaves action with one of the methods of silver staining by Del Río Hortega is presented. Material from pathological tissues and culture of fungi were studied. Besides morphological studies, were considered the causes of reduction from ionic to metalic silver, some characteristics of the silver reagent and its relationship with histochemical constitution of cellular walls. It is pointed the rapidity in fungi demonstration, the satisfactory definition of affected tissues, the advantages of working with a stable reagent, the omission of carcinogenetic substances, the possibility of stain fungical structures in previously stained materials with anilinic techniques, and the extent of the method to cultured materials without necessity of previous formaldehidic fixation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Utilization of banana agricultural waste: production of cellulases by soil fungi.

Banana a major cash crop of Maharashtra is cultivated over 46900 hectares generating large amount of agro waste after the harvest. Attempts were made to utilize these agro wastes for production of cellulases. Of the 127 fungi isolated from the soil of banana field, 12 fungi were found to utilize cellulose as source of carbon. Trichoderma lignorum showed appreciable cellulolytic activity. It produced Cl, Cx and beta glucosidase in Carboxymethyl Cellulose Peptone medium as well as on agro waste based medium containing leaves, stem and rhizome powders. T. lignorum (0. 45 U/ml) produced maximum enzymes on leaf based medium.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

Saprophytic and keratinophilic fungi isolated from desert and cultivated soils continuously exposed to cement dust particles in Egypt.

Forty soil samples collected from desert (uncultivated) and cultivated soils, exposed continuously to cement dust were screened for their content of saprophytic and keratinophilic fungi using the hair baiting technique and the dilution plate method. Using the hair baiting technique, 21 genera and 31 species were collected from 20 samples of each of desert (15 genera and 21 species) and cultivated (17 genera and 24 species) soils, on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. These included Chrysosporium keratinophilum, C. tropicum, C. indicum, Aspergillus niger, Nectria haematococca, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium chrysogenum. Using the dilution plate method, 32 genera and 61 species + 3 varieties were collected from 20 samples of each of desert (29 genera and 53 species + 2 varieties) and cultivated (16 genera and 30 species + 2 varieties) soils, on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. The most common fungi were Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. japonicus, A. terreus, A. flavus and Penicillium funiculosum.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Fungi in the hospital environment and infectious risk].

Using petridishes at hospital in services with risk patients, we have isolated Aspergillus (41.5%), Penicillium (26.4%), Candida (12.2%), Fusarium (7.5%), Mucorales (5%), Scopulariopsis (5%), Scytalidium (0.8%), Tricothecium (0.8%), Ulocladium (0.8%). Several fungi grew at 37 degrees. These saprophytic fungi could give opportunistic mycoses in immunodeficient patients.

Fungi↗
PubMed2004

[Study on odors treatment by the combination of bacteria and fungi].

The aim of this study was to establish a novel combined-bioreactor for the treatment of odors. The combined-bioreactor consists of two zones, one bacteria zone and one fungi zone. An experiment for the odor treatment was carried out, and the removal efficiency of acetic acid, ammonia, styrene, hydrogen sulfide, ethyl mercaptan and diethylsulfide which were main material in this experimental odor were 97.1%, 96.7%, 96.6%, 92.1%, 78% and 83%, respectively. The experimental results clearly showed that bacteria and fungi in the combined-bioreactor had a synergistic reaction, therefore, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds can be efficiently removed in this combined-bioreactor. The monitor results indicated that the removals of the compounds with varying water solubility were different in the two zones of the bioreactor.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chitinolytic activity of filamentous fungi].

The chitinolytic activity of nine species of filamentous fungi, classified with seven genera (specifically, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Paecilomyces, Sporotrichum, Beaueria, and Mucor), was studied. When cultured in liquid medium containing 1% crystalline chitin, all fungi produced extracellular chitosans with activity varying from 0.2 U/mg protein (Sporotrichum olivaceum, Mucor sp., etc.) to 4.0-4.2 U/mg protein (Trichoderma lignorum, Aspergillus niger).

Chitin↗
PubMed2005

[Biological effects of space flight on several opportunistic pathogenic bacteria and biodestructive fungi].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate biological effects of space flight on several conditional pathogenic bacteria and biodestructive fungi. METHOD: Several potentially pathogenic or biodegrading microorganisms, including bacteria, actinomyces and fungi, were carried on-board spacecraft for 7 d. Some of the biological characteristics were studied by using general microbial test technology after recovery. RESULT: In space condition, survival and growth rate were promoted, and soluble pigments were produced, while morphological properties were changed differently. The antibiotic-sensitivity of certain strains decreased, while most of them showed no changes. CONCLUSION: The reproduction ability and growth rate of these microorganisms are promoted after being carried into space, and morphological differentiation increase. The resistance to antibiotics is stable.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1992

[Fungi N-nitrosamines and mutagens in the extract of the sour corn-soybean cakes from high incidence area of stomach cancer].

Sour corn-soybean cake is the main food of the inhabitants in high incidence area of stomach cancer in Linqu county Shandong province. In the extract of the sour corn-soybean cakes, twelve mycotoxin-producing fungi and 3 N-nitrosamines (NDMA, NDEA, NMEA) were detected and the finding rates of the fungi and the N-nitrosamines were 93.3% and 92.3%, respectively; the concentration of NDMA was 0.4-3.8 ng/ml, NDEA 0.2-8.1 ng/ml, and NMEA 0.3-1.4 ng/ml. The positivity rate of the Ames test (most positive materials were direct mutagens) was 44.12%. The experimental results showed that the extract of the sour corn-soybean cakes containing carcinogenic and mutagenic subjects could have some causal relationship with the incidence of stomach cancer.

Food Microbiology↗
PubMed2005

Cell signaling pathways in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis--inferred from comparisons with other fungi.

The human fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is an ascomycete that displays a temperature-dependent dimorphic transition, appearing as a mycelium at 22 degrees C and as a yeast at 37 degrees C, this latter being the virulent form. We report on the in silico search made of the P. brasiliensis transcriptome-expressed sequence tag database for components of signaling pathways previously known to be involved in morphogenesis and virulence in other species of fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Using this approach, it was possible to identify several protein cascades in P. brasiliensis, such as i) mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling for cell integrity, cell wall construction, pheromone/mating, and osmo-regulation, ii) the cAMP/PKA system, which regulates fungal development and virulence, iii) the Ras protein, which allows cross-talking between cascades, iv) calcium-calmodulin-calcineurin, which controls cell survival under oxidative stress, high temperature, and membrane/cell wall perturbation, and v) the target of rapamycin pathway, controlling cell growth and proliferation. The ways in which P. brasiliensis responds to the environment and modulates the expression of genes required for its survival and virulence can be inferred through comparison with other fungi for which this type of data is already available.

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases↗
PubMed2005

[Ecological distributions of airborne fungi in outdoor environments in Beijing, China].

An investigation on fungal types, concentrations, and their dynamic variation in outdoor environments was carried out in three different functional areas around one year in Beijing. Results show that the fungal concentrations varied widely and the average was (1164.8 +/- 73.2) CFU x m(-3), ranging from 23.6CFU x m(-3) to 13 959.5 CFU x m(-3). The most common culturable airborne fungi in all seasons and all functional areas were Cladosporium , nonsporulating fungi, Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus. The most dominant fungus was Cladosporium, which contributed to more than 1/3 of the total. The fungal levels in culture and education region (CER) and garden green region (GGR) were highest in the fall and summer, and lowest in the winter and spring, while the seasonal variation in main traffic line (MTL) was not significant. The fungal concentrations in CER and GGR were significantly higher than in MTL (p <0.05). No statistically significant difference exists between CER and GGR.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2005

[Effect of pH on suppressing the growth of other bacteria and fungi in culturing Phanerochaete chrysosporium in liquid medium].

Effect of different pH value on suppressing the growth of other bacteria and fungi in culturing Phanerochaete chrysosporium in liquid medium under non-sterile were investigated in agitated Erlenmeyer flasks. Results showed that nitrogen-limited liquid medium with pH3.6 and pH4.4 were contaminated only by yeast fungi when the Phanerochaete chrysosporium was incubated with spore inoculation under non-sterile condition for one day; however, nitrogen-limited liquid medium with pH5.6 was contaminated not only by yeast, but also by bacteria. These contaminated yeast and bacteria reduced the dye decolorizing ability of Phanerochaete chrysosporium . If after the Phanerochaete chrysosporium was incubated under sterile condition for 5 days, it can decolorize over 70% of the reactive brilliant red K-2BP within 45 hours under non-sterile condition, and this removal rate was close to or even higher than that under sterile condition. Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultured in the liquid medium with pH4.4 have the best decolorizing effect under non-sterile condition, and can decolorize up to 80% of the reactive brilliant red K-2BP in 24 hours. In additions, it was observed that by using the Phanerochaete chrysosporium incubated in above nitrogen-limited liquid medium with different pH under sterile condition for 5 days, the system were also contaminated by the other bacteria and yeast during decolorizing reactive brilliant red K-2BP under non-sterile condition, but the amount of these bacteria and yeast in liquid medium were too little to influence the Phanerochaete chrysosporium decolorizing reactive brilliant red K-2BP. So that, when Phanerochaete chrysosporium was used to decolorize reactive dyes under non-sterile condition, the incubation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium must be operated under sterile condition in order to achieve the higher decolorization.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

[Validation method for bacteria and fungi count in microbial limit test of drugs].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the validation method and criteria for counting bacteria and fungi in microbial limit test which is described in the Pharmacopeia of China (ChP) 2005. METHOD: According to the method set up for validation, the tested microorganisms with known counts were added to samples followed by the determination of the recovery. RESULT: With different preparing method for testing samples, the recoveries for the tested microorganisms in testing samples were found to be over 70%. CONCLUSION: Validation method for counting contaminated bacteria and fungi in drugs is recommended to follow the method established in this paper. The recovery for tested microorganisms should be not less than 70%.

Aspergillus niger↗
PubMed2005

[Community structure of entomogenous fungi in Beauveria-inoculated Masson's pine forest].

The study on the community structure of entomogenous fungi in a Masson's pine forest having been inoculated with Beauveria bassiana for many years showed that there were 4 genus and 7 species of entomogenous fungi, among which, B. bassiana was the dominant species, occupying 63.22% of the total, followed by Paeciloniyces (25.86%), Metarhizium (9.20%) and Verticillumn (1.72%). In terms of insect host diversity, the Brillouin index and evenness index were 3.564 and 2.315, and 0.814 and 0.865 for B. bassiana and P. cateniannulatus, and 1.471 and 0.862, and 0.963 and 1.000 for P. farinosus and V. lecanii, respectively, while M. flavoviride, M. anisopliae, and P. fumnosoroseus had lower diversity and evenness. The diversity index of insect hosts infected by B. bassiana showed a temporal variation, i.e., higher in spring and autumn, and lower in summer, which reflected the seasonal dynamics of B. bassiana population.

Beauveria↗
PubMed2005

[Study on the quantitative and qualitative composition of fungi in dried medicinal plants].

The quantitative and qualitative composition of fungi was determined in selected dried medicinal plants purchased in one of the herbal shops in Szczecin, Poland. The samples examined were as follows: chamomile (Flos Chamomillae), peppermint (Folium Menthae piperitae), lemon balm (Folium Melissae), St. John's wort (Herba Hyperici), and two herbal mixtures. The fungal composition depended on the specified sample. Xerophilic fungi, i.e. Eurotium amstelodami, E. herbariorum, E. rubrum and Wallemia sebi were isolated from dried medicinal plants. E. amstelodami was the predominating species. The prevailing thermophilic and thermotolerant species were Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis and Aspergillus fumigatus. Pink and white yeasts were also numerous in some samples. Except for Aspergillus niger, mesophilic and toxigenous species were found to occur infrequently in the samples. However, Aspergillus versicolor was found to occur abundantly in lemon balm.

Chamomile↗
PubMed2004

[Water fungi occurence in the water reservoir in Zarzeczany of Podlasie province].

Studies on the occurrence of aquatic microorganisms in the newest water reservoir Zarzeczany village were carried out in years 2001-2004. Hydro chemical analysis was performed using standard methods. Bait method was used to isolate the fungi. In the reservoir 52 fungi species were identified: fish pathogenic Achlya debaryana, A. polyandra, Aphanomyces laevis, Dictyuchus monosporus, D. sterile, Saprolegnia ferax, S. monoica, S. parasitica, human pathogenic Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and Trichosporon cutaneum, decomposing keratin Blastocladiopsis parva, Catenaria anguillulae, C. verrucosa, Catenophlyctis variabilis, Lagenidium humanum, Rhizophydium keratinophilum, and decomposing chitin Aphanomyces astaci, Karlingia chitinophila, Rhizidium chitinophilum, Asterophlyctis irregularis and Blastocladiella brytanica.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Predacious nematode-destroying fungi].

Gastrointestinal nematodes are considered a serious economic problem affecting the livestock industry around the world. Current methods of their control, relaying mainly on organic drugs, are not sustainable because parasites develop resistance to anthelmintic and bacause of increasing public concern about chemicals residues in livestock products and environment. Nematode-trapping fungi offer a very promissing, nonchemotherapeutic approach to nematode parasite control. Their potential in preventing nematodosis is well documented. In this paper we outline the present knowlege on mechanisms involved in trapping and killing nematodes by the predacious nematode-destroying fungi.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Molecular methods and techniques used in diagnosis and epidemiology of infections caused by pathogenic fungi].

In this paper we reviewed the latest literature on molecular techniques used in diagnosis and epidemiology of infections caused by pathogenic fungi. Traditional methods used for the identification and typing of medically relevant fungi include morphological and biochemical analysis. These methods are time-consuming and base on phenotypic features what makes them unreliable. We described the usefulness in mycological studies of fast and very sensitive molecular methods which rely on PCR and hybridization techniques.

DNA Fingerprinting↗