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PubMed1989

Natural and professional help: a process analysis.

Differences in the helping interactions formed by mental health professionals, divorce lawyers, and mutual help group leaders were examined. Fourteen members of each of these three helper groups (N = 42) met independently with a coached client presenting marital difficulties. Using ratings of ability to ameliorate the personal and emotional problems presented, the 42 helpers were divided (using a median split) into successful and less successful outcome groups. The responses of each of the pairs were coded using the Hill Counselor Verbal Response Category System. The sequence of client-helper responses were examined using log-linear analysis as they varied by type of helper and outcome. Results indicated that successful helpers (regardless of type of helper) tended to use directives (e.g., guidance and approval-reassurance) differently from less successful helpers. Successful helpers used directives following client emotional expression and not following factual description. In addition, clear differences in helper responses by helper type and outcome were found. Each helper type had unique patterns of responses that differentiated successful from less successful outcomes. Client responses were found to vary across helper type even when given the same helper preceding response. Results are discussed with respect to the unique goals of each helping relationship and the different shaping process involved in each.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Stress, coping, and adjustment in mothers and young adolescents in single- and two-parent families.

Compared stress, coping, and psychological adjustment in single (divorced or separated) and married mothers and their young adolescent children. Single mothers reported more daily hassles related to economic, family, and personal health problems, and more symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychoticism. Single mothers also reported using more coping strategies related to accepting responsibility and positive reappraisal. After controlling for level of family income, differences in family hassles and coping strategies remained significant. The two groups did not differ on subtypes of symptoms after controlling for income, but single mothers still reported more total psychological symptoms. No differences were found between children in these two family constellations on maternal reports of emotional/behavioral problems or on children's self-reported emotional/behavioral problems, stressful events, or coping. Implications of these findings for adjustment to life in single-parent families are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Harmless omission in the standardization of demographic rates.

"Standardization is a well-known technique used to avoid compositional effects when schedules of demographic rates are compared for two or more subpopulations. Common sense tells us that such standardization can be omitted when the subpopulations have the same structure with respect to the covariates one could standardize for. The present paper gives a theoretical justification of this intuitive insight and relates it to the theory for harmless model mis-specification in intensity-regression analysis. The idea of the latter notion is that under certain circumstances one can omit factors without producing biases which affect the coefficients of remaining covariates, even when the omitted factors genuinely affect the investigated behavior." The method is illustrated using risk of divorce. (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Bias↗
PubMed1981

Falling household size and its effect on metropolitan population growth and density.

"In determining metropolitan population size and changes therein, urban theorists traditionally have focused on the number of occupied dwelling units or households and have assumed that these households are equal in size. This paper argues that average household size is an indicator of how intensively the housing stock is utilized and that there is substantial variation in household size across SMSAs in the U.S. The experience of 150 SMSAs is examined for the time period 1960 to 1970. The study model attributes varying household size to differentials in birth and divorce rates, racial composition and age of housing. Ramifications of recent household size declines involve the internal spatial organization of metropolitan areas and the Census controversy with cities over alleged undercounts of urban populations."

Americas↗
PubMed1987

Sexual climate and reported rape: a state-level analysis.

Data on the US states are used to study two aspects of sexual climate: sexually liberal attitudes and sex magazine readership, and their relationship to reported rape. The two sexual climate measures are correlated (r = 0.50), but each also seems to measure a different facet of sexual climate: tolerance for the sexual behavior of others in the case of the Sexual Liberalism Index, and perhaps sexuality per se in the case of sex magazine readership. States in the Northeast have the highest average sexual liberalism score, and states in the West have the highest average readership of sex magazines. The relationship between sexual climate and the incidence of reported rape was investigated using multiple regression. Results indicate no relationship between sexually liberal attitudes and rape, but that sex magazine readership, urbanization, poverty, and a high percentage of divorced men are each significantly associated with the incidence of reported rape. The findings are interpreted within a theoretical model that posits rape as a function of social disorganization and hypermasculine gender roles and sexuality.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

Separation from children as a specific risk factor to fathers' health and lifestyles.

OBJECTIVES: The study was to examine whether fathers living apart from their children following divorce or separation ("fathers without children") differ in their health-related lifestyles and attitudes, and in their health status, from fathers in intact family settings ("fathers with children"). METHODS: Data was acquired by means of a self-administered questionnaire within an exploratory cross-sectional survey. RESULTS: Fathers without children differed in their lifestyle patterns, parameters of satisfaction, health, and health related orientations from fathers with children. Negative lifestyles could be observed in fathers who had a low income and saw their children only rarely. CONCLUSIONS: Separation from their children is a major life crisis for fathers. Subgroups could be identified who had significant health risks. Due to study design, conclusions on causation are not possible. Longitudinal studies are necessary to yield more detailed impact for prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Children's family circumstances: recent trends in Great Britain.

"In the last two decades there have been marked changes in the structure and dynamics of families in Britain. The primary aim of this paper is to present some data on recent changes in family life from the perspective of children. Our main concern will be the family circumstances, or living arrangements, of children and their experience of living in a lone-parent family.... Such information has important policy implications for issues concerning child care and support, from the need for financial provision generally to the legal decisions concerning the custodianship of children after divorce." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[The course of schizophrenia in continued marriage and loss of the partner].

A sample representative of 52 schizophrenic patients has been studied five years after the first control. The patients with enduring relationships show a more favorable prognostic than those with a history of separation, divorce or loss of partner--especially concerning the social and professional skills. The enduring partnership is mostly evaluated by the patients as satisfactory even after repeated hospitalisations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Clinical and preventive issues in child custody disputes.

Clinical efforts in child custody disputes have emphasized preventive measures that address the best interests of the child. Examined herein is the impact of separation and divorce on families and preventive oriented efforts in contested child custody family mediation models. Also addressed are psychological factors in mediation, an identified model of family mediation, and clinical issues in the contested child custody arena.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Psychoactive substance use among American anesthesiologists: a 30-year retrospective study.

The purpose of this study was to assess the cumulative incidence of substance use among anesthesiologists during training and practice, the effect of stress on drug use, and deterrent efficacy of institutional prevention programmes. The 260 anesthesiologists who had trained at the Medical College of Wisconsin between 1958-1988 were surveyed by mail regarding psychoactive substance use. Analysis of 183 responses focused on demographic and psychosocial factors. Substances used most frequently included: alcohol (91.6%), marijuana (30.8%) and cocaine (9.4%). Twenty-nine (15.8%) anesthesiologists were identified as being substance-dependent: 19 were alcohol-impaired; six were drug-impaired, and four were dependent on both alcohol and drugs. Impairment was more prevalent in anesthesiologists who had completed their training after 1975. Fifty-eight (32%) anesthesiologists had used illicit drugs to "get high"; 11 acknowledged daily use for two weeks or more, with eight admitting dependency. Substance abuse was more common in parents of impaired anesthesiologists (35.7%) than in unimpaired colleagues (8.1%; P < 0.001). The divorce rate for impaired anesthesiologists (24.1%) was greater than for unimpaired anesthesiologists (5.2%; P < 0.001). Increased stress during training was not reflected by increased substance use. Few recalled any drug counseling whatsoever. Seventy percent assessed hospital drug control policies as fair or poor. Younger respondents (born after 1951) were more critical of drug control programmes than their older cohort. Incidents of substance abuse were reported for both residents and faculty. Psychoactive substance abuse remains a serious problem among anesthesiologists.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Canberra--the demographic experiment.

"The aims of this paper are to describe the demographic outcome of the early patterns of growth of...[Canberra, Australia], and to illustrate the way in which refinements in the measurement of demographic events can provide a more accurate picture of the true situation than occurs from crude measures. Much of the discussion is based on a comparison of the demographic situation in the ACT [Australian Capital Territory] with that in the nearest State capital city, Sydney, or with total Australia." Information is included on age structure, mobility, socioeconomic status, fertility, divorce, female labor force participation, and child care. "The ACT population has always been considered to be different from that of the other capital cities and from the overall population of Australia, and in many respects this is true. At the same time, however, recent data suggest that the ACT population profile is now converging towards the Australian experience."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

Life events and the quality of life in old age. Report from a medical-social intervention study.

In a board medical-social intervention study in Sweden regarding the possibility of postponing/preventing age-related dysfunction, changes in the subjective evaluation of quality of life (QL) and the experience of major life events (LE) were recorded in the age interval 70-76 years. Significantly more negative than positive LE were reported, and the most common was related to disease and death in the family. Children's divorce was rated as the most serious negative LE; the most common positive LE were travel and birth of a grandchild, but recovery from disease was ranked highest. Despite the predominance of negative LE, QL scores improved both in a representative population sample that was given support in the form of a medical-social intervention for 2 years, and in a control sample that underwent the identical systematical health surveys but received no further active help. As the study did not demonstrate any differences in outcome measurement (QL) between the supported subjects and the controls, it was not possible to discern whether the retained well-being could be attributed the intervention as was hypothesized.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Self-rated health and health damaging behaviour among young women in Hungary in connection with family background.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the relationship of subjective health and harmful lifestyle with familial risk factors, such as low parental educational level, parental psychiatric disorder reported by their offspring, alcohol use, and divorce. METHODS: 3615 hungarian women aged 15-24 in 1998. The questionnaire addressed socio-economic factors, physical and mental health, and health damaging behaviours. RESULTS: Low self-rated health (OR: 2.32; Cl: 1.54-3.47; p < 0.001) or at least five health complaints (OR: 2.09; CI: 1.68-2.60; p < 0.001) were significantly more common among women with reported parental psychiatric disorder. Drug use (OR: 2.35; CI: 1.86-2.98; p < 0.001) and regular or excessive alcohol consumption (OR: 1.86; CI: 1.46-2.37) was in strongest association with parental high education. CONCLUSIONS: Family related social problems, especially reported parental psychiatric disorders, regular alcohol consumption, and educational level, are important factors to be taken into account when planning specific interventions for young women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Family biography and mortality in East and West Germany].

Since more than 200 years, it has been well known that a marriage prolongs one's life. Current research distinguishes between protective and selective processes. However, it has been missed that today's marital biographies are not characterized by one marital status but through a sequence of different events and transitions. It is the aim of the present study to try to determine the effect of marital biographies and mortality. An East-West German comparison tests, if and how historical events influence this connection. The analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. It can be shown that the protective effect of being married cumulates over years. Furthermore, each change in marital status increases the risk of mortality. However, persons recover from negative events (divorce, widowhood) over time. In East Germany, despite of historical change in 1989/90, the impact of the marital biography is at least as significant as in West Germany.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

School factors and the emergence of depressive symptoms among young Norwegian adolescents.

The aims of this study were to examine correlates of self-reported depressive symptoms within the school area, and possible predictors of change in depressive symptom levels over a 1-year period in a large representative sample of 12 to 15-year-old adolescents in central Norway. The school variables were: school stress, class wellbeing, teacher support, and grades. Possible confounding factors were age, SES, ethnicity, and parental divorce. We also examined the strengths of these relationships. In the cross-sectional multivariate analyses of the whole sample, at time-point one (T1), all four school factors were independently associated with depressive symptom levels at small to moderate levels. In the longitudinal multivariate analyses of the whole sample, self-reported depressive symptom levels at time-point two (T2) were predicted by depressive symptom levels at T1, gender and teacher support. For girls, three of the school variables significantly predicted depressive symptom levels at T2, while this was not the case for boys. Prevention in schools might be of importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Morbidity impact of rheumatoid arthritis on society.

Classic and definite rheumatoid arthritis affects from 0.5 to 1 percent of the United States' population between the ages of 20 and 80. In the age group of 55 to 75 years, this figure increases to 4.5 percent. In addition to the pain and suffering produced by this disease, family structure is dramatically affected--the divorce rate for patients with rheumatoid arthritis is 70 percent above that for the general population. Rheumatoid arthritis also results in serious economic loss to society. In 1983, the direct cost (out-of-pocket expense for medical care) was $777 million, and the indirect cost (loss of productivity) was $215 million, with a total of approximately $1 billion. The average person with stage III rheumatoid arthritis suffers a 60 percent decline in earnings during the first six years after onset of the disease. Recent studies have indicated that the ability to remain employed depends at least as much on job-related factors as on the extent of disease or success of medical treatment. Job autonomy or the ability to control one's working conditions is the most important factor. Other important variables are education, seniority, and work that is not excessively physically demanding. Good transportation between home and job is also an essential requirement for remaining employed. There are few data available on the cost/benefit ratio of the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. An 18-month study showed a trend toward greater improvement in patients given optimal care by a team of experts in a medical center as compared with average treatment provided in the community. A study in Scotland on cost of hospitalization of 366 patients (about one half underwent surgery) showed cost benefits of xi 14,000 to xi 131,000 over a five- to 10-year period for those who returned to work. Patients who did not return to work incurred medical costs of xi 100,000. There is little question that more effective medical treatment and better rehabilitation strategies for people with rheumatoid arthritis would provide significant benefits for patients, their families, and society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Family characteristics of adolescents who display overt and covert behavior problems.

The purpose of the present study was to examine and compare the families of young adolescents who demonstrated overt behavior problems, overt and covert behavior problems (i.e. versatile adolescents), and neither type of problem. From 176 nonclinic adolescents, a sample of 23 was selected based upon a teacher-completed measure. Interparental conflict, parental marital status, and mother-adolescent conflict were examined. The results indicated that families with a versatile adolescent were characterized by divorce as well as more interparental and mother-adolescent conflict than the other two groups. Assessment of and intervention for school-identified adolescents may need to include a focus on interparental conflict and parent-adolescent conflict.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Clinical and laboratory findings in women with bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis versus controls.

We report comprehensively on the clinical and laboratory findings in 30 women with bacterial vaginosis (BV), 30 with vaginal trichomoniasis and 30 with normal secretions. Women with trichomoniasis were more often divorced (chi 2 test, p much less than 0.001), more often complained of dyspareunia (chi 2 test, p less than 0.05), frequently had discharge present in the vaginal vestibule, and showed one or more signs of vaginitis in half the cases. A 'moth-eaten' cervix was seen in only four women (13%) with trichomoniasis, but can be considered pathognomonic of the condition. While the main characteristics of vaginal secretions, i.e. amount, consistency, colour, absence or presence of gas and odour, are only poorly discriminative between BV and trichomoniasis, they can be of much help in distinguishing between 'abnormal' and--probably--normal secretions. Parabasal cells were found in the wet mount of 19 women (73%) with trichomoniasis. Epithelial cell clusters were a prominent finding in controls but were virtually absent in the other two groups. We detected curved rods in 15 women (50%) with BV, but in none of the women with trichomoniasis or normal secretions. There were only minor differences in the results of bacterial cultures in cases of BV and trichomoniasis. Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species were the predominant anaerobes in both groups. Gardnerella vaginalis was significantly more often isolated from women with BV than from controls (chi 2 test for trend, p less than 0.001). Gas-liquid chromatography showed the presence of succinate in only two cases of BV. Lactate was found in all controls but one. Ethylation of vaginal samples probably reduces the risk of over-emphasizing the presence of succinate and lactate. It is concluded that BV and trichomoniasis are both characterized by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria and that there is a considerable overlap in clinical and laboratory findings. Microscopy of the wet mount should be considered the most powerful diagnostic tool.

Adolescent↗