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PubMed2003

Interdomain communications in bifunctional enzymes: how are different activities coordinated?

Although bifunctional enzymes containing two different active centers located within separate domains are quite common in living systems, the significance of this bifunctionality is not always clear, and the molecular mechanisms of site-site interactions in such complex systems have come under the scrutiny of science only in recent years. This review summarizes recent data on the mechanisms of communication between active centers in bifunctional enzymes. Three types of enzymes are considered: (1) those catalyzing consecutive reactions of a metabolic pathway and exhibiting substrate channeling (glutamate synthase and imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase), (2) those catalyzing consecutive reactions without substrate channeling (lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase), and (3) those catalyzing opposed reactions (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase). The functional role of interdomain communications is briefly discussed.

Aminohydrolases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decompression sickness following breath-hold diving.

Despite convincing evidence of a relationship between breath-hold diving and decompression sickness (DCS), the causal connection is only slowly being accepted. Only the more recent textbooks have acknowledged the risks of repetitive breath-hold diving. We compare four groups of breath-hold divers: (1) Japanese and Korean amas and other divers from the Pacific area, (2) instructors at naval training facilities, (3) spear fishers, and (4) free-dive athletes. While the number of amas is likely decreasing, and Scandinavian Navy training facilities recorded only a few accidents, the number of spear fishers suffering accidents is on the rise, in particular during championships or using scooters. Finally, national and international associations (e.g., International Association of Free Drives [IAFD] or Association Internationale pour Le Developpment De L'Apnee [AIDA]) promote free-diving championships including deep diving categories such as constant weight, variable weight, and no limit. A number of free-diving athletes, training for or participating in competitions, are increasingly accident prone as the world record is presently set at a depth of 171 m. This review presents data found after searching Medline and ISI Web of Science and using appropriate Internet search engines (e.g., Google). We report some 90 cases in which DCS occurred after repetitive breath-hold dives. Even today, the risk of suffering from DCS after repetitive breath-hold diving is often not acknowledged. We strongly suggest that breath-hold divers and their advisors and physicians be made aware of the possibility of DCS and of the appropriate therapeutic measures to be taken when DCS is suspected. Because the risk of suffering from DCS increases depending on depth, bottom time, rate of ascent, and duration of surface intervals, some approaches to assess the risks are presented. Regrettably, none of these approaches is widely accepted. We propose therefore the development of easily manageable algorithms for the prevention of those avoidable accidents.

Decompression Sickness↗
PubMed2003

An assessment of aquatic ecosystem health in a temperate watershed using the index of biological integrity.

The health effect of an aquatic ecosystem on habitat modifications were evaluated in the Keum river watershed, Korea during 1977-1996 using the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) based on fish assemblages. Values of IBI, based on overall sites, averaged 35 (range: 26-45, n = 38) before dam construction, indicating a "fair health condition" based on the modified criteria of Karr and Chu (Karr, J.R.; Chu, E.W. Restoring Life in Running Waters: Better Biological Monitoring; Inland Press: Washington, DC, 1999; 206 pp.), while the values averaged 33 (range: 18-48, n = 15) after dam construction, indicating a similar ecosystem health condition in the IBI between the two periods. Marked modifications in the IBI, however, were partially observed along the longitudinal gradients from the headwaters to downstream along with variations of trophic compositions and habitat guilds. Annual mean of IBI showed significant decreases (p < 0.001, t = 10.03) in the mid-reach of 100-240 km location after the construction along with >20% decreases of insectivores and >25% increases of omnivores. Comparisons of habitat guilds indicated that the proportion of riffle benthic species declined linearly from 1977 to 1996 and had inverse relations (r = -0.78, p < 0.01) with that of water column species. Such variations were explained by serial discontinuity concept that was developed by Ward and Stanford (Ward, J.V.; Stanford, J.A. The serial discontinuity concept of lotic ecosystems. In Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems; Fontaine, J.V., Bartell, S.M., Eds.; Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, 1983; 29-42). Chemical data of long-term BOD5 and COD5 indicated that chemical impacts after the dam construction were minor compared to the condition before the construction. Overall variation of IBI was highly accounted (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.91, n = 38) by the Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI), suggesting that the ecosystem health was mainly affected by the habitat modifications.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Atlas of cancer mortality in the People's Republic of China. An aid for cancer control and research.

A set of maps which display the patterns of cancer mortality in China has been prepared and published by the China Map Press. The 200 page atlas was edited by the National Cancer Control Office of the Ministry of Health and the Nanjing Institute of Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the basis of a nation-wide cancer mortality survey. The Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences with related Colleges, Universities and Institutes provided the data and took part in the preparation of the atlas, which is published both in Chinese and English. 58 maps and several dozen charts depict, in seven colours, the mortality distribution in this 2392 countries and county-level administrative units of 9 types of cancer common in China--stomach, oesophagus, liver, cervix, lung, colon and rectum, breast, nasopharynx, and leukaemia as well as 5 less common cancers--brain tumours, malignant lymphoma, cancer of the bladder, of the penis, and choriocarcinoma. The Atlas of Cancer Mortality will be an important new aid for cancer control and research in the People's Republic of China.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Toward a dietary prevention of cancer.

I have attempted to address in brief fashion the question as to whether we can recommend a dietary prevention of cancer. This same question was explored in hundreds of pages recently by the large number of advisors assembled by the National Academy of Sciences to assess the animal, cell culture, and human data with regard to diet and cancer (52). My brief assessment has resulted in recommendations to the scientific community not unlike those of the National Academy, but without their clear-cut recommendation against dietary fat. It is obvious that we need a great deal more research on the factors evaluated here, that is, fiber, ascorbic acid, retinoids, the cruciferae, nitrates, alcohol, coffee, saccharine, alpha-tocopherol, aflatoxins, selenium, and saturated and polyunsaturated fats. These factors need assessment not only as they might affect the incidence of any single cancer, but also in relationship to at least the incidence of the cancers that frequently occur in humans. The human epidemiologic inquires have barely begun. We have a few studies of cancer of the colon and of cancer of the lung, and only one or two studies of such important sites as cancer of the larynx, oropharynx, stomach, and breast. Not only have the studies of specific sites been lamentably too few, but only a small number of nutrients have been evaluated. To make matters worse, we have little notion as to the competing risk of different cancers and of other diseases associated with various nutrients. There may be factors that enhance the risk of some diseases at the same time they reduce the risk of others. It is not outside the realm of possibility that the relationship discovered to date with regard to serum cholesterol, heart disease, and cancer may continue to be replicated and may be found related to ingestion of dietary fats. If such should be the case, and the potential is there, we would need to weigh the risks associated with reducing dietary fats for cancer as well as for coronary disease. Questions will need to be answered. For example, what is the optimum level of serum cholesterol to lower the risk of heart disease and at the same time not to enhance the risk of cancer. The same may be said for the association of alcohol with the risk of coronary disease compared to the risk of cancer of the upper alimentary tract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1981

A factor comparison of old and new MCAT scales.

The old Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and the New MCAT were compared by factor-analyzing the scores of a sample of 1,484 examinees who had taken both test batteries during 1976-77. Three common factors were extracted and interpreted. The first, a general science-quantitative factor, linked scales from both test batteries. A second factor, labeled verbal ability, characterized primarily two scales from the old test, Verbal Ability and General Information. A third factor, interpretation skills, was common to the two skills analysis scales of a new test. Specific variance for each subtest was also estimated by comparing the variance accounted for by these factors with the systematic variance indicated by the reliability. It appears that the old Quantitative Ability subtest measured unique skills which have not been incorporated into the new battery. Also the new Biology and Physics scores seem to provide specific information on knowledge in a particular discipline in addition to general science knowledge. Discussion centers on the implications of these data for the use of New MCAT scores in admissions.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Chronic tinnitus resulting from head or neck injuries.

OBJECTIVES: The main objectives were 1) to determine the percentage of cases of chronic tinnitus in a specialized clinic that resulted from head or neck injuries; 2) to describe the characteristics of this population; and 3) to compare patients with head or neck trauma with patients whose tinnitus onset was not associated with head or neck injuries. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of tinnitus clinic patient data. METHODS: Detailed questionnaires were mailed to 2400 patients before their initial appointment at the Oregon Health and Science University Tinnitus Clinic (Portland, OR). All of the patients experienced and received treatment for chronic tinnitus. Patient data were entered into a database and later analyzed. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-seven patients (214 male and 83 female patients) reported that their chronic tinnitus started as a result of head or neck injuries. Compared with patients whose tinnitus onset was not associated with trauma, patients with tinnitus associated with head or neck trauma were younger; had better hearing thresholds; experienced headaches more frequently; reported greater difficulties with concentration, memory, and thinking clearly; were more likely to experience current depression, but not lifetime depression; rated their tinnitus as louder on a 1-to-10 scale; matched their tinnitus to louder sounds on the right side; and had higher Tinnitus Severity Index scores. CONCLUSIONS: Tinnitus is a significant symptom that commonly occurs as a result of head or neck trauma. The fact that tinnitus resulting from head or neck injuries tends to be more severe (and is often accompanied by a greater number of co-symptoms) than tinnitus resulting from other causes should be taken into account by clinicians treating these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Does stretching improve performance? A systematic and critical review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article was to evaluate the clinical and basic science evidence surrounding the hypothesis that stretching improves performance. DATA SOURCES AND SELECTION: MEDLINE and Sport Discus were searched using MeSH and textwords for English-language and French-language articles related to stretching and performance (or performance tests). Additional references were reviewed from the bibliographies and from citation searches on key articles. All articles related to stretching and performance (or performance tests) were reviewed. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 23 articles examining the effects of an acute bout of stretching, 22 articles suggested that there was no benefit for the outcomes isometric force, isokinetic torque, or jumping height. There was 1 article that suggested improved running economy. Of 4 articles examining running speed, 1 suggested that stretching was beneficial, 1 suggested that it was detrimental, and 2 had equivocal results. Of the 9 studies examining the effects of regular stretching, 7 suggested that it was beneficial, and the 2 showing no effect examined only the performance test of running economy. There were none that suggested that it was detrimental. CONCLUSIONS: An acute bout of stretching does not improve force or jump height, and the results for running speed are contradictory. Regular stretching improves force, jump height, and speed, although there is no evidence that it improves running economy.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

Coral recovery at Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles: five years after the 1998 bleaching event.

Changes in reef benthos were assessed at Aldabra Atoll following the mass coral bleaching event of 1998. Video transects were used to survey the benthos and analysed using the Australian Institute of Marine Science five-dot method. Comparison of coral cover data collected by the Cambridge Southern Seychelles Atoll Research Programme with data collected during this study revealed that mortality of coral at Aldabra following the bleaching event was approximately 66% at 10 m depth and 38% at 20 m depth. Five years on, there are signs of hard coral recovery at some locations, but in spite of several years of high coral recruitment (7-9 recruits per m2 at 10 m depth, 4-6 recruits per m2 at 20 m depth, where recruits are defined as any colony under 5 cm maximum diameter), recovery of hard coral has not occurred at a significant level. There has been a considerable increase in soft coral cover at some locations, which was dominated by the genus Rhytisma. Macro algal cover did not increase following the bleaching event, although, as would be expected, dead corals have been colonized by coralline algae. There have been no further events leading to large-scale coral mortality at Aldabra since 1998.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Diagnostic reasoning among second-year nursing students.

This paper reports on a study investigating the relationship of nursing students' approaches to learning and processing of information, science content knowledge, ability in interpreting and organizing clinical data (nursing assessment), and logical reasoning ability with the accuracy and quality of the nursing diagnosis made in a simulated diagnostic reasoning task. One hundred and sixty-nine second-year pre-service nursing students participated in the study. Results of path analyses indicated a set of pathways from surface approach to low-quality nursing diagnosis that reflected less competent diagnostic reasoning; and a second set from deep/achieving approach through content knowledge and logical reasoning to higher-quality nursing diagnosis that reflected more competent diagnostic reasoning. The implications of these findings for nurse education are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Use of intuition by nursing students: instrument development and testing.

BACKGROUND: Intuition has been described as an important type of nursing knowledge and has gained acceptance as a valid way of knowing in clinical nursing. Use of intuition has become one way of explaining professional expertise. Measures of the use of intuition have been developed primarily for experienced nurses, but few measures of intuition use among nursing students exist. AIM: The aim of this paper is to describe the development and psychometric testing of an instrument to measure use of intuition by nursing students. METHODS: Instrument development consisted of concept clarification, item development, and psychometric testing. Intuition was defined as a non-linear process of knowing perceived through physical awareness, emotional awareness, and/or through physical or spiritual connections. Initial measurement items were derived inductively from the literature and informal interviews with senior nursing students. Seven content experts established a content validity index of 0.86 for the initial 33-item measure. It was pretested with a sample of 20 senior nursing students prior to its nationwide validation with a random sample of 1000 senior bachelor of science and associate degree nursing students. RESULTS: Postal mail data collection resulted in 349 responses (35% response rate). Principal component analysis with orthogonal varimax rotation resulted in seven factors accounting for 66.2% of the variance: physical sensations (28.4%); premonitions (9.7%); spiritual connections (7.7%); reading of cues (6.1%); sensing energy (5.7%); apprehension (4.3%); and reassuring feelings (4%). Eigenvalues ranged from 1 to 7.1 and factor loadings ranged from 0.534 to 0.858. The validation resulted in a revised 25-item measure that demonstrated an overall Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 and a range of 0.69-0.84 for each factor. The study is limited by the use of a self-report measure and the attrition in the randomized sample. CONCLUSIONS: The intuition measure for use with students showed evidence of construct validity and reliability. With further testing, the measure could serve as a stimulus to foster students' intuitive abilities.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

The costs and effectiveness of information-skills training and mediated searching: quantitative results from the EMPIRIC project.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness and costs of providing information for patient care via librarian-mediated searches and information-skills training. METHODS: A questionnaire survey to library staff and health professionals in the North West. Data was collected on perceptions of services, satisfaction and service usage, allowing a cost analysis to be undertaken. Statistical data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (spss). RESULTS: Using satisfaction and use of skills as outcome measures, both mediated searches and information skills training are effective. A breakdown of costs per type of training session and literature search is provided. Cost-effectiveness is dependent on whether costs are viewed from a library or trust point of view. Providing information skills training does not reduce the volume of mediated-search requests. CONCLUSIONS: No one method of providing information for health professionals is more effective or cost-effective than another. A decision about which services to provide cannot be made on the basis of effectiveness or costs alone; the views of library staff and the health professionals they serve should also be taken into account. A proactive approach and targeting training towards those who are most likely to benefit may be an appropriate way forward.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2005

Myths and plain truths about schizophrenia epidemiology--the NAPE lecture 2004.

OBJECTIVE: Science needs to constantly match research models against the data. With respect to the epidemiology of schizophrenia, the widely held belief that the incidence of schizophrenia shows little variation may no longer be supported by the data. The aims of this paper are (i) to explore data-vs.-belief mismatch with respect to the incidence of schizophrenia, and (ii) to speculate on the causes and consequences of such discrepancies. METHOD: Based on a recently published systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia, the distribution of incidence rates around the world was examined. In order to examine if the incidence of schizophrenia differed by sex, male vs. female risk ratios were generated. RESULTS: The distribution of incidence rates for schizophrenia is asymmetrical with many high rates skewing the distribution. Based on the central 80% of rates, the incidence of schizophrenia varies in a five-fold range (between 7.7 and 43.0 per 100,000). Males have a significantly higher incidence of schizophrenia compared with females (median male to female risk ratio = 1.4), and this difference could not be accounted for by diagnostic criteria or age range. CONCLUSION: The beliefs that (i) the incidence of schizophrenia does not vary between sites and (ii) males and females are equally affected, may have persisted because of an unspoken deeper belief that schizophrenia is an egalitarian and exceptional disorder. Our ability to generate productive hypotheses about the aetiology of schizophrenia rests on an accurate appraisal of the data. Beliefs not supported by data should be identified and relabelled as myths.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2006

Research awareness: An important factor for evidence-based practice?

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing body of literature, the reality of getting evidence into practice remains problematic. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish levels of research awareness amongst registered health care professionals (RHCPs) and the influence of research awareness on evidence-based practice activities. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a descriptive quantitative study. A convenience sample of 2,126 registered RHCPs working in a large acute hospital in Northeast England, the United Kingdom was used. A self-completion Research Awareness Questionnaire (RAQ) was directed towards measuring RHCP: attitudes towards research, understanding of research and the research process, and associations with practising using an evidence base. Data were entered into a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) database and descriptive and inferential statistics were used. FINDINGS: A total of 843 questionnaires were returned. Seven hundred and thirty-three (91%) RHCPs overwhelmingly agreed with the principle that evidence-based practice has a large part to play in improving patient care. This point was reinforced by 86% (n = 701) of respondents strongly agreeing or agreeing with the idea that evidence-based practice is the way forward to change clinical practice. Significant associations were noted between levels of confidence to undertake a piece of research and whether the individual had received adequate information about the research process, had basic knowledge and understanding of the research process, or had research awareness education or training. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that RHCPs, regardless of position or grade, have a positive attitude towards research but face many obstacles. The key obstacles are lack of time, support, knowledge, and confidence. To address these obstacles, it is imperative that the organisation adopts a structured and coordinated approach to enable and empower individuals to practice using an evidence base.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Breakthrough of the year. Genomics comes of age.

2000 was a banner year for scientists deciphering the "book of life"; this year saw the completion of the genome sequences of complex organisms ranging from the fruit fly to the human. Science marks the production of this torrent of genome data as the Breakthrough of 2000; it might well be the breakthrough of the decade, perhaps even the century, for all its potential to alter our view of the world we live in.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Human rights: from accountability to rebuilding.

Having surveyed more remote regions in Sierra Leone than anyone since the conflict ended, statistician Jana Asher of the AAAS Science and Human Rights Program is now reanalyzing the data she gathered on human-rights violations to document humanitarian needs. (Read more.).

Human Rights Abuses↗
PubMed2000

Is there epidemiology in Russia?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the current state of epidemiology in Russia. DESIGN: The structure of clinical research and statistical methods was used to shed light on the epidemiology in Russia. The frequencies of specific study designs were evaluated using Medline data for 1970-1997. To determine the proportion of advanced design clinical studies the frequency of cohort, prospective, follow up, or longitudinal studies, and controlled trials was evaluated. All diagnosis related studies were found to determine the usage of advanced statistical technique (ROC analysis). The adequacy of Medline information was checked by hand search of journals. All dissertations in epidemiology defended in Russia in 1995 and 1996 were evaluated for their methodology. The curriculum recommended by Ministry of Health to Medical Universities was evaluated. Available literature and library indexing of epidemiological terms examined. MAIN RESULTS: Russian medical research uses less frequently advanced study designs and methods of data analysis. Medical students are taught epidemiology as a science of spread of infectious diseases. There is no department of epidemiology in Russian universities where epidemiology is taught in the modern sense and no epidemiological and biostatistical periodicals available in Russia. CONCLUSION: Epidemiology in Russia remains in an archaic state of science of the spread of infectious diseases and it is detrimental to methodology of medical research in Russia.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fasciitis complicating subcutaneous injection of interferon beta.

Data pertaining to 65 patients treated at the Health Sciences Center Hepatology Research Unit in Winnipeg, Manitoba describing local complications related to subcutaneous interferon (IFN) injection administered to treat hepatitis C virus infection are presented. Nine patients experienced local erythematous reactions at the injection region. No life-threatening complications were identified. One case of fasciitis complicating IFN beta injection - a complication not previously reported - was successfully managed with surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy. This case is a dramatic example of why sterile technique during infections must be adhered to.

Adult↗