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PubMed2001

Herbal medicine on the rise: the case of 'awa.

There has been increasing interest in 'awa on several levels (e.g., cultural, medicinal, economic). The present article explores the issues surrounding 'awa use, highlights existing literature, places the discussion in its proper indigenous context, and sheds light on the tensions fueled by culturally inappropriate practice. In concluding the article, recommendations within a native context are put forth in four domains: (a) education, (b) research, (c) analysis and implementation of legal protections, and (d) economic development.

Culture↗
PubMed2002

[Immigrations from the perspective of demography. Impact on health].

Spain has been a crossroads, for confrontation and peaceful living-together. The problems arising from immigration as a mass phenomenon are characteristic of the present times. Variables which define the immigration phenomenon are the attraction to the economically developed countries with an active labour market, while it is inversely related to the distance from the departure countries. The phenomenon is also modified by positive influences as the common language, and by negative factors as the political or social instability. The aging of the populations in developed countries, and the need of labour market, stimulate the immigration phenomenon, which may affect to 2.3% of the population. The reproductive capacity of the population depends not only on biological determinants but also on the heterogeneous culture of immigration, because immigrants are candidates to become stable members of society. There is a logic of discrimination of those which are different. Thus, we need a legislation to establish their rights and duties, as well as an integration policy to favour the cultural diversity.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2002

[The analysis of the surnames and intermarriages of the suburbanites of Shanghai].

The origins of the suburban native of shanghai are varied. With the methods of correlation analysis and principal analysis, we random sampled the surnames of 13 villages and towns located in the districts of Shanghai, and found that Jading, Pudong, Nanhui and the east part of Fengxian make up the group of northeast part, while Jinshan, Songjiang, Qingpu and Chongming make up a completely different one from the other. The surnames of Nanxiang's origin are complex, while Maqiao and Jinhui's are of special kind. The surnames recorded in pedigree have apparent correlation with the modern ones. Moreover, the surnames of northeast part are mainly derived from the areas north to Yangtze River, but those of southwest part come from the areas south to Yangtze River. This explains that the origins of the two districts' throng may be different. The residents of the northeast part, which formed land comparatively recent, probably came from north areas after Tang and Song periods, while those of southeast part came from other northern areas. The residents of shell bar districts such as Maqiao and Jinhui have inherited relation with the culture of remote antiquities of Maqia. The contributing factors of surname are diversified. By researching into the scope of intermarriage of 20th century in Jinhui, we found that before 70's, the intermarriage radius was fixed in 5 kilometers because of match maker custom; in the 70's & 80's, unrestrained love reduced the intermarriage radius into same village about 3 kilometers; after in 90's, the intermarry radius expand to every province because of the rapid social and economic development. The intermarriage scope and consanguinity natural diffuseness can stand for the situations in shanghai and in large parts of south China. The assimilation of adjacent villages under matchmaker custom takes over 2000 years, while takes over 7000 years under unrestrained love. We can see that the impact of the natural diffuseness is rather weak, and the mixed living of emigrants is the main factor. The history of every colony's adjacent living is far shorter than that of assimilation. So there is almost no mixed race in this period. The most parts of south China's situations should be similar. The broken of traditional intermarry suggests us that the auto-disappear speed of abundant genetic resource is high. It is now the most pressure time to gather and research our genetic resource.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

National policies for reducing social inequalities in health in Europe.

Gaps in health between poor and rich countries, and between social groups within countries, are unacceptably large and may be widening. WHO has made the fight against inequities in health a priority in the European region, as part of the policy framework for health for all in the twenty-first century (HEALTH21), aimed at allowing all people to participate in social and economic life. It proposes a number of concrete steps, in order to promote access to health and reduce inequalities in health status. Equity should be everybody's concern, because inequities in health are everybody's loss. They harm many people, operate on a socioeconomic gradient, and put a strain on economic development and social cohesion. Equity is not something that is achieved once for all. A three-pronged approach to action includes: provision to all people of a "decent minimum" of assets and resources for creating and maintaining health and living; targeted additional support for disadvantaged groups in ways that respect their dignity and human rights; and appropriate policies, actions, and investments to secure opportunities and support at all levels of society. Genuine progress can be achieved by: * securing a champion and making action understood and attractive; * identifying and acting on needs; * working in partnership and at different levels - community, subnational, national, and international; * mobilizing investment for health; * building in accountability for health; * agreeing on policy choices, and reallocating resources and responsibilities accordingly; * learning and developing knowledge, and looking around and ahead.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Size of households and income disparities.

The author examines "the relation between differentials in size of households, (preponderantly family households including one-person units) and disparities in income per household, per person, or per some version of consuming unit." The analysis is based on data for the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Thailand.

Demography↗